Arab J Sci Eng (2017) 42:31033114
DOI 10.1007/s13369-016-2279-z
RESEARCH ARTICLE - COMPUTER ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
Forecasting Chaotic Time Series Via Anfis Supported by Vortex
Optimization Algorithm: Applications on Electroencephalogram
Time Series
Utku Kose1 Ahmet Arslan2
Received: 8 April 2015 / Accepted: 17 August 2016 / Published online: 1 September 2016
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2016
Abstract In the context of time series analysis, forecast-
ing time series is known as an important sub-study field
within the associated scientific fields. At this point, espe-
cially forecasting chaotic systems has been a remarkable
research approach. As being associated with the works
on forecasting chaotic systems, some application areas are
very interested in benefiting from advantages of forecasting
time series. For instance, forecasting electroencephalogram
(EEG) time series enables researchers to learn more about
future status of the brain activity in terms of any physi-
cal or pathological case. In this sense, this work introduces
an ANFISVOA hybrid system, which is based on ANFIS
and a new optimization algorithm called as vortex opti-
mization algorithm (VOA). Generally, the system provides a
basic, strong enough, alternative forecasting solution way for
EEG time series. The performed evaluation applications have
shown that the ANFISVOA approach here provided effec-
tive enough solution way for forecasting EEG time series,
as a result of learningreasoning infrastructure achieved by
the combination of two different artificial intelligence tech-
niques.
Keywords Time series analysis Forecasting time series
Forecasting EEG Electroencephalogram (EEG) Chaos
B Utku Kose
utku.kose@usak.edu.tr
Ahmet Arslan
ahmet.arslan@gidatarim.edu.tr
1
Computer Sciences Application and Research Center, Usak
University, 1 September Campus, MA3 Academic Block,
Ground Floor, 64200 Usak, Turkey
2 Department of Computer Engineering, Konya Food and
Agriculture University, Dede Korkut Dist., Beysehir Street,
No: 9, 42080 Meram, Konya, Turkey
Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) Vortex
optimization algorithm (VOA)
1 Introduction
When it is examined in the context of especially mathemat-
ical and statistical sciencesfields, time series is one of the
most remarkable research subjects, which take researchers
and scientists interest too much. At this point, the time series
can be defined briefly as an organized collection of data,
which were recorded over a period of time (weekly, monthly,
quarterly, or yearly) [14]. As a result of being able to con-
sider the related data for reaching some results regarding to
time series, many different research ways that can be exam-
ined within the application field called as time series analysis
have been introduced. Forecasting (prediction of) time series
is one of these ways, which are taken into consideration in
especially scientific works.
Briefly, forecasting of time series can be defined as some
kind of analysis done on past states of a time series in order to
make decisions and figure out future states of the same time
series. In the context of forecasting, it is assumed that the past
patterns will continue into the future [1]. At this point, differ-
ent kind of time series within almost all areas of the modern
life can be taken into consideration for performing the related
forecasting operations. Here, time series of chaotic systems
is also a remarkable research interest that researchers and
scientists are too interested for performing research works
to provide effective solution ways for real-world-based sit-
uations and problems. Because the nature employs chaotic
behaviors and also chaotic dynamics under its hidden sides,
lots of real-world-based problems can be solved by analyz-
ing some numerical data that can be definedshown as time
series. As it can also be understood, forecasting of chaotic
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time series can be taken into consideration in the context
of these expressed nature oriented behaviors and dynam-
ics.
If we take the problem of forecasting time series of chaotic
systems into consideration, it can be seen that many differ-
ent approaches have been introduced to provide alternative
solutions. Background of the issue shows that forecasting
time series of chaotic systems also have some past fail-
ures of forecasting methods, which were used on stationary
time series before [5]. Because of the related failures, it has
been understood that the relatedintroduced methods were
unable to provide effective solutions to forecast time series of
chaotic systems and thus, a remarkable effort on searching for
better solution ways has been shown by researchers and sci-
entists. Regarding to the introduced approachesmethods,
artificial intelligence (AI) based ones also had important
and remarkable roles on providing effective and efficient
solutions for the issue of forecasting time series of chaotic
systems.
Regarding to the explanations, this work introduces an
approach designed on an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference
system (ANFIS), which is supported by a new optimiza-
tion algorithm: vortex optimization algorithm (VOA); in
order to forecast time series of electroencephalogram (EEG),
which ensures mostly chaotic behaviors indicating that this
time series is also some kind of chaotic structures. The
ANFIS is a hybrid AI approach employing both artifi-
cial neural networks (ANN) and fuzzy logic (FL) tech-
niques for developing intelligent solution ways. On the
other hand, VOA is a new bio-inspired optimization algo-
rithm, which is inspired from vortex behaviors in the nature.
As a result of learningreasoning infrastructure ensured
by the combination of the ANN, FL and the VOA tech-
niques, a simple, alternative solution for EEG forecasting
is provided for the literature. Associated with the solution
mechanism, the introduced approach can be evaluated as
an alternative way in the context of chaotic time series
forecasting.
In the sense of the subject of this work, remaining con-
tent of the paper is organized as follows: the next section
is devoted to a background view, which examines some
forecasting works (with the support of artificial intelli-
gence approaches) on chaotic time series and EEG time
series. Following to that, basics of the ANFIS and the
vortex optimization algorithm (VOA) are explained briefly
under the third and the Sect. 4 respectively. Next, details
of the hybrid system formed in this work are introduced
briefly under the Sect. 5. After that section, evaluation
applications that have been performed in order to test
