\\11N>Example 1.1 Specify the unit veotor extending from the origin toward the point GQ. -2,—D) Solution. We first construct the vector extending from the origin to point G, G= 2a -2ay—a, ‘We continue by finding the magnitude of G. Vor +2? +O; and finally expressing the desired unit vector as the quotient, = 0.6674, — 0.667a, — 0.3334, UY D1A. Given points M(-1, 2,1), N(3,—3,0), and PC Raw + Rave (6) [ners (@) ane (@) [2tp — 3 4), find: (a) Runs (6) Ans, dats — Say — as; Bay — 10a, — 6,5 2.45; —0.1400a, — 0.7008, — 0.700, 15.56 A vector field S is expressed in cartesian coordinates as S= (125-1) + 0-2) + E+ DMG Day + 0 Day +E a}. @ Evaluate S at PQ2,4, 3). (b) Determine a unit veotor that gives the direction of S at P. (c) Specify the surface ftx,y,2) om which |S] = 1 Ans, $.95a, + 1 9a, + 23.8155 0.2188, +0.43ba, +0.873a55 (PGP 12s \\lIK>Example 1.2 In order to illustrate these definitions and operations, let us consider the vector field G = yay —2.Saa, + 3a, and the point Q(4, 5,2). We wish t find: G at Q; the scalar component of G at Q in the direction of ay —+(2u,-+ a, ~ 2a); the vector component of G at Q in the direction of ay; and finally, the angle Gq between Gg) and ay. Solution, Substituting the coordinates of point Q into the expression for G, we have Gre) Next we find the scalar component. Using the dot product, we have ay — Way +3, Gay = (Say — May + 3a.) 42a, +a, 2a.) = $(10 — 10-6) = ‘The vector component is obtained by multiplying the scalar component by the unit vector in the direction of ay, Gaya, 2)HOa, + ay 28.) = A1.333ay — 0.6670) + 13305‘The angle between Girg) and ay is found from Ge ay = |G 08 A 2 = VBTWITG cose. and 99.9 Bg = COs Visa WH DIS. The three vertices of a wiangle are located at A(6, -1,2), B(-2,3,—4), and C(-3, 1, 5). Find: (@) Ras; (6) Rac; (0) the angle %g4c at vertex A; (d) the (vector) projection of Ray on Rac. S.9day + 1.3194, + 1.9798, Ans, Bay + day — 62.5 ~9ay —2ay + 3a; 53.6%; U D14. The three vertices of a triangle are located at 4(6,—1,2), B(-2,3,—4) and C(-3.1,5). Find: (a) Ruz x Ruc: (6) the area of the triangle; (c) a unit vector perpen- dicular to the plane in which the triangle is located. Ans. 2a, + Tay +20a.; 42.0; 0286a, +0.928a, +0.238a. \IIIE>Example 1.3 Transform the vector B yay may +z, into cylindrical coordinates. Solution, ‘The new components are Bea, = placa) —x(ay-ay) yeosg — sing = psind cos — peas psin = 0 By = Bony = viet) — X54) —ysin 9 — xcosp = —psin? p — poos? p= —p ‘Thus, pay +28, -11S,2=2). 6) V DLS. (@ Give the cartesian coordinates of the point CU 2). (0 Specify Give the cylindrical coordinates of the point D(x = —3.1, » the distance from C to D, 40.0°,.2 = —3); 8.36 Ans. C(e = =1,860,y = -3.99,2 = 2); D(p = 4.05, 9 = Yo P(10,—8, 6); (8) G components of the vector H |. Transform to cylindrical coordinates: (a) F = 10a, 8a,+6a, at point (2x + ya — ( —4x)a, at point Qo, 6, 2). () Give the cartesian ay — Way + 3a. at Px =5,y =2,2= I), Ans. 12814 +60; 2pc02 4 — prin? +Spsin dees da, + Up cos? ¢— pain’ 6 3psingvos Pag, Hy = 223, Hy = 1.857, He = 3{I118>Example 1.4 We illustrate this transformation procedure by transforming the vector field G = (xz/y)ax into spherical components and variables. ‘Solution. We find the three spherical components by dotting G with the appropriate unit vectors, and we change variables during the procedure: = -reos 8e0s 6 Collecting these results, we have G=rcosBeos¢ (sind cot pa, + cos cot One — ay) WV