KWARA STATE UNIVERSITY, MALETE

College of Engineering and Technology

Mechanical Engineering Department

Heat and Mass Transfer - MEE 561 (3 Unit Course)

Dr H. I. Oguntade
August 2017

Overview of the Course

Course Outlines
1. Heat Transfer by Conduction:
The general conduction equation.
Steady one-dimensional conduction with and without generation.
Steady conduction in multidimensional configurations.
Numerical simulation of conduction
One-dimensional transient conduction.
2. Heat Transfer by Convection:
Forced convection in laminar and turbulent flows
Forced convection-Reynolds analogy and dimensional analysis.
Natural convection in internal and external configurations
Separated flow convection.
Heat transfer during condensation and boiling
Mass transfer by convection.
3. Combined Conduction and Convection Heat Transfer:
Extended surfaces.
The straight fin and spine.
Limit of usefulness of the straight fin.
Fin effectiveness and overall coefficients.
Heat exchangers.
Determination of heat transfer coefficients from heat exchanger tests.
Combined heat and mass transfer.
4. Heat Transfer by Radiation:
The laws of black and grey body radiation.
Absorption and reflection of radiant energy.
Emission, radiosity and irradiation.
Black and non Black bodies.
Kirchoff law.
Intensity of radiation.
Radiation exchange between black surfaces.
Grey-body radiation exchangers.
Radiation coefficients.
5. Solar Energy:

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 The fundamentals of solar energy.
Solar energy collectors, Receivers and concentrators.
Radiation transmission through glass and selected heat transfer topics.
Analysis of pipe and fin type flat plate collector with a glass cover.
Collector design.

MIT Openware
Credit and Content
MEE 561 is a 3-unit course, serving as the Mechanical Engineering departments advanced
undergraduate course in heat and mass transfer. The prerequisites for this course are
undergraduate courses in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, specifically Applied
thermodynamics I and Applied thermodynamics II or their equivalents. Topics to be covered
include: unsteady heat conduction in one or more dimensions, steady conduction in
multidimensional configurations, numerical simulation of conduction; forced convection in
laminar and turbulent flows; natural convection in internal and external configurations; heat
transfer during condensation and boiling; mass transfer at low rates, evaporation; thermal
radiation, black bodies, grey radiation networks, spectral and solar radiation. Problems and
examples will emphasize modelling of complex systems drawn from manufacturing,
electronics, consumer products, and energy systems.

Classes

Topics to be covered include:

Unsteady heat conduction in one or more dimensions

Steady conduction in multidimensional configurations.
Numerical simulation of conduction
Forced convection in laminar and turbulent flows
Natural convection in internal and external configurations
Heat exchangers
Heat transfer during condensation and boiling
Mass transfer at low rates, evaporation;
Thermal radiation, black bodies, grey radiation networks, spectral and solar radiation.
Solar energy: The fundamentals of solar energy; Radiation transmission through glass and
selected heat transfer topics; Analysis of pipe and fin type flat plate collector with a glass cover.
Problems and examples will emphasize modelling of complex systems drawn from
manufacturing, electronics, consumer products, and energy systems.

Introduction and basics of to heat transfer: Modes of heat transfer, Fouriers law,
conductivity, diffusivity.

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Heat conduction equation: 1D Heat conduction, General heat conduction equation, Boundary
and initial conditions, Heat generation.
Steady heat conduction: Heat conduction in plane wall, cylinder, sphere, network analysis,
critical radius of insulation, heat transfer from fins.
Transient heat conduction: Lumped system analysis, transient heat conduction in large plane
walls, long cylinders and spheres with spatial effect, Heisler and Grober charts
Numerical methods of heat conduction: Finite difference formulation, numerical methods for
1D and 2D steady state heat conduction.