the effectiveness of the ANFISVOA system are provided
under the Sect. 6 and the paper is ended with the last
section by discussing about conclusions and the future
works.
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Arab J Sci Eng (2017) 42:31033114
2 Background
Before introducing the solution approach regarding to the
EEG time series forecasting, it is important to give a brief
review of the related literature, in order to have more idea
about the backgroundrecently performed works, general
trends and the latest state of the working area. In this sense,
it is also better to examine forecasting works for chaotic
time series (generally) and EEG time series (specifically)
within artificial intelligence field, in order to fit the content
to the solution subject considered. At this point, some recent,
remarkable research works performed via different artificial
intelligence approaches are explained briefly as follows:
In his work, Yeh has designed and developed a model,
which comes with parameter-free simplified swarm opti-
mization for artificial neural network (ANN) training
process [6]. In this sense, the model has been used for
forecasting different kinds of time series including EEG.
Wu et al. [7] have introduced a forecasting approach in
terms of especially chaotic time series. At this point, they
have forecasted MackeyGlass time series, BoxJenkins
gas furnace time series and also EEG time series by using
iterated extended Kalman filter trained via single multi-
plicative neuron model (IEKF-based SMN).
In the context of multivariate chaotic time series, Chen
and Han [8] have performed a research work on forecast-
ing the related chaotic time series via radial basis function
(RBF).
Bontempi et al. [9] have provided a remarkable book
chapter, which is also a typical review of current
approaches for forecasting time series, thanks to support
of specific machine learning approaches. This work can
be seen as different from other ones interested in only
chaotic time series. But it is also a comprehensive back-
ground work because of its value in terms of scope and
publication year.
There are many research works that have been performed
based on the ant colony optimization (ACO) in order to
forecast different types of chaotic systems [5,1013].
Another artificial intelligence-based optimization algo-
rithm: particle swarm optimization (PSO) has been used
by Unler, and Zhao and Yang respectively, in order
to achieve an optimization based forecasting approach
[14,15].
In their work, Yao and Liu [16] have provided a
fuzzy logic (FL) based approach in order to forecast
atmospheric visibility in Shanghai.
Regarding to traffic-flow forecasting, Ren et al. [17] have
performed a research work on forecasting short term
traffic-flow by using the niche genetic algorithm (NGA)
and BP neural network techniques as a typical solution
system approach.
Arab J Sci Eng (2017) 42:31033114
A different research work on forecasting traffic flow
has been provided Ding et al. [18]. At this point, they
have provided a solution approach in order to forecast
drivers lane-changing trajectory in urban traffic flow.
In addition; another remarkable work on forecasting
urban traffic-flow has also been provided by Yin et al.
[19]. In this sense, they have designed and developed a
typical fuzzy-neural model (FNM) in order to forecast
traffic flow in an urban street network.
There are also some other works that have been per-
formed via artificial neural networks (ANN) technique
[20,21].
Mirzaee [22] has used the genetic algorithm (GA) in order
to provide an alternative solution for the forecasting time
series problem. In this sense, he has briefly used linear
combination rule in genetic algorithm for optimization
of finite impulse response neural network to predict nat-
ural chaotic time series.
Hu and Zhang [23] have introduced a forecasting approach
based on both chaotic simulated annealing algorithm
(CSAA) and support vector machines (SVM).
Liu and Yao [24] have used an approach formed by PSO
and least square SVM.
There are also some more works based on the usage of
SVM approaches to forecast time series of chaotic sys-
tems [2531].
In their work, Dunne and Ghosh [32] have also provided
a remarkable scientific research work on forecasting
traffic-flow. In this sense, they have used a Neurowavelet
model, which was developed via stationary wavelet trans-
form (SWT), in order to forecast (hourly) traffic-flow by
considering the effect of rainfall.
Yadav et al. [33] have performed a time series fore-
casting work based on single multiplicative neuron
(SMN). Additionally, Zhao and Yang [15] have also
used both PSO and SMN in order to forecast time
series. At this point, Zhao and Yang have performed
forecasting operations on MackeyGlass time series,
BoxJenkins gas furnace time series and also EEG
time series. As an alternative, the work by Catalao
et al. [34] have employed a wavelet transform (WT),
particle swarm optimization (PSO), and ANFIS com-
bined forecasting approach for short term electricity
prices.
Wang et al. [35] have introduced a hybrid chaotic
time series forecasting system, which includes teaching
learning Based optimization (TLBO) and differential
evolution (DE). They have obtained positive results with
the performed forecasting applications.
In another work, Pulido et al. [36] have applied a fore-
casting approach on Mexican Stock Exchange. In order
to do that, they have developed a hybrid system employ-
ing particle swarm optimization (PSO), ensemble neural
3105
networks (ENN), and Fuzzy Logic (Type-1 and Type-2)
respectively.
Marzban et al. [37] have done a work on forecast-
ing chaotic time series by using two different types of
dynamic neural networks (DNN). At this point, they have
used the related approaches in order to forecast chaotic
time series like Henon Map and MackeyGlass.
In their work, Huang et al. [38] have employed a chaos
and BP artificial neural networks (CBPANNs) model,
which is based on genetic algorithm, in order to fore-
cast time series. In detail, they have used the model
for forecasting wind power and obtained positive results
according to the performed testing operations.
Jiang et al. have done a research on forecasting time
series regarding to wind speedpower. At this point,
they have formed an artificial intelligence based hybrid
model, which is based on Cross Correlation (CC) analysis
and a support vector regression (SVR) model supported
with brainstorm optimization (BSO) and cuckoo search
(CS) optimization algorithms [39]. Applications done for
wind turbines of a wind farm in China have shown posi-
tive results in terms of forecasting.
