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Modeling and Simulation of Distribution

Network with the Integration of Distribution
Generator using Matlab

Article in Indian Journal of Science and Technology March 2016

DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i12/89947

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 ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846
TS please include this in the header Vol 9(12), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i12/89947, March 2016 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645

Modeling and Simulation of Distribution

Network with the Integration of Distribution
Generator using Matlab
T. D. Sudhakar1*, M. Raja Rajan2, K. N. Srinivas3, R. Raja Prabu3, T.V. Narmadha1
and M. Mohana Krishnan4
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, St. Josephs College of Engineering, Chennai 600119,
Tamil Nadu, India;
t.d.sudhakar@gmail.com, nar_velu@yahoo.co.in
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jerusalem College of Engineering Chennai 600100,
Tamil Nadu, India;
rajaderaja24@gmail.com
3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BS Abdur Rahman University, Chennai 600048, Tamil Nadu, India;
knsrinivas@gmail.com, dean.academicresearch@bsauniv.ac.in
4
Department of Power Electronics and Drives, SSN College of Engineering Chennai 603110, Tamil Nadu, India;
mohana2621994@gmail.com

Abstract
Background: Due to increasing power demand across the country, the usage of renewable systems is being increased. One
such efficient and compactly available renewable energy is solar power. In this paper, a clear view of harnessing maximum
DC solar power output and converting it to AC is discussed. Methods: A method of grid interconnection of solar powered
inverter is presented with IEEE-15 bus system as an example model using Matlab simulation. Findings: A detailed analysis
of bus voltage, load current and line current is made with the simulated model. Applications/Improvements: The data
obtained could be used for fine optimization of the position in which the distribution generator interconnection is to be made.

Keywords: IEEE-15, Grid Interconnection, Solar Power

1. Introduction nature4. If the AC power output is to be interconnected

Solar power is the most abundant and easily available
power based on the present global warming conditions1.
Harvesting solar power seems to be simple but it also has
a major disadvantage of varying power output with varia-
tion of irradiance and temperature2. In order to overcome
this variation in power output, Maximum Power Point
Tracking (MPPT) is been employed wherever solar panels
are used3. he DC power is then converted to AC power
using inverter circuit. Distributed generators connected
to grid have become very popular due to its high reliable
with the grid, then Phase Locked Loop (PLL) 5 control has
to be employed to generate iring pulse to inverter. PLL
ensures synchronization of inverter and grid.
In this paper, solar panel is mathematically modeled
using simulink of matlab and a DC-DC buck converter is
used to employ MPPT. hen a normal three phase inverter
is used to convert DC to AC. he iring pulse to inverter
is given based on the PLL synchronization control. In
order to interconnect the inverter output to the grid, the
AC voltage is stepped up to 11KV, which is the standard
primary distribution voltage. hen, IEEE-15 bus system