Course Learning Objectives

1. Students understand and are able to use the conduction, convection and radiation rate
equations
2. Students are able to use the conservation of energy to solve problems
3. Students are able to solve one-dimensional heat conduction problems using the energy
equation and Fouriers law
3.1 Students are well versed in the use of the thermal resistance network
3.2 Students can solve one-dimensional problems in radial systems,
3.3 Students can solve problem involving some form of energy generation
3.4 Students are able to solve problems involving extended surfaces
4. Students have an understanding of the analytical and numerical techniques used for solving
two dimensional, steady-state and transient heat conduction
5. Students are able to solve simple transient heat conduction problems
5.1 Students are able to use the lumped capacitance method
5.2 Students are able to solve problems where spatial effects are important using approximate
methods
5.3 Students are able to solve problems with a semi-infinite dimension
6. Students are able to solve problems where convection heat transfer is important
6.1 Students understand the origin and implications of boundary layers for laminar & turbulent
flows, and their impact on convection heat transfer
6.2 Students are aware of the similarity solutions
6.3 Students understand the origin of relevant dimensionless parameters
6.4 Students understand the implications of Reynolds analogy
6.5 Students understand the hydrodynamic and thermal considerations for internal flows
6.6 Students understand the derivation of the energy balance for constant temperature &
constant heat flux boundary conditions for internal convection problems
6.7 Students are able to use convection correlations to solve forced convection problems for
external and internal flows
6.8 Students understand the important physical aspects of free convection
6.9 Students have knowledge of the governing equation relevant to natural convection
6.10 Students understand the relevant dimensionless numbers for natural convection

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6.11 Students are able to use Nusselt number empirical correlations to solve natural convection
problems
7. Students are able to solve simple radiation problems
7.1 Students understand concepts such as blackbody, surface emission, absorption, radiosity
8. Students are able to find appropriate view factors, and compute simple radiation exchanges
for gray surfaces

Course Components
1. Lectures:
Semester lectures presenting the concept, theory and application of heat and mass
transfer. Worked examples will be given to demonstrate how the theory is applied. You
will be asked to do some class-work, quiz and unannounced text thus, be prepared
(boys scout motto) for the classes and bring a calculator.
Please note that by university rule, a minimum of 70% attendance in lectures is
required to sit for exam.
2. Tutorials:
Set of tutorials will accompany the course material. Doing these will greatly improve
your score and understanding of the course.
3. Assessment:
1. Exam of 21/2 hours, worth 70% of the course credits. This consists of 6 to 7
questions of which you are to attempt 4 or 5.
2. Tests, worth 10-20% of the course credits.
Set of Tutorials, worth 10-20% of the course credits.

Textbooks: It is very important to do some extra reading to have a good grasp of this course. To
this regards, I am recommending to you some of the textbooks listed below under references.

References / Recommended books:

1. Heat and Mass Transfer By Er. R. K. Rajput

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 Table of Content

Course Contents
Overview of the Course ............................................................................................................... 1
Course Outlines ...................................................................................................................................... 1
Course Learning Objectives ................................................................................................................... 3
Course Components............................................................................................................................... 4
References / Recommended books: ...................................................................................................... 4
Table of Content .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.0 Review of the Introduction Concepts ............................................................................... 7
1.0 Heat and Mass Transfer as a Course .......................................................................................... 7
1.1 Difference between heat and temperature..................................................................................... 7
1.2 Difference between thermodynamics and heat transfer ................................................................ 7
1.3 Modes of Heat Transfer ................................................................................................................... 8
2.0 Heat Transfer by Conduction ............................................................................................ 9
2.1 The General Conduction Equation With and Without Heat Generation ................................. 11
2.1.1 General Conduction Equation in Cartesian Coordinates ...............................................11
2.1.2 General Conduction Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates ..............................................15
2.1.3 General Conduction Equation in Spherical Coordinates................................................19
2.5 Numerical Solution Of Two-Dimensional Conduction Equation .............................................. 19
3.0 Heat Transfer by Convection .......................................................................................... 19
3.1 Forced Convection and Consideration of Thermal Boundary Layer ........................................ 20
3.2 Forced Convection-Reynolds Analogy and Dimensional Analysis ........................................... 20
3.3 Natural Convection .................................................................................................................. 20
3.4 Separated Flow Convection ..................................................................................................... 20
3.5 Convection with Phase Change ................................................................................................ 20
3.6 Mass Transfer by Convection ................................................................................................... 20
3.7 Processes of Diffusion .............................................................................................................. 20
3.8 Mass Transfer in Laminar and Turbulent Convection .............................................................. 20
3.9 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer.......................................................................................... 20
4.0 Combined Conduction and Convection Heat Transfer ................................................... 20
4.1 Extended Surfaces.................................................................................................................... 20
4.2 The Straight Fin and Spine ....................................................................................................... 20
4.3 Limit Of Usefulness Of The Straight Fin ................................................................................... 21
4.4 Fin Effectiveness and Overall Coefficients ............................................................................... 21