Gentili et al. [40] have provided a work based on fore-
casting aperiodic hydrodynamic oscillatory time series.
In this sense, they have employed a feed forward neural
network, fuzzy logic, and a local nonlinear predictor
respectively and reported results regarding to applica-
tions of these techniques.
In their work, Wang et al. [41] have forecasted time
series by using a back propagation neural network sup-
ported with the adaptive differential evaluation (ADE)
algorithm. ADE here optimizes the weights and thresh-
olds in the context of Neural Network structure. Obtained
results in this work show improved forecasting in the used
system.
Regarding to another work, which is related to using
alternative techniques in training of artificial neural net-
works and so forecasting time series, Chandra [42] has
employed a recurrent neural Networks model supported
by cooperative Coevolution (CC) technique. Along the
work, the formed approach has been applied in forecast-
ing of chaotic time series.
In their work, Seo et al. [43] have used both artifi-
cial neural networks and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference
system in forecasting daily water levels. At this point,
the authors have used the wavelet decomposition the-
ory to the related techniques and reported the obtained
results.
Doucoure et al. [44] have used artificial wavelet neural
Network and multi-resolution analysis to forecast time
series in their work. In this context, they have applied
their model on the problem of forecasting wind speed. In
more detail, the authors aim is obtaining a forecasting
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system for renewable energy sources in order to achieve
an intelligent management of a micro-grid system and
to promote the utilization of renewable energy in grid
connected and isolated power systems [44].
In the work by Heydari et al. [45] chaotic time series have
been forecasted by using a second order TSK (Takagi
Sugeno Kang) fuzzy systems. In this system, the training
process has been done via ANFIS (artificial neural fuzzy
inference system). The authors have used the system on
chaotic systems and they have obtained positive results
along their forecasting operations.
Zhou et al. have done a forecasting work by using a
dendritic neuron model, which is one of alternative sub-
models of artificial neural network technique. Briefly, the
system, which employs a neuron model based on den-
dritic functions and a phase space reconstruction (PSR),
has been applied on financial time series: Shanghai
Stock Exchange Composite Index, Deutscher Aktienin-
dex, N225, and DJI Average [46].
As another forecasting approach associated with artificial
neural networks, Chai and Lim [47] have employed the
neural network with weighted fuzzy membership func-
tions (NEWFM) on cyclical fluctuations of the economy.
Actually, the research work performed here is not directly
on forecasting the chaotic time series taken into consid-
eration, but using them within an artificial intelligence
oriented approach. In the approach: the preprocessed
time series of the leading composite index using the time
delay coordinate embedding method were used as input
data to the NEWFM in order to forecast the business
cycle [47].
After providing a brief review of the literature, basics of
the ANFIS and the VOA should be explained before dis-
cussing more about the solution approach provided within
this work. It is important for readers to learnknow fea-
tures and functions of the ANFISVOA system in order to
understand organization of the performed work better.
3 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System
There are lots of hybrid approachestechniques within Arti-
ficial Intelligence field in order to provide alternative solution
ways for especially real-world-based problems. Adaptive
neuro-fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is one of these
approaches, which have been introduced by researchers. In
this sense, ANFIS combines both artificial neural networks
and fuzzy logic techniques in a single structure. From a gen-
eral perspective, ANFIS is evaluated as a type of neuro-fuzzy
systems within the related literature.
As general, the hybrid approach of a typical neuro-fuzzy
system ensures an intelligent techniquesystem structure
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Fig. 1 General structure of the ANFIS [52]
that combines the human oriented thinking and reasoning
behavior (with the Fuzzy Logic) and the intelligent learning
methodbehavior (with the artificial neural networks). In
the literature, this structure is defined as mostly neuro-fuzzy
system or fuzzy neural network.
Related to the expressed literature and the subject, fun-
damentals of the ANFIS have been first proposed by Jang
[48,49]. As different from other approaches, ANFIS pro-
vides a hybrid structure employing the fuzzy logic approach
and a typical radial basis function neural network (RBFNN),
in which each node has radial basis function such as Gaussian
and Ellipsoidal [50]. In other words, an ANFIS incorporates
the self-learning ability of NN with the linguistic expression
function of fuzzy inference [51]. Within this structure, a
typical ANFIS employs a TakagiSugeno model-based fuzzy
inference approach in order to form the related hybrid system.
In this sense, the rule base of a basic ANFIS is formed via
two fuzzy IFTHEN rules-based on a first order Takagi
Sugeno model.
Associated with the typical ANFIS, general structure can
be represented within the Fig. 1 [52].
The basic ANFIS structure comes with some parameters
called as premise and consequent parameters [48,49,
52]. At this point, the general objective is to use learning algo-
rithms for tuning the related parameters, to make the ANFIS
output match the training data [52]. In other words, a typical
optimization approach could be applied in order to adjust the
related parameters [53]. In this sense, there are some learning
algorithm approaches like gradient decent Backpropagation,
gradient decent and one pass of least square estimates (LSE),
and gradient decent and LSE for performing the related train-
ing processes [50].
In order not to affect the flow of the article and ensure bet-
ter readability for the main subject of the work, readers are
referred to [48,49,52] in order to learn more about mathe-
matical detailsworking mechanism (calculations, learning
processetc.) of the ANFIS technique. Because the ANFIS
has been employed for a forecasting approach in this work,
readers can also look at to [5462] in order have ideas about
some forecasting applications of the ANFIS.
Arab J Sci Eng (2017) 42:31033114 3107