*Author for correspondence

 Modeling and Simulation of Distribution Network with the Integration of Distribution Generator using Matlab
is modeled using Simulink of Matlab. With this IEEE-15
bus system6, the solar inverter with PLL is interconnected
as a Distribution Generator (DG). he DG is connected
on various buses of IEEE-15 and the nodal voltage, line
current, load current are measured. It is observed that
the voltage proile improves when DG is connected and it
varies with the bus in which it is connected. A thorough
comparison of bus voltage, load current and line current
is made.
2. Solar Inverter with Phase
Locked Loop
he solar module is mathematically modeled using
equations and is made to deliver maximum power
using Perturb and Observe (P and O) algorithm7. his
is then converted into 3 phase AC using inverter with
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF)8 based PLL. A DC
link capacitor is used in between solar DC supply and
inverter to ensure ripple free input current from solar
panel. Without the DC link capacitor the solar panel
produces a ripple current which may reduce the total life
span of the module. he output of inverter is then con-
nected with ilters to reduce the harmonics and then to
transformer to step up the voltage for interconnecting to
the grid which is shown in Figure 1.
2.1 Solar Module with MPPT
Any solar panel has important parameters such as open
circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current (Isc), which
decides the power output of the panel. In our model we
use a solar panel named Solarex_MSX_609 which has a
maximum power output of approximately 60W with16V.
But a higher voltage is needed for grid interconnection.
Figure 1. Solar powered inverter with PLL based
synchronization control.
2 Vol 9 (12) | March 2016 | www.indjst.org
Table 1. Electrical characteristic data of the MSX-60
solar module
Parameter Value
Open circuit voltage (Voc) 21.1 V
Short circuit current (Isc) 3.8 A
Number of series cell (Ns) 20
Number of parallel cell (Np) 1
Module open circuit voltage 422 V
Module short circuit current 3.8 A
Maximum power (PMPP) 1137 W
So, 20 such panels are added in series to form a module
whose characteristic is given in Table 1.
he solar panel model designed using simulink of
matlab is shown in Figure 2.
A buck converter is used to employ MPPT. In order
to reduce the simulation time, the buck converter is mod-
eled as average VSC model as shown in Figure 3. his
average VSC model not only reduces the simulation time
but also reduces the output ripple content which makes
the analysis easier. A scaling factor is used in order to con-
vert the duty cycle from MPPT block to voltage reference
to the average model VSC buck converter.
Perturb and Observe (P and O) algorithm7 is used
to produce duty cycle for buck converter to track the
Maximum Power Point (MPP). P and O algorithm is
one of the hill climbing techniques of MPPT. It is not
only the easiest and simplest to implement but also pro-
vides higher eiciency in tracking MPP than any other
algorithms. Figure 4 shows the implementation of P
Figure 2. Simulation model of solar panel.
Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 T. D. Sudhakar, M. Raja Rajan, K. N. Srinivas, R. Raja Prabu, T.V. Narmadha and M. Mohana Krishnan
Figure 3. Average model of buck converter.
Figure 4. Simulink block of MPPT algorithm.
and O using user deined function block of Simulink.
P and O algorithm requires instantaneous solar module
voltage and current as input and it provides duty cycle
as output.
2.2 Solar Inverter and Synchronization
Control
Now, the DC power output from the buck converter is
fed to 3 phase inverter via a DC link capacitor as shown
in [Figure 1]. he inverter is also modeled using VSC in
order to reduce the simulation time and harmonics in
the output. he input to synchronization control block
is inverter output voltage, inverter output current, grid
output voltage and reference voltage. he output from the
synchronization control block is 3 phase reference voltage
which could be directly used by the average VSC modeled
inverter as iring pulse.
he SRF PLL is one of the robust and eicient meth-
ods of tracking the voltage and frequency output of
Vol 9 (12) | March 2016 | www.indjst.org
Figure 5. SRF based Phase locked loop.
the grid8. he reference voltage is compared with the
inverter voltage and the voltage error is found. his
voltage error is converted into current reference using a
PI controller. hen current reference and inverter cur-
rent is compared to ind the current error which is fed
to the VSC based inverter. As a whole it has an outer
voltage control loop with inner current control10 as
shown in Figure 4.
In order to reduce the diiculty in calculation, the 3
phase rotating variables are converted to DC using parks
transformation11. his technique aids in robust calcula-
tion of grid frequency and also improves the dynamic
response. he equations used for SRF based PLL are given
from equations 1-4.
Verr= Vd(ref) Vd(inv) (1)
Id(ref) = P+ I Ts Verr (2)
z-1
Id(err) =Id(ref) Id(inv) (3)
Iq(err) = Iq(ref) Iq(inv) (4)
In equations 1-4,Vd(ref) is the direct axis reference voltage,
Vd(inv) is the direct axis output voltage of inverter, Verr is the
direct axis voltage error component, P is the proportional
constant of PI controller, I is the integral constant of PI
controller, Ts is the sampling time, Id(ref) is the direct axis
current reference, Id(inv) is the direct axis output current of
inverter, Id(err) is the direct axis current error, Iq(ref) is the
quadrature axis current reference, Iq(inv) is the quadrature
axis output current of inverter, Iq(err) is the quadrature axis
current error.
Indian Journal of Science and Technology 3
 Modeling and Simulation of Distribution Network with the Integration of Distribution Generator using Matlab

3. Analysis of IEEE-15 Bus System

IEEE-15 bus system12 is a standard distribution network
with line data and load data given in Table 2. he load
data is given with respect to the receiving bus (i.e., To
bus).From Table 2, it is clear that the IEEE-15 bus system
has a total load of 1126.5 KW and 1251.182 KVAR.