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 4.5 Heat Exchangers....................................................................................................................... 21
4.6 Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficients from Heat Exchanger Tests .............................. 21
5.0 Heat Transfer by Radiation ............................................................................................. 21
5.1 The Laws of Black and Grey Body Radiation ............................................................................ 21
5.2 Absorption and Reflection of Radiant Energy .......................................................................... 21
5.3 Emission, Radiosity And Irradiation ......................................................................................... 21
5.4 Black And Non Black Bodies ..................................................................................................... 21
5.5 Kirchoff law .............................................................................................................................. 21
5.6 Intensity of radiation................................................................................................................ 21
5.7 Radiation exchange between black surfaces ........................................................................... 21
5.8 Grey-body radiation exchangers .............................................................................................. 21
5.9 Radiation coefficients .............................................................................................................. 21
6.0 Solar Energy.................................................................................................................... 22
6.1 The fundamentals of solar energy. .......................................................................................... 22
6.2 Solar energy collectors, Receivers and concentrators. ............................................................ 22
6.3 Radiation transmission through glass and selected heat transfer topics. ............................... 22
6.4 Analysis of pipe and fin type flat plate collector with a glass cover. ....................................... 22
6.5 Collector design. ...................................................................................................................... 22

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 1.0 Review of the Introduction Concepts

1.0 Heat and Mass Transfer as a Course

Heat and mass transfer has as a reputation for being one of the most challenging,
fundamental, conceptual courses in ME. It is the heart of thermal engineering
Why??
Physically diverse: thermodynamics, material science, diffusion theory, fluid mechanics, and
radiation theory among others.
Higher-level math: vector calculus, ODEs, PDEs, numerical methods.
Physically elusive: heat is invisible; developing intuition takes time
Appropriate assumptions: required to simplify and solve most problems
However, Heat Transfer is interesting, fun, and readily applicable to the real world

While teaching heat transfer, one of the first questions students commonly ask is the difference
between heat and temperature. Another common question concerns the difference between the
subjects of heat transfer and thermodynamics. Lets begin by trying to address these two
questions.

1.1 Difference between heat and temperature

In heat transfer problems, we often interchangeably use the terms heat and temperature.
Actually, there is a distinct difference between the two. Temperature is a measure of the
amount of heat energy possessed by the molecules of a substance. It manifests itself as a degree
of hotness or coldness, and can be used to predict the direction of heat transfer. The usual
symbol for temperature is T. The scales for measuring temperature in SI units are the Celsius
and Kelvin temperature scales. Heat, on the other hand, is energy in transit. Spontaneously,
heat flows from a hotter body to a colder one. The usual symbol for heat is Q. In the SI system,
common units for measuring heat are the Joule and calorie.

