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10 Duct Design
Dpt. Of
http://users.fs.cvut.cz/~zmrhavla/index.htm Environmental
Engineering
1
wd
Re =
laminar flow Re 2300
transitional flow 2300 < Re < 10000
fully turbulent flow Re > 10 000
1
Laminar and turbulent flows
Flow characteristics
1/ n
w y
= 1
w max r
V = w sS
1 n exponent f(Re)
ws =
r 2 S
wdS
1/ n ws
1 y = 0,817
w s = 2 w max 1 2 ydy w max
r S r
Pressure losses
Bernoulli equation (energy)
p1 + h1 g + w 12 = p2 + h2 g + w 22 + pz 1,2
2 2
Pressures in the duct
w2
pc = p + pd = p +
2
pz 1,2 = p1 + w 12 p2 + w 22 = pc 1 pc 2
2 2
2
Pressure losses
friction
local pressure losses
l w2 w2
pz 1,2 = + = R .l + Z
d
2 2
pt pm
2
l w
pz 1,2 = + = kV 2
d 2
Friction losses
Laminar flow
64
=
Re
Turbulent flow
1 /d 2,51
= 2log + Colebrook (1939)
3,71 Re /d relative roughness
0,0812
= Smolik (1959) for = 0,15
Re 0,125 d 0,11
3
Friction losses
Turbulent flow
0,3164
= 4
for smooth pipes and duct (plastic)
Re 5000 < Re 80 000
Friction losses
Roghness height of the conduit wall surfaces
Material (mm)
Galvanized steel 0,15
Concrete duct smooth surface 0,5
Concrete duct rough surface 1,0 3,0
Smooth brass, copper 0,015
Hose pipe 0,6 - 3
Plastic pipe 0,007
4
Friction losses
Hydraulic diameter
4A 4ab 2ab
dh = = =
O 2(a + b) a + b
Rectangular ducts
= Cd
b
C = 1,1 0,1
a
Moody diagram
10
5
Local pressure losses
Local pressure losses are caused by the fluid flow through the duct
fittings:
which change the direction of the flow (elbows, bands, etc.)
affect the flow in the straight duct with constant cross-section
(valves, stopcocks, filters etc.).
w2
pm = pd =
2
local loss coefficient (experiments - see Idelchik 1986)
Borda loss prediction
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
12
6
Local pressure losses
0,08
a
= 1,11
b
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
13
Duct design
Methods
velocity method
equal-friction method
static regain method
14
7
Velocity method
Duct design procedure:
1) Find the main line
Rule no. 1: the main line is the maximum pressure loss line
(longest line, most segment line (?))
15
Velocity method
16
8
Velocity method
4) duct area A (m2) diameter d or a x b
4V
d=
w
nominal diameter dN or aN x bN
Rule no. 3: Duct sizes: 80, 100, 125, 140, 160, 180, 200, 250, 315,
355, 400, 450, 500, 560, 630, 710, 800, 900, 1000, 1120, 1250,
1400, 1600, 1800, 2000
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Velocity method
5) dN real velocity wreal
4V
w real =
d N2
6) calculation of dynamic pressure pd
7) Reynolds number friction coefficient
8) local loss coefficients
9) pressure loss of the duct section pz,i
l w 2
pz ,i = i + i
d s ,i 2
18
9
Velocity method
Rule no. 4: Balancing
pz ,F + pz ,E = pz ,G + pz ,I
10) total pressure loss is the sum of the duct sections pressure
losses
pext = pz ,i
19
Velocity method
pz = pz ,A + pz ,B + pz ,D + pz ,G + pz ,I
Vc = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + V5
20
10
Example
Example 1: Dimension the air duct system. Use the velocity method.
air velocity w = 6 - 10 m/s, V1 = 9 000 m3/s
air density = 1,2 kg/m3,
kinematic viscosity = 14,5.10-6 m2/s. V2 = 1 440 m3/s
V3 = 2 160 m3/s
21
Example
0,41 19
0,96 0
0,46 0
2,04 0
TOTAL XX
22
11
Equal-Friction Method
Duct design procedure:
1) selection of pressure loss per unit length R = 0,8 4 Pa/m
1 w2
R =
d 2
2) local pressure losses friction in straight duct with equivalent
length
le w 2 w2
= le = d
d 2 2
3) duct section pressure loss
pz = R ( l + l e )
23
Equal-Friction Method
Friction chart
Choice:
R = 1 Pa/m
Air flow rate:
1 000 m3/h
diameter D:
280 mm
Velocity :
w = 4,5 m/s
24
12
25
26
13
Static Regain Method
Assumptions:
V = const.
b = const.
i = n, n - 1, . 1
calculation of dimension a
i 1 i 1
ai 1 = ai 1 + l i 1
d i 1 i
27
pz 21 = pd 2 pd 1
l1 w12 w 22 w12 V1 V
= kde w1 = , w2 = 2
d1 2 2 2 a1b a2 b
28
14
Static Regain Method
l V2 V2 V2
1 12 = 22 12 V1 = V , V2 = 2V
d1 a1 a2 a1
l i 1 ( i 1) ( i 1)
2 2
l1 12 V 2 12 V 2 22 V 2 i2
+ 2 = 2 + 2 = 2
d1 a12 a1 a2 d i 1 ai21 ai 1 ai
l i 1
ai2 1 + i 1 ( i 1) = ai21i 2 a i 1 = ai 1 + i 1 l i 1
2
d i 1 d i 1 i
29
Duct systems
Shapes
rectangular
round
flexible duct
Materials
steel galvanized
aluminium
plastic PVC
textile
ALP
30
15
Duct systems
Duct leakage rate
V = m p 0,67Sv
Thermal insulation
Purpose
condensation risk
heat losses/gains
Thickness of TI
indoor 45 60 mm
outdoor 80 100 mm (with sheet covering)
32
16
Thank you for your
attention
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