D127. Given the two points, C\-3, 2,1) and Dir =5,@ = 20°, = —70%), find: (@) the spherical coordinates of C; (4) the cartesian coordinates of D;(c) the distance from C to D. Ans. Clr = 374, A= 14.5%, = 146.3), Dex = 0.585, 9 =1.607, 2 = 4.70); 6.29 UV 18. Transform the following vectors to spherical coordinates at the points given: (a) 1a, at Pox 4), (6) Way at Q(p = 5,6 = 30", 2= 4; (c) Way at Mr =46 10°, 6= 120, Ans. ~557%, ~6.184y — 5.55ag; 3908, + 3.1249 + 8.66a9; —3.A2a, —9.40ay (11IN>Example 2.1 Let us illustrate the use of the vector form of Coulomb’s law by locating a charge of 0) =3 « 10-1C at M(1, 2, 3) anda charge of 2 = —10“4 Cat N@Q, 0, 5) in a vacuum ‘We desire the force exerted on Qs by Q1 Solution, We shall make use of (3) and (4) to obtain the vector force. The vector Rip is Ris ry = (2— ay + (0 —2)ay +5 3a, leading 10 |Ria| ay = 2a, + 2a, Hay —2ay + 2a.) Thus, and the unit vector, a123x 104-104) = 2 “Fe Belo ‘The magnitude of the force is 30'N (or about 7lby), and the direction is specified by the unit vector, which has been left in parentheses to display the magnitude of the fore. The force on Q» may also be considered as three component forves, F May +208, — 202, ‘The force expressed by Coulomb's law is a mutual force, for each of the two charges experiences a force of the same magnitude, although of opposite direction. We ‘might equally well have written, Coulomb’ law islinear, for if wemultiply Q; by a fuctor n, the force on Qa is also multiplied by the same factor n. Itis also true that the force on a charge in the presence of several other charges is the sum of the forces on that change due to each of the other charges acting alone. UY dai. A charge Oy = —20C is located at A(—6, 4.7), and a charge Op = 50 pC is at BGS,8, -2) in free space. If distances are given in meters, find: (a) Ras; @) Ras Determine the vector forve exerted on Q4 by Qp if eo =: (€) 10-*/(36z) Fj; () 8.854 x 107? Fim. Ams. Vay +48) — 9a. mh 11.1692, —25.13aemN (\IIE>Example 2.2 In onler to illustrate the application of (13) or (14) let us find Fat Pil, 1,1) caused by four identical 3nC (nanocoulomb) charges located at P,(1,1,0), Px(—1,1,0), Ps(-1, -1, 0), and P4(1, 1,0}, as shown in Fig. 2.4. 5 14.76m; 30.76a, + 11.184a,—25.16a,mN; 30.72a+ Solution. We find that = ag +4, +2. t) = te-+ ty, and thus try =a,. The magni- tudes are: [r—ri|= 1, [peal = V8, [rn] = 3, and [era = V5. Since Q/4zxco 3 x 1079/(dr x 8.854 x 10-2) = 26.96V-m, we may now use (13) of (14) to obtain uta Ve OF Jart2ay tas 1 2y bat 2avtPav tee Lyte V5 WSS. E = 6.82a, +6824, +3284, V/mV 022. A charge of -0.3 uC is located at 4(25, -30,15) (in em), and a second charge of 0.5 pC is at R(—I0, 8, 12) em. Find Eat: (a) the origin; (b) PUS, 20, 50) em Ans. 92.32, ~ 77-6, —105.3a, kW/m; 32.9, +5.94a, + 19.698, kV im 14+" Vv 23. Evaluate the sums: (@) DLE" Ser) poe a [amy Ans, 2.525 0.1948 \11>Example 2.3 As an example of the evaluation of a volume integral, we shall find the total charge contained in a 2-cm length of the electron beam shown in Fig. 2.5, FIGURE 25 ‘The wwtel charge comtained within the right circular cylinder may be obtained by evaluating PA o= [aa Solution. From the illustration, we see that the charge density is Bo = 5x 10S Chan? ‘The volume differential in cylindrical coontinates is given in Sec. 1.8; therefore, We integrate first with respect to ¢ since itis so easy, cot oy) o-f Ro 10 ep dpde Jomand then with respect to z, because this