4 Vortex Optimization Algorithm Step 3.7: Return to the Step 3.1. if the stopping criteria
has not reached yet.
In order to form an efficient approach, the ANSFIS is sup-
ported by a new bio-inspired optimization algorithm, which is Step 4: The best values obtained within the loop is the opti-
based on vortex behaviors in the nature. Called as vortex opti- mum solution.
mization algorithm (VOA), this technique has been designed
and developed by Kose and Arslan [63]. It is also currently in A flow chart of the VOA is presented under Fig. 2.
additional multidisciplinary applications, and improvement
processes. VOA is generally focus on a typical vortex flow
behavior in nature and inspires from some dynamics that are
occurred in the sense of vortex nature. In order not to affect
the main objective of this work in a negative manner and
make the content complex, recent algorithmic details of the
VOA can be expressed briefly as follows [63,64]:
Step 1: Define initial parameters (N for number of particles;
vorticity (v) values of each particle; max. and min. limits for
vorticity value and other values related to function, prob-
lemetc.; and e for elimination rate)
Step 2: Locate the particles randomly within the solution
space and calculate fitness values for each of them. Update
the v value of the particle with the best fitness value by using
a random value. Mark this particle as a vortex and keep its
values as the best so far.
Step 3: Repeat the sub-steps below until the stopping criteria:

