Beruflich Dokumente
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3
Grading System
Final examination 40%
Midterm examination 25%
Attendance 5%
Quizzes 10% (Bets two out of three)
Assignments/Reports 20%
Warnings:
A quiz may be given without being informed before.
Copying assignment is prohibited.
Delay of submission influences on marks.
No Plagiarism!
4
Overview
Early days of computing, data was numerical.
Later, textual data became more common.
Today, many other forms of data: voice, music,
speech, images, computer graphics, etc.
Each of these types of data are signals.
Loosely defined, a signal is a function that
conveys information.
Relationship of Signal Processing
to other fields
As long as people have tried to send or receive
through electronic media : telegraphs,
telephones, television, radar, etc. there has been
the realization that these signals may be affected
by the system used to acquire, transmit, or
process them.
Sometimes, these systems are imperfect and
introduce noise, distortion, or other artifacts.
Understanding the effects these systems have and
finding ways to correct them is the fundamental of
signal processing.
Sometimes, these signals are specific messages
that we create and send to someone else (e.g.,
telegraph, telephone, television, digital networking,
etc.).
That is, we specifically introduce the information
content into the signal and hope to extract it out
later.
Sender
Recipient
Transmitted
Codes of Decode Decompress Display
Image
Concerned fields:
Digital Communication
Compression
Computer Graphics
Image Processing
Computer Vision
What is Image Processing?
Image processing is a subclass of signal
processing concerned specifically with pictures.
Mosaic from 33
source images
http://www.iridalabs.gr/face-detection/
Image Processing Examples
Face Blurring for Privacy Protection
https://sites.duke.edu/tlge/2011/02/17/google-earth-is-not-invading-privacy/
Image Processing Examples
Object Recognition
http://bryanrussell.org/projects/recognitionBySceneAlignment/index.html
Different Image Types and
Usage
Gamma-Ray Imaging
Nuclear Image
(a) Bone scan
(b) PET (Positron emission
tomography) image
Astronomical
Observations.
(c) Cygnus Loop
Nuclear Reaction
(d) Gamma radiation from a
reactor valve
X-ray Imaging
Medical diagnostics
(a) chest X-ray (familiar)
(b) aortic angiogram
(c) head CT
Industrial imaging
(d) Circuit board
Astronomy
(e) Cygnus Loop
Imaging in Visible and
Infrared Bands
Astronomy
Light microscopy
Pharmaceuticals
(a) taxol (anticancer agent)
(b) Cholesterol
Micro-inspection to materials
characterization
(c) Microprocessor
(d) Nickel oxide thin film
(e) Surface of audio CD
(f) Organic superconductor
Remote sensing
Remote Sensing: Weather Observations
Imaging in Radio Band
Ultrasound Imaging
Generated images by computer
3 types of computerized process
49
What is Vision?
Recognize objects
people we know
things we own
Locate objects in space
to pick them up
Track objects in motion
catching a baseball
avoiding collisions with cars on the road
Recognize actions
walking, running, pushing
Vision is
Deceivingly easy
Deceptive
Computationally demanding
vision is immediate
we perceive the visual world as external to
ourselves, but it is a reconstruction within our brains
we regard how we see as reflecting the world as
it is; but human vision is
subject to illusions
quantitatively imprecise
limited to a narrow range of frequencies of radiation
passive
Some Illusion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_drift_illusion
Some Illusion
Some Illusion
Video Signal!
Types of Signals
Analog & Digital
Sampling
Quantization
Digital Image Representation
Digital Image Representation
Digital Image Representation
Example of Digital Image
Light-intensity function
Illumination and Reflectance
Illumination and Reflectance
Gray level
Color Perception
Color is an important part of our visual experience.
vy vx
Optical Power and Accommodation
Optical power of a lens - how strongly the lens bends the
incoming rays
Short focal length lens bends rays significantly
It images a point source at infinity (large p) at distance f
behind the lens. The smaller f, the more the rays must be
bent to bring them into focus sooner.
Optical power is 1/f, with f measured in meters. The unit is
called the diopter
Human vision: when viewing faraway objects the distance
from the lens to the retina is 0.017m. So the optical power of
the eye is 58.8 diopters
Accommodation
How does the human eye bring nearby points into focus on the
retina?
by increasing the power of the lens
muscles attached to the lens change its shape to change the lens
power
accommodation: adjusting the focal length of the lens
bringing points that are nearby into focus causes faraway
points to go out of focus
depth-of-field: range of distances in focus
Accommodation
Physical cameras: mechanically change the distance between
the lens and the image plane