1.2 Difference between thermodynamics and heat transfer

Thermodynamics is concerned with:
How much heat is transferred (dQ)
How much work is done (dW)
Final state of the system
Heat transfer is concerned with:
How (with what modes) dQ is transferred
At what rate dQ is transferred
Temperature distribution inside the body

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1.3 Modes of Heat Transfer
Heat transfer is thermal energy in transit due to temperature gradient in a medium or between
two or more media. The modes of heat transfer are:
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
Conduction heat transfer is due to a temperature gradient in a stationary medium or media
Convection heat transfer occurs between a surface and a moving fluid at different
temperatures
Radiation heat transfer occurs due to emission of energy in the form of electromagnetic
waves by all bodies above absolute zero temperature

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 2.0 Heat Transfer by Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of heat between contiguous bodies or parts of a body that are at
different temperatures.

Conduction can take place in solids, liquids, or gases.

In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations of the molecules in a lattice and the energy
transport by free electrons as illustrated in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1: Cause of conduction in solid

While in gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion of the molecules
during their random motion.

Figure 2.2: Cause of conduction in gases and liquids

Empirically, the rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on the thermal
conductivity of the material, the temperature gradients across the medium and the surface area
of the medium perpendicular to the direction of flow. This empirical observation is named after
J. B Fourier and it is now what we know as Fouriers law of heat conduction. Fouriers law of
heat conduction states that the rate of flow of heat through a single homogeneous solid is
directly proportional to the temperature gradients across the solid and the area normal to the
direction of heat flow. That is:

dT
Rate of heat conduction, Q cond A (2.1)
dx
dT
Q cond Q kA
dx

Qdx kAdT
By integration,

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 xL T2

Q dx kAdT
x 0 T1

Q cond Q T2 T1 T2 T1
kA 1
(2.2)
L R
Where, T1, T2 = temperature on the near and far side of the wall respectively,
A = Surface area of the wall normal to the direction of heat flow,
L = wall thickness,
k = thermal conductivity of the wall, and
R= L/(kA)= thermal resistance of the wall.

Figure 2.3: Heat flow through a plane wall

The constant of proportionality, k, in Fouriers heat conduction expression is known as the

thermal conductivity of the material. Thermal conductivity of a material is defined as the rate
of conductive heat transfer through a unit thickness of the material per unit area per unit
temperature difference. Thermal conductivity of a material varies with temperature and the unit
is W/moC.
The product of density and specific heat, C p is frequently encountered in heat transfer
analysis, and it is called the heat capacity. Both specific heat ( C p ) and heat capacity ( C p )
represent the storage capability of a material. While C p is the expression of material heat
storage capacity per unit volume (J/m3oC), C p is expressed per unit mass (J/kgoC).
Another property frequently encountered in heat transfer analysis is the thermal diffusivity,
which indicates how fast heat diffuses through a material. Its unit is m2/s and it is defined as:
heat conducted k
(2.3)
heat stored C p
N.B: While thermal conductivity, k, represents how well a material conducts heat. Heat
capacity, C p , represents how much heat can be stored per unit volume of a material. Thus,

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thermal diffusivity can be viewed as ratio of heat conduction through a material to the heat
stored per unit volume.

2.1 The General Conduction Equation With and Without Heat Generation
Factors to be considered in heat transfer problems are:
1. Geometry of the heat transfer medium
2. Material of the heat transfer medium
3. Temperature distribution, T (x, y, z) and temperature history, T (x, y, z, t)
4. Heat flux distribution, q (x, y, z) and heat flux history q (x, y, z, t)
Consideration of the above factors leads to the derivation of a general heat conduction
equation.

2.1.1 General Conduction Equation in Cartesian Coordinates

Consider an infinitesimal control volume of sides dx, dy, and dz parallel, respectively, to the
three axes X, Y, and Z in a medium in which temperature is varying with location and time
within the homogeneous solid as shown in Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4: 3D control volume for heat conduction equation Cartesian coordinates

Once the temperature of distribution T (x, y, z) and/or temperature history T (x, y, z, t) is

known, the heat transfer rate or heat flux rate in any direction at any instance can be calculated
using the Fourier rate equation.
dT
Q cond Q kA
dx
dT
Heat flow in time t, Q kA dt (i)
dx