will simplify the last integration with respect to p on Creat a = f =1O-S(e2 — eM dp lo Finally, Q Q where pC indicates picocoulombs Incidentally, we may use this result tomake a rough estimate of the electron-beam current. If we assume these electrons are moving at a constant velecity of 10 percent of the velocity of light, this 2-em-long packet will have moved 2 cm inns, and the current isabout equal to the product, AQ _ ~(x/40)10-2 a CA or approximately 118 wA. WV p24, Calculate the total charge within each of the indicated volumes: (@) I OL < [eh lla <02 py Pa ) O| Jess than 2, find: a) the surfaces ou which Ey = 0. With By = 2eusin2e with |r| <2, |y| <2; 2) the plane y = 0, with j2| < 2, 2) <2; 4) the plane «= 0/2, with Tay <2 |2| <2. 0, the surfaces are 1) the plane | <2; 8) the plane x = 0, with |y) ‘This occurs when 2eysin2r = y?sin2z, or on the plane 2: 1b) the region im whic with |x) <2,|u) <2, | ©) the region in which E = 0; We would have By = By = Bs = 0, or 2u?cos2r = 2ysin 2x = ysin 2 = 0, This condition is met on the plane y= 0, with [| <2, |2| < 1.9. A field is given as rg (ome +004) wae Pind a) amit yetor inthe diteetion of G at P(2,4,—2): Have Gp aud |G) = 5. Thus ae = (06,08. 1) the angle between G and ay at Py The anle is found through ag ae = cose, So cane = (0.6,0.8,0)- (1,0,0) = 06. Thus @= 53°, ©} the value of the following double integral om the plane y 5 /(9+ 16) x(3,4,0) lag + day ff G-aydzde Lf epee oo) ayileds 1.1. Given the points M(0.1, -0.2,-0.1), N(—0.2,0.1,0.3), and P(O4,0,0.1), find: —0.2,0.1,0.8) ~ (0.1, 0.2, -0.1) = (0.3.0. = (0.4,0,0.1) ~ (0.1, 0.2, 0.1) = (03. 0.09 -+ 0.06 + 0.08 = 0.05, 8) the vector Ray: Rar b) the dot product Rasy: -Ragp: Rau! Ryyp =(-0.3.0.8,04) -(0.3,0.2.0. ¢) the sealar projection of Rar on Rarp: 0.2,0.2). Ran (0.3,0.2,0.2) 0.05 =0,8,0.3,0.4)- EROS) V0.0 00+ 004 OT Raw sane d) the angle between Rary and Rarp: Run Rup [Rurw||Rurp| Ox = C08) 0.05 VoaavTI7,1.13, a) Find the vector component of F = (10,~6,5) that is parallel to G (10, -6,5)-(0.1,0.2,0.3) TOI 001+ 0.00 41,02,0.3) 1b) Find the vector component of P that is perpendicular to €: Pyq =F ~F ye = (10, ~6,5) — (0.08, 1.86,2.70) = (9.07. 86,221) ©) Find the vector component of G that is perpendieitlar to F GE Gye = G~ Gye = G- LE p—(01,02,0) 1.15. Three vectors extending from the origin are given as r4 (0.2.3). Fine: ) a unit yeetor perpendicular to both ry and ry: rire _ (5,25 Fiery O06 yx (0.08,0.01,0.91) 1b) unit vootor perpendicular to the vectons ry —r2 and —r3i ry —r2 = (04,1) and ea 3 = (2.5.6), Sony — me xorp 5 ~ (19,52,99). ‘Then, (19,52,92) _ (49,52,32) [19,2 ay (0.30,0.81, 0.50) ©) the area of the triangle defined by ry and ry LAT. Point 4 triangle. .18,—10) and Ray 18) Find a unit vector perpendicular to the triangle: Use _ Raw < Raw © Ran * Ray! The vector i the opposite direction to this one is also a valid answer. 1.17b) Find a unit vector in the plane of the triangle and perpendicular to Rax 1.507, 0.406, 761) ‘Then(0.664, Ayan =p % Ban 179, 0.645) « (—0.507,0.406,0.761) ‘The veetor in the oppasite direetion to this one is also a valid ans ©) Find a unit vector in the plane of the triangle that bisects the interior angle at A: A non-unit, vector in the required direction is (1/2)(a.anr + aa), where Now Lia gor.0.62; $10.607,0.02 au + aan) :1)] = (0.095, 0.516, 0.207) Finally, (0.005, (0.005.0 1.19. a} Bxpress the field D = (22 +?)'