Step 3.1: Mark each particle, whose fitness value is

under the average fitness of all particles, as the vortex.
The otherremaining particles are in the normal par-
ticle status.
Step 3.2: Update v value of each particle by using the
following equations:
particlei _v_change = particlei _v + (random_
value * (global_best_v / particlei _v))
particlei _v = particlei _v_change Fig. 2 A flow chart of the VOA
Step 3.3: Update the v value of each vortex particle
(except from the best particle so far) by using a random
value.
Step 3.4: Update position of each particle (except from
the best particle so far) by using the following equa-
tions:
particlei _position += (random_value *
(particlei _v_change * (global_best_position
particlei_position)))
Step 3.5: Calculate fitness values according to new
positions of each particle. Mark the particle with the
best value as a vortex (if it is not a vortex yet) and
keep its values as the best so far.
Step 3.6: If number of non-vortex particles is under the
value of e, remove all non-particles from the solution
space and create new particles according to number
of removed particles. Locate these new particles ran-
domly within the solution space. Perform in-system Fig. 3 General structure of the ANFISVOA for forecasting EEG time
optimization in bigger problems. series

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Briefly, the algorithm is a swarm-oriented evolutional
problem solution approach; because it includes many meth-
ods related to elimination of weak swarm members and
trying to improve the solution process by supporting the solu-
tion space via new swarm members having some parameters
according to the main approach of the VOA.
5 ANFISVOA for Operations on Forecasting
EEG Time Series
In this work, an ANFISVOA combination, which aims to
forecast EEG, has been designed and developed. Regarding
to the approach, a schema explaining the designed and devel-
oped system briefly is shown in Fig. 3.
It is possible to express basic featuresfunctions of the
formed hybrid system as follows:
In the ANFIS, three inputs (adjusted with two Gaussian
sets separately) have been used for feeding the system.
Fig. 4 Original time series and the forecasting performance for the Z023
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In this sense, ANFIS structure also employs a total of 8
rules.
As general, the ANFIS aims to forecast EEG time series
according to three past values of the seriesflow. In more
detail, it is possible to explain that the system aims to
forecast x(t +3), according to x(t), x(t 3), and x(t 6)
respectively.
In the system, the VOA is applied in order to adapt
the parameters of membership functions of the ANFIS.
Briefly, the VOA is used to train the parameters regard-
ing to membership functions of the ANFIS. As it can be
understood, this training process is some kind of opti-
mization done by the VOA.
According to the explained system structure, it is aimed to
forecast EEG time series in order to provide a simple but
effective enough approach for enabling researchers to learn
more about future states of the brain activity in terms of any
physical or pathological case.
Certainly, there are also more advanced approaches and
already introduced solution ways for performing operations
Arab J Sci Eng (2017) 42:31033114
on forecasting or modeling cases of EEG time series in order
to provide more specific scientific approaches for especially
critical diagnostic-base, medical problems. In this sense, this
work provides a model on forecasting time series for any
other further numerical interventions. Furthermore, the sys-
tem is a unique model because it employs a newly developed
optimization algorithm.
In order to test effectiveness of the ANFISVOA and its
success in terms of objective(s) of the work, some evaluation
oriented applications should be done by using different kinds
of EEG time series. The next section is devoted to that subject
in this sense.
6 Applications for Evaluation
Within this ANFISVOA approach, different EEG time
series included within data files were used during the train-
ing and test processes. At this point, two EEG sample data
sets obtained from the research work performed by Andrze-
jak et al. [65] at the Department of Epileptology, University
Fig. 5 Original time series and the forecasting performance for the N052
3109
of Bonn (The associated data files provided by authors can
be obtained from the Web site: http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/
epileptologie/science/physik/eegdataold2.html). The related
data sets have also been applied within different research
works [66,67]. For each time series, data files containing
4000 rows in the form of x(t + 3): x(t), x(t 3), and
x(t 6) values have been used for the related training and test
processes. In this sense, 2000 data rows were used for train-
ing the ANFISVOA whereas other remaining ones were
employed for the testing. It is also important the applica-
tion of a low-pass filter of 40 Hz, as described in the article
provided by Andrzejak et al., is regarded as the first step of
analysis and therefore not carried out for the downloaded
data filestime series.
In addition to the applications on data sets obtained from
the mentioned Web site, two sample EEG time series have
also been created by using the MATLABEEGLAB sys-
tem, which was developed by Yeung et al. [68] in order to
generate simulated EEG data (It has been used in also some
other works by the same author [69,70]). As similar to the
previously explained time series, data files for these samples
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have also formed in the context of 4000 rows (2000 of them some other hybrid systems formed with ANFIS and alterna-
for training) in the form of x(t + 3): x(t), x(t 3), and tive optimization algorithms. In order to evaluate errors, the
x(t 6) values. mean absolute error (MAE) expressed as follows has been
In the sense of data files provided by the Department of used [71]:
Epileptology at University of Bonn, the files named as Z023 Let yi is ith observation and yi is a forecast for yi ,
(within SET A as it is indicated) and N052 (within SET C as it MAE = mean (|ei |) (1)
is indicated) were used respectively on the start of evaluation-
based applications. where
For the Z023, a graph showing the original time series and
ei = yi yi (2)
whole forecasting performance is presented in Fig. 4.
For the other data filetime series: N052, a graph showing
In the context of comparison operations, the same ANFIS
the original time series and whole forecasting performance
structure has been supported with particle swarm optimiza-
is presented in Fig. 5.
tion (PSO) [7274], firefly algorithm (FA) [75,76], Bat
A total of two different sample EEG time series have
Algorithm (BA) [77], and cuckoo search (CS) [78] respec-
also been created by using the MATLABEEGLAB sys-
tively and each formed system has been applied to the same
tem, which was explained before. In this sense, the related
chaotic systems considered in this work.
graphics showing the original time series and obtained per-
MAE values obtained with five different ANFIS settings
formances within the data samples are presented in Figs. 6,
on the related chaotic systems are presented in Table 1.
and 7 respectively.
According to the obtained results in the performed appli-
In order to have more idea about effectiveness of the
cations, it can be said that the designed and developed
formed system, forecasting errors have been compared with
ANFISVOA approach is effective enough to forecast EEG