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 T
Thus, heat influx in X-direction, Qx kdydz dt
x

heat efflux in X-direction, Q( x dx) Qx (Qx )dx
x
T
heat influx in Y-direction, Q y kdxdz dt
y

heat efflux in Y-direction, Q( y dy) Q y (Q y )dy
y
T
heat influx in Z-direction, Qz kdxdy dt
z

heat efflux in Z-direction, Q( z dz) Qz (Qz )dz
z
T
Q y kdxdz dt
y
in X-direction
T
Qz kdxdy dt
z
Let, T = temperature at any face of the element; this temperature may be assumed uniform
over the entire surface, since the area of this face can be made arbitrarily small.
dT
= temperature gradient along n-direction. The direction n could by X, Y, Z.
dn
Wi = rate of heat generated per unit volume within the control volume
t = time
= mass density of the material
c = specific heat of the material
Also, let,
kx, ky, kz, = thermal conductivities (directional characteristics of the material) along
X, Y, and Z axes.
If the directional characteristics of the material are equal, then it is said to be isotropic material
and if it is unequal it is said to be anisotropic material.

Accumulated heat conduction in X- direction:

T
Qx Qx Q( x dx) = Qx Qx (Qx )dx = - (Qx )dx = - (kdydz dt )dx
x x x x
T
=- (k dt )dxdydz
x x
T
= kx dxdydz dt (2.4)
x x
Similarly,
Accumulated heat conduction in Y- direction is;

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 T
Q y Q y Q( y dy) = dxdydz dt
y y
ky (2.5)

and
Accumulated heat conduction in Z- direction is;
T
Qz Qz Q( z dz) = kz dxdydz dt (2.6)
z z

The net heat accumulated in the control volume due to conduction of heat from X, Y, and Z
direction is:
T T T
= k dxdydz dt k dxdydz dt kz dxdydz dt
x x y y z z
x y

T T T
= x k x x y k y y z k z z dxdydz dt (2.7)

Conservatively,
The net heat accumulated in the control volume due to conduction of heat + total heat
generated within the control volume = energy stored in the control volume.
but,
Total heat generated within the control volume = Wi dxdydz dt (2.8)
and
T
Energy stored in the control volume = c dxdydz dt (2.9)
t
therefore,
T T T T
kx k y k z dxdydz dt + Wi dxdydz dt = c dxdydz dt
x x y y z z t
Dividing both sides of the equation by dxdydz dt gives
T T T T
kx k y k z + Wi = c (2.10a)
x x y y z z t
Using the vector operator gives:
T
kT + Wi = c (2.10b)
t
Equations 2.10(a) and 2.10(b) are known as the general heat conduction equation for non-
homogeneous material, self heat generating, and unsteady 3D heat flow. This differential
equation establishes the relationship between the time and space variation of temperature at
any point of the solid through which heat flow by conduction takes place.

General heat conduction equation for constant thermal conductivity

In case of homogeneous material (in which properties such as specific heat, density, thermal
conductivity etc are the same everywhere in the material) and isotropic material (in which
properties are independent of direction), kx = ky = kz = k, Equation 2.10 becomes:

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 T T T T
k k k + Wi = c
x x y y z z t
2T 2T 2T Wi c T
= 2 2 2 + =
x y z k k t

2T 2T 2T Wi 1 T
= 2 2 2 + = (2.11a)
x y z k t
In Laplacian 2 form, Equation 2.11(a) may be expressed as:
Wi 1 T
= 2T + = Laplace Eqn. heat conduction (2.11b)
k t
where,
k
Thermal diffusivity, = = Thermal conductivity / Thermal capacity
c