3.1 Simulation of IEEE-15 Bus System

Figure 6. Current waveforms of solar inverter ater
synchronization.
Inductive ilter is used ater the inverter to reduce
the harmonic content in its output. hen, a 400V/11KV
step-up transformer is used to interconnect the solar
inverter with the 11KV grid. he solar inverter along with
the transformer is to be called as Distribution Generator
(DG) in the further sections.
Figure 6 shows the DG, grid and load current wave-
forms ater transformer connection. Due to transformer
action, the output voltage of DG rises to 11KV but the
output current reduces to 0.1073 A as shown in Figure 6.
without Distribution Generator
First, the IEEE-15 bus system is simulated without any
additional DG as shown in Figure 7.
he peak values of bus voltages, line current and load
current of IEEE-15 bus system without any DG are given
in Table 3 and Table 4.
he voltage, load current and line current values
shown in Table 3 and Table 4 is plotted as a single proile
in Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9 respectively.
3.2 Simulation of IEEE-15 Bus System with
Solar Inverter as Distribution Generator
he solar based inverter with PLL control designed in
previous section is now integrated with IEEE-15 bus sys-
tem as shown in Figure 11.

Table 2. Line and load data of IEEE-15 bus system

Bus No. Line data Load data
Resistance Inductance
From To Active Power (KW) Reactive power (KVAR)
(Ohms) (Henry)
1 2 1.35309 1.32349 44.1 44.99
2 3 1.17024 1.14464 70.1 71.44
3 4 0.84111 0.82271 40 142.82
4 5 1.52348 1.0276 44.1 44.99
2 9 2.01317 1.3279 70 71.44
9 10 1.68671 1.1377 44.1 44.99
2 6 2.55727 1.7249 140 142.82
6 7 1.0882 0.734 140 142.82
6 8 1.25143 0.8441 70 71.414
3 11 1.79553 1.2111 140 142.82
11 12 2.44845 1.6515 70 71.414
12 13 2.01317 1.3579 44.1 44.99
4 14 2.23081 1.5047 70 71.414
4 15 1.9702 0.8074 140 142.82

4 Vol 9 (12) | March 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 T. D. Sudhakar, M. Raja Rajan, K. N. Srinivas, R. Raja Prabu, T.V. Narmadha and M. Mohana Krishnan

Table 4. Peak values of line current of IEEE-15 bus

system
Bus No. Peak Line
From To Current (A)
1 2 166.9521
2 3 96.9492
3 4 53.1853
4 5 5.9561
2 9 15.9202
9 10 6.1454
2 6 47.8854
6 7 19.1147
6 8 9.5748
3 11 34.1887
Figure 7. Simulation of IEEE-15 bus system without
distribution generator. 11 12 15.2785
12 13 5.8962
4 14 9.4308
Table 3. Peak values of bus voltages and load current 4 15 18.8551
of IEEE-15 bus system
Peak bus Peak load
Bus No.
Voltage (V) current (A)
1 0.98704 0
2 0.93730 6.1976
3 0.91232 9.5753
4 0.90247 18.9433
5 0.90078 5.9561
6 0.91450 19.1959
7 0.91063 19.1147
8 0.91227 9.5748
9 0.93133 9.7749 Figure 8. Voltage proile of IEEE-15 bus system without
10 0.92941 6.1454
DG.
11 0.90089 18.9102
12 0.89393 9.3823
13 0.89172 5.8962
14 0.89855 9.4308
15 0.89827 18.8551

Here the 20 series and 500 parallel solar panels

are connected so as to provide approximately 600KW
power. he voltage, load current and line current proile
of IEEE-15 bus system with DG interconnected at vari-
ous buses is shown in Figure 12, Figure 13 and Figure 14 Figure 9. Load current proile of IEEE-15 bus system
respectively. without DG.

Vol 9 (12) | March 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 5
 Modeling and Simulation of Distribution Network with the Integration of Distribution Generator using Matlab
Figure 10. Line current proile of IEEE-15 bus system
without DG.
Figure 11. Simulation of IEEE-15 bus system with
distribution generator.
Figure 12. Voltage proile analysis of IEEE-15 bus system
with DG.
4. Conclusion
A step by step procedure of integrating solar power with
grid is clearly presented in this paper. Along with this a
standard distribution network is modeled and the solar
6 Vol 9 (12) | March 2016 | www.indjst.org
Figure 13. Load current proile analysis of IEEE-15 bus
system with DG.
Figure 14. Line current proile analysis of IEEE-15 bus
system with DG.
based distribution generator is connected to it. Various
network parameters such as bus voltages, load current
and line current have been found out and plotted for vari-
ous position of DG.
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Indian Journal of Science and Technology 7