(eag-+ yay) in estinival components ancl eylindrical variables Have 2 — peosd, y= psind, and 22 + x? =p. Therefore aos 307) D~ Soma sin) ‘Then cos i(ay +p) + ein Glia, ay) and Ds =D-ay Therefore 1.19b) Evaluate D at the point where p = 2, 6 = O.2r, and = 5, expressing the result in cylindrical and cartesian coordinates: At the given point, and in cylindrical coordinates, D = 0.5a. To express this in eartesian, we use D=05(4p-Ag)ag + 0.5lap- ay)ay = OS ens36%a, + 1Ssin Pay = Oatlag + May 1.21, Express in cylindrical components: 2) the veetor from ) to D(A, 4,3) (3,2, -7) + C(p BBP, —7) and Di-1,-4,2) = Dip =104.0°, Now Rep = (-4.~6,9) and Ry = Ren ay = —deos(2 Rey = Rep ay = 4038.7) — Geos(28.7) = 2.77. So Rep ‘b) a unit vector at D directed toward C: Rep = (4,6,—9) and Rp = Rae + ay = 40osl Rope - ag = 4[—sin(—104.0)] + 6 cos(—104.0) This ape = -0.5ting + (.2ag — 0.750 LOL, (33.7) = —6.66. ‘Then 6.6 —2.77ay + Gag 104.0) + 6sin(-104.0) = —6.79. Then Ry = 3.80 Re = —6.79ity + 24ay —©) @ unit vector at D directed toward the origin: Start with ep = (1,-4.2), and so the vector toward the origin will be -rp = (1,4,—2). Thus in cartesian the unit veetor is a = (0.22,0.87,-0.44). Convert to cylindrical —D.l) «ip = 0.22 cos{ —104.0) + 0.87sin(—104.0) = —0.90, and —0.dd) «ay = 0.22|—sin(—104.0)] + 0.87 c05(~104.0) = 0, so that finally, =0.00ap ~ 0-ta. 2.1, Four 10nC positive charges are located in the z = 0 plane at the corners of a square Sem on a side. A Sif 10nC positive charge is Ioeated ata pont Sem distant from the other charges. Calculate the magnitude of the total force on this Bith charge for € = Arrange the charges in the 2y plane at locations (4,4), (4\-4), (4.4), and (4-1). Then the fifth charge will be on the 2 axis at location 42, which pnts it at Sem distance from the other four. By symmetry, the force on the fit charge will be z-directed, and will be four times the 2 component of force produced by each of the four other charges 40x07 N Va Fee ~ 2.8, Point charges of 50nC each are located at A(1,0,0), B(—1,0,0), ©(0,1,0), and 2(0,—1,0) in free space. Find the total fore on the charge at A. Phe force will be PF (60x 10-9)? { Roa, Roa [Real> * [RoaP ay, Roa =ay +p, and Ra = 2g, The magnitudes are [Real = [Riyal = v3, Treo where Rea = ay aud [Rira| = 2. Substivuiny these lads to (50 x 10°) 1 L pO 2) an sn pn Treo festa c 2.5. Lot a point charge Q:25 nC be Ineated at: Pi 2,7) and a charge Qz = 60 nC be at P3(—% 4, —2) 3): This feld will be 108 [25Ryy _ 60Ras re lima re whore Rug = — Bag fay — 4, and Ras = dag —2ay 4 Bas. Also, |Ras| = VT and |Ras| = vT. So a) Ihe =e, find B at Po 10? [25 x (Bay + Ay — as) are ans 4.58ay ~ O.15ay +5.51a, 60 x (lag ~ 2ay + Ba, (ay 1b) At what point om the y axis is Ba =02 Py is now at (0,y,0), 99 Ras = —Aae + (y+ 2)y — sand Ray = Bag + (yay + ae. Also, [Ras| = 85+ (YF 2? and (Ras) = VEE (4? Now the x component of E at the new Ps will be: wl 25 x (4) wos e+e | + 0-H*. ro ‘To obtain E, — 0, we require the expression in the large brackets to be zero, ‘This expression simplifies to the following quadratic:OA8e? + 13,02 + 73.10 = 0 which yields the two values: y = ~6.80,~22.11 2.7. A2 pC point charge is located at A(4,3,5) in free space, Find Ep, By, and EB. at P(S,12,2). Have x W0-* Rap 2 1078 [dag + Day — B Bap _ 2x0 Plate tay 386) _ son, + 8a, — 40.40, P= Treo Rap > daew [ (106) | * * ‘Then, at point P, p= V8 12? = 14.4, 6 = tan7(12/8) = 56.8", and 2 = 2. Now, 9.0(ae Ap) + 14S.3\ay + ay) = 65.9c0s(56.3°) + L48.3sin(56.2°) = 150.7 and Ey=5, py = 65.0(a. Ay) + SBay ay, —65.0sin(36.3°) + 148.3 c0s(56. Wa Vin 2.9. A 100 uC point charge is located at A(—1,1,.) in free space 8) Find the locus of all points: P(x.y,2) at whieh E, 500 Vm: ‘The total feld at P will be 100 10-® Rap OTe [Ral where Rap = (2+1)aet (y—Hay+ (2-3)a., and where [Rap] = [(r+1)?