Other simplified forms of heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates:

i. In the absence of internal source of heat generation, Eqn 2.11 reduces to:
T T T 1 T T
= [unsteady state ( 0 ) heat flow in
x x y y z z t t
the absence of internal source of heat generation.
Wi 1 T
2T += Fouriers equation (2.12)
k t
ii. In the case of steady state heat conduction with source of heat generation, Eqn. 2.11
becomes:
2T 2T 2T Wi
2 2 2 + =0
x y z k
or,
Wi
2T + =0 Poissons equation (2.13)
k
In the absence of internal heat generation Eqn. 2.11 reduces to:
2T 2T 2T
2 2 2 =0
x y z

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 or,
2T = 0 Laplace equation (2.14)

iii. Steady state and one-dimensional heat transfer with internal heat generation is:
2T Wi
+ =0 (2.15)
x 2 k
iv. Steady state and one-dimensional heat transfer without internal heat generation is:
2T
=0 (2.16)
x 2
v. Unsteady state, one-dimensional heat transfer without internal heat generation is:
2T 1 T
= (2.17)
x 2 t
vi. Steady state, two-dimensional conduction heat transfer with internal heat generation is:
2T 2T Wi
+ =0 (2.18)
x 2 y 2 k
vii. Steady state and two-dimensional heat transfer without internal heat generation is:
2T 2T
=0 (2.19)
x 2 y 2
viii. Unsteady state, two-dimensional conduction heat transfer with internal heat generation
is:
2T 2T Wi 1 T
2 + = (2.20)
x 2
y k t
ix. Unsteady state and two-dimensional heat transfer without internal heat generation is:
2T 2T 1 T
= (2.21)
x 2 y 2 t

2.1.2 General Conduction Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates

it is convenient to use cylindrical coordinates for the conduction heat transfer problems that is
having cylindrical geometry such as pipes or rods. Consider the magnified control volume
(CV) shown in Figure 2.5 with temperature variation in the radial direction, circumferential
direction, and axial direction.

Heat flow in radial direction:

T
Heat influx, Qr k (rd dx) dt
r

Heat efflux, Q( r dr) Qr (Qr )dr
r
Accumulated heat in radial direction is:
Accumulated heat conduction in X- direction:
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Qr Qr Q( r dr) = Qr Qr (Qr )dr
r
T
= (Qr )dr = (k rd dx) dt dr
r r r
T 2T T
= k drddx r dt = k drddx r 2 dt
r r r r
2T 1 T
= k dr.rddx 2 dt (i)
r r r

Figure 2.5: Control volume for 3-D heat conduction equation Cylindrical coordinates

Heat flow in circumferential direction:

T
Heat influx, Q k (dr dx) dt
r

Heat efflux, Q( d ) Q (Q )rd
r
Accumulated heat in circumferential direction is:
Accumulated heat conduction in circumferential - direction:

Q Q Q( d ) = Q Q (Q )rd
r

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 T
= (Q )rd = k ( dr dx ) dt rd
r r r
1 T 1 2T
= k (drddx) dt = k (drddx) dt
r r 2
1 2T
= k (dr rd dx) dt (ii)
r 2 2

Heat flow in axial direction:

T
Heat influx, Qx k (dr rd ) dt
x

Heat efflux, Q( x dx) Qx (Qx )dx
x
Accumulated flow of heat conduction in axial X-direction:

Qx Qx Q( x dx) = Qx Qx (Qx )dx
x
T
= (Qx )dx = k (dr rd ) dt dx
x x x
2T
= k (dr rd dx) dt (iii)
2
Net heat accumulated by the control volume is the sum of Eqn. (i), (ii) and (iii);
2T 1 T 1 2T 2T
k (dr rd dx) 2 dt (2.22)
r r r r 2 2 x 2
Total heat generated within the control volume similar to Eqn. (2.8) is;
= Wi (dr rd dx) dt (2.23)
Energy stored in the control volume similar to Eqn. (2.9) is;
T
(dr rd dx)c dt (2.24)
t
therefore, energy balance/equation for the CV is;
2T 1 T 1 2T 2T Wi c T
2 2
2 x 2 k
+ =
r r r r k t
2T 1 T 1 2T 2T Wi 1 T
2 2 + =
r r r r 2 2
x k t
or
1 T 1 2T 2T Wi 1 T
r. 2 2 + = (2.25a)
r r r r x k t
2

c 1
where,
k

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In Laplacian 2 form, Equation 2.25(a) may be expressed as:
Wi 1 T
= 2T + = Laplace Eqn. heat conduction (2.25b)
k t
2T 1 T 1 2T 2T 1 T 1 2T 2T
where, T = 2
2
= r. 2 2
r r r r 2 2 x 2 r r r r
2
x

