Development of a Sensor for Corona Current Measurement under High Voltage

Direct Current Transmission Lines

Encheng Xin, Haiwen Yuan

School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang university, Beijing 100191, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Encheng Xin; enchengfamily@126.com

Abstract: A sensor based distributed measurement system is designed for collecting and monitoring the corona current under the
extremely high voltage direct current (EHVDC) transmission lines. It is highly significant for researching the corona
characteristics of EHVDC transmission lines to reduce the corona effect, operating loss and environmental impact. A new shared
memory strategy has been studied based on FPGA and ARM. Based on FPGA technology, the fiber-optic transmission scheme
for wide frequency corona current high-speed signal has been set up to ensure the safety and the reliability of corona current
measurement system. The proposed system has been used in Chinas state grid HVDC test base and the in situ power
transmission projects. Based on the experimental results, the proposed measurement system demonstrates that it can adapt to the
complex electromagnetic environment under the transmission lines and can accomplish the accurate, flexible, and stable
demands of the electric field measurement.

1. Introduction

The electromagnetic environment (such as audible noise, radio interference and total electric field, etc.) caused by corona
discharge not only restricts the conductor selection and structural design of transmission line parameters, but also often bring
environmental issues. With the improvement of the energy saving and environmental protection requirements of the transmission
line, only relying on measurement and analysis of corona effect, such as audible noise, radio interference and corona loss has
been not meet the engineering requirements to study the electromagnetic environment of transmission lines. We need to continue
in-depth study of the problem of corona discharge, such as the relationship between corona current and corona effects aspects.
The basic mechanism of the corona discharge can be got by measuring the corona current. However, because of the weak
signal and wide bandwidth of the corona current, the value of corona current is difficult to be measured accurately. The
traditional corona current measurement system bandwidth is low (usually 2MHz or less), and measuring performance cannot
meet the voltage level gradually increased research needs. Only a few papers have reported work on the measurement of the
corona current by far. In [1] and [2], the authors used an optically decoupled data acquisition module to measure the corona
current generated in a pin-plane gap, but its maximum sampling rate is 16 kHz and can only cover a bandwidth of 8 kHz. In [3],
a corona loss monitoring system is proposed. It used an optical power supply electronic current transformer to acquire the corona
current signals and transmitted the signals by optical fibers. This method can measure current in UHV environment safely. But,
the measuring bandwidth of the system is still limited to 7.5 kHz. In [4], a commercial low-inductance resistance is used to
measure the corona current. After improving the sampling rate of the data acquisition system, the signal acquisition width can
reach up to 4.5 MHz. However, besides the sampling rate, the distributed parameters of the resistance sensor also affect the
integrity of the corona current to a great extent, which is less well considered in the present methods. Moreover, relevant studies
on the corona current measurement described in [5]-[8] are mostly carried out under a test voltage that is less than 500 kV. The
corona current data available mostly has been measured in the experimental environment, and the data is generally not verified in
HVDC transmission lines. With the development of the UHV transmission technology, the anti-breakdown requirement of the
measurement system becomes much more rigorous under the UHV environment, it is necessary to find a new method to measure
the UHV corona current.
The object of this paper is to describe the development of a new sampling resistance sensor for corona current measurement in
a wide band under UHV environment which the impedance could keep invariable when the frequencies vary range between 0 to
10MHz. To start with, a new structure, which is specially designed according to the UHV dielectric breakdown and wide-band
measuring requirements of the sensor, is introduced. Then, the SDRAM controller and the related FIFO settings accordingly
have been introduced during the development of the wide frequency corona current measurement system and the large-capacity
cache problems involved in the wide frequency corona current data acquisition system have effectively been solved based on
FPGA and ARM technology. Finally, the high-voltage discharge and frequency characteristic tests, respectively, prove the UHV
dielectric breakdown performance and the wide-band measuring characteristics of the designed sensor. The test results in an
actual UHVDC transmission line demonstrate that the sensor can accurately measure the corona current under the UHV
environment.

2. Theoretical overview

2.1. Principle of sensor measurement

 If there is corona phenomenon generating in transmission line, it will have corona current in it. Corona current will cause
power loss. In general, corona current is small and unit length line corona loss is also less severe, but the transmission line is so
long that corona loss cannot be neglected. Corona caused power loss can be calculated by the corona current, and corona
equivalent circuit is essentially equivalent to a nonlinear RC circuit as shown in Figure.1.
In Figure 1, Von is the corona onset voltage, C1 is the geometric capacitance of the conductor configuration, C2 is the additional
nonlinear capacitance due to corona, C3 is the capacitance representing the charge loss to the air, and G is the non-linear
conductance representing corona loss. The measuring equipment is placed between the power generation and the transmission
conductor. When the voltage of high voltage DC generator is below the corona onset voltage Von, C2 =C3 =G =0. Only
capacitance charging current with the wire-to-ground and a small amount of leakage current exist. When the voltage of high-
voltage DC generator is above the corona onset voltage Von, the non-linear conductance G will increase rapidly, while C2 and C3
increase very slowly, and subsequently large corona current appears with increasing voltage. The corona current on the
conductor is equal to the current through the resistor minus the leakage current of insulators. The quantity of leakage current is
negligible com-pared with the corona current.
Therefore, only corona current is measured through the high-frequency sensor and its data are recorded.