Fig. 6 Original time series and the forecasting performance for the first sample

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Fig. 7 Original time series and the forecasting performance for the second sample

Table 1 MAE values obtained with five different ANFIS settings on the related chaotic systems
ANFISVOA ANFISPSO ANFISFA ANFISBA ANFISCS

Z023 18.4571 37.4620 26.1114 22.5190 19.0651

N052 14.9148 28.1099 19.5669 17.2017 12.1009
MATLABEEGLAB (first sample) 12.8944 30.3109 28.4510 29.5791 12.9094
MATLABEEGLAB (second sample) 15.1092 22.5490 20.1890 24.0012 16.1044
The best result for a chaotic system are in bold

time series. In this context, it can be also said that the related
approach can forecast especially chaotic time series.
7 Conclusions and Future Work
The ANFISVOA system introduced in this work ensures
an effective enough mechanism to forecast EEG time series.
When it is examined in the context of the associated liter-
ature, there are many different applications on forecasting
of time series via ANFIS (as single or in hybrid forms).
Here, the main application-base of the designed and devel-
oped ANFISVOA was chosen as EEG time series. Because
of chaotic behaviors of EEG time series, main idea of the
introduced system is also a typical forecasting approach
for especially chaotic time series. In this sense, it can be
expressed that the approach can be evaluated as an approach
in the context of chaotic time series forecasting, in addition
to the main application direction of the work on EEG time
series.
ANFISVOA based approach has been applied to a total
of four different EEG data samplestime series in order

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to see effectiveness of the whole system. According to the
obtained results, it can be expressed that the ANFISVOA is
able to forecast EEG time series generally. At this point,
the applicationevaluation results have also shown that
such hybrid AI approach-based technique is able to forecast
chaotic time series. Definitely, it is also another alternative
work for the other ones in the literature. This also shows wide
scope of AI based approaches, methods and techniques.
Obtained results have encouraged the authors to think
about some future developments regarding to this research
work process. In this sense, it has been already planned that
the system structure will also be improved by performing
additional works on some critical aspects like testing dif-
ferent number of inputs, searching for alternative ways to
obtain more optimum running times and making the system
structure strong enough to overcome possibly more advanced
chaotic time series and EEG within this context. Also, there
will be some additional research works for ensuring a general
ANFISVOA structure, which can be able to continue up to
performing some expert-based diagnosis evaluations after the
training processes regarding to the related EEG time series.
Finally, the chosen alternative optimization algorithms along
comparisons in this work are randomly determined, so future
works will include such additional comparisons with other
remaining optimization algorithms in the literature. All of
these future works will also include using each new version
of the VOA provided by the authors.
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