Equations 2.25 (a) and (b) are the general heat conduction equation for homogeneous
material, self heat generating and unsteady 3-D heat flow in cylindrical coordinates.

Other simplified forms of heat conduction equation in cylindrical coordinates:

i. In the absence of internal heat generation, Eqn 2.25 becomes:
2T 1 T 1 2T 2T 1 T
2 2 2 =
r r r r 2
x t
or
1 T 1 2T 2T 1 T
r. 2 2 = (2.26)
r r r r x t
2

ii. In the case of steady state heat conduction with source of heat generation, Eqn. 2.25
becomes:
2T 1 T 1 2T 2T Wi
2 + = 0 (2.27a)
r r r r 2 2 x 2 k
or
1 T 1 2T 2T Wi
r. 2 2 + = 0 (2.27b)
r r r r x k
2

or
Wi
= 2T + =0 Poissons equation (2.27c)
k
iii. In the case of steady state heat conduction without heat generation Eqn. 2.25 becomes:
2T 1 T 1 2T 2T
2 = 0 (2.28a)
r r r r 2 2 x 2
or
1 T 1 2T 2T
r. 2 2 = 0 (2.28b)
r r r r x
2

= 2T = 0 (2.28c)

iv. 1-D steady state heat transfer in radial-direction with internal heat generation is:

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 1 T Wi Wi
r r r. r + k = T + k = 0
2
(2.29)

v. 1-D steady state heat transfer in radial-direction without internal heat generation is:

1 T
r r r. r = T = 0
2
(2.30)

vi. 1-D unsteady state heat transfer in radial-direction without internal heat generation is:
1 T 1 T
r r r. r = T = t
2
(2.31)

2.1.3 General Conduction Equation in Spherical Coordinates

Figure 2.6: Control volume for 3-D heat conduction equation spherical coordinates

2.5 Numerical Solution Of Two-Dimensional Conduction Equation

3.0 Heat Transfer by Convection

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3.1 Forced Convection and Consideration of Thermal Boundary Layer

3.2 Forced Convection-Reynolds Analogy and Dimensional Analysis

3.3 Natural Convection

3.4 Separated Flow Convection

3.5 Convection with Phase Change

3.6 Mass Transfer by Convection

3.7 Processes of Diffusion

3.8 Mass Transfer in Laminar and Turbulent Convection

3.9 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer

4.0 Combined Conduction and Convection Heat Transfer

4.1 Extended Surfaces

4.2 The Straight Fin and Spine

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4.3 Limit Of Usefulness Of The Straight Fin

4.4 Fin Effectiveness and Overall Coefficients

4.5 Heat Exchangers

4.6 Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficients from Heat Exchanger Tests

5.0 Heat Transfer by Radiation

5.1 The Laws of Black and Grey Body Radiation

5.2 Absorption and Reflection of Radiant Energy

5.3 Emission, Radiosity And Irradiation

5.4 Black And Non Black Bodies

5.5 Kirchoff law

5.6 Intensity of radiation

5.7 Radiation exchange between black surfaces

5.8 Grey-body radiation exchangers

5.9 Radiation coefficients

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6.0 Solar Energy

6.1 The fundamentals of solar energy.

6.2 Solar energy collectors, Receivers and concentrators.

6.3 Radiation transmission through glass and selected heat transfer topics.

6.4 Analysis of pipe and fin type flat plate collector with a glass cover.

6.5 Collector design.

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