+(u-1)2+(2-37]"". The » component of the field will be py, = Woe” (+) are [Tee DEY WDE 500 V/m aye And so our condition becomes: (e+) = 056 (e+ 12+ (v= + (2-95 b) Find uy if Py 2,11,3) lies on that locus: At point P, the condition of part a becomes 3.19 = [1+ (ue 1°]? from which (y; — 1)? IAT, oF Uy 9 oF 0.31 21. A charge Qo located at the origin in free space prodnces a field for which E. — 1 kV/m at point P21, 1) fa) Pind Qo: The field at P will be Since the + component is of value 1 KV/m, we find Qo Aney645 x 10° = 1.63 wo1b) Find B at A/(1,6,5) in cartesian coordinates: This field will be: ~1.63 x 1078 [ag + Gay +5 Fre ‘(TF Ew or Ey 30-1ag — 180.63ay ~ 150.53a, Find E at M(1,6,5) in cylindrical onordinates: At M, p= VTF30 = 6.08, 6 = tan“"(6/1) = 80.54%, ond = = 5. Now Fp = Bar ay = 80.1 cose ~ 180.685ing = ~ 189.12 By = By + ay = -30.11(—sin 9) ~ 180,68008 9 = 0. (as expected) so that Bay = —188.12ay ~ 150.5342, 4) Find Eat M(1,6,5) in spherical coordinates: At M, r= VTF304I5 = 7.87, 6 = 80.54° (as before), and @ — cos“1(5/7.87) = 50.58", Now, since the charge is at the origin, we expect to obtain only a radial component of Ear. This will be: Eq: ay = —30.1 sin @cosé — 180.63sin Psin 4 — 150.5308 ia 2.13. A uniform volume charge density of 0.2 vC/m® is present thoughout the spherical shell extending from r= 3.em to r= 5 cam. IE py = 0 elsewhere: 8) find the total charge present thronghout the shell: This will be ao [ff [oar snnanies [ro ) find ry if half the total charge is located in the region Sem axis: Le, Rep = (1,2.3) —(0,0,3) = (1,20). 4: Here we use the general relation ode rae Arey PPP Ep= where r= ay +2ay + 3a, and r' (2x "8 f Tey Using integral tables, we obtain: So the integral becomes Ep V/m = dias +0.8ay + 40a. KV /an The student is invited to verify that when evaluating the above expression over the limits —20 < =< 0%, the = component vanishes and the 2 and y components become those found in part a2.21, Two identical uniform line charges with jy = 75 nC/m are located in free space at =O, 4 = Hat 1m, What force per unit length does each line charge exert on the other? The charges are parallel to the 2 axis and are separated by 0.3 m, Thus the field from the charge at y = —0.4 evaluated at the location of the charge at y = +0.4 will be E = |pr/(2rev(0.8))]ay. The force on a differential length fof tho line at the positive y location is dB = dal = pydsB. ‘Thus the fogvo per unit length aeting om the line at postive y arising from the charge at negative is 2% 10-4 ay N/m 2ay N/m The force on the Tine at negative y is of course the same, but with ~ay. .C/m?, in the region p< 0.2 m, : = 0, and is zero elsewhere, 2.23, Given the surface charge density, ps find B at: a) Palp = 0, 5): First, we recognize from symmetry that only a 2 component of E will be present. Considering a general point 2 on the 2 axis, we have r= cas. ‘Then, with = pap, we obtain r— 1’ = 2a, ~ pa, The superposition integral for the = component of E will be: zpdpdd __2py PAS Tre ; with 0.5 m, the above evaluates as Hs,p, = 8.1 KV /m. ) With > at 0.5 m, we evaluate the expression for Eto obtaln