Measuring Transmission line

equipment
Von
High-voltage
DC C1 C2 G C3
generator

Figure 1. The equivalent circuit model of corona discharge.

2.2. Dielectric breakdown performance

The surface electric-field intensity of the sensor working under the UHV environment should be lower than the dielectric
breakdown intensity of air. According to the Peek equation [9][10], the breakdown intensity of the air around the conductor can
be given by
K
E o n 3 0 m (1 ) (1)
r
where Eon and K are empirical constants depending on the nature of the applied voltage; r is the radius of the conductor (cm); m
is the roughness factor of the conductor, which is usually between 0.75 and 0.85; is the atmospheric correction coefficient
given by
= 0 .3 8 6 P / (2 7 3 + t) (2)
where t is the atmosphere temperature (K) and P is the atmospheric pressure (mmHg).
When t is 298 K, the breakdown intensity Eon is 30kV/cm. So the sensor designed surface electric field intensity should be
lower than 30kV/cm when the voltage reaches up to 800kV on the transmission lines. Meanwhile, other environmental factors,
such as humidity and temperature, also affect the breakdown intensity to some extent [11]-[15]. However, comparing with the air
density, the effects of these factors are not significant.

2.3. Corona discharge pulse current features

To capture the corona current characteristics of the transient signal correctly and avoid the frequency aliasing, the overall
scheme of the broadband domain corona current measurement system was formulated, combined with the time-frequency
characteristic of the corona current pulse signal and system requirements.
Corona discharge process can produce high frequency pulse current, which contains many higher harmonic that can cause
interference to radio communications and other signal.
Corona discharge has distinction for different electrode polarity. In the negative corona, after the air ionization, electron is
excluded from electrodes, and the positive ions will be gathered on electrode surface. When the electric field continues to
strengthen, positive ions will be sucked into the electrode to form a pulse current and flow to both sides of the wire. With
negative charge continues to spread into the surrounding space, electrode surface electric field intensity increases, and the next
corona ionization process will happen and next pulse current. A series of pulse group will appear for the circulation. When
normal polarity corona occurs, negative ion or electron is sucked into the electrode, and the same repetitive pulsed corona current
will be formed.
With corona discharge [16]-[18], a series of impulse current will inject transmission lines. Pulse current is double-exponential
distribution with time [19]-[23]. It can be represented by the following formula
 t t
i (t ) K I p (e e ), t 0 (3)
where Ip corona current amplitude, mA; K, , are the constant, corona current pulse rise time and fall time depends on , . The
positive and negative corona current time-domain expressions are
0 .0 1 t 0 .0 3 4 5 t
i ( t ) 2 .3 3 5 I p ( e e ) (4)
0 .0 1 9 t 0 .2 8 5 t
i ( t ) 1 .3 3 I p ( e e ) (5)
The frequency domain expression of pulse current is
kI p ( )
I ( j ) (6)
2 2 2 2
( )( )
The time domain and frequency domain characteristics of positive and negative corona pulse current respectively show in
Figure 2 (a) (b).
25 120
Positive corona current Positive
Negative corona current
20
100
Negative
80
15
Amplitude (mA)

I()/dB
60
10

40
5

20
0
0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
-5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Frequency (MHz)
Time (ns)

(a) (b)
Figure 2. Corona pulse current features (a) Time domain characteristics (b) Frequency characteristics.

Through the corona current time-frequency characteristic can be known that positive corona pulse current has larger amplitude
than the negative and has a longer duration. Frequency domain feature reflects that pulse current has a wide frequency range. It
also illustrates the necessity to research corona effect from the perspective of corona current.

3. Design of the corona current sensor

The data acquisition module of UHV broadband domain corona current measurement system is different from the general data
acquisition system. The common data acquisition system only emphasizes the validity and accuracy of the signal collection
results, and don't do high requirements for the complexity of the environment and the instantaneity of the acquisition signal. Due
to the wide domain corona current data acquisition system is mainly used for corona current pulse signal acquisition under UHV
environment, it has very high requirements for the data sampling rate and data sampling accuracy. So the higher performance
requirements are put forward. High speed, high precision data acquisition is the key technology for corona current data
acquisition system. The corona current pulse signal has the characteristics, such as short rise time, high pulse amplitude, rich
frequency composition. Therefore, higher and stricter requirements have been proposed for data storage of the corona current
pulse signal. In addition, the flexible high-capacity storage and the cache settings is an important consideration.

3.1. Corona current measurement system framework

In this paper digital broadband domain corona current measuring system is introduced for data acquisition, storage and
transmission. The corona current distribution measuring system structure is shown in Figure 3.
 Sampling resistor sensor HV local area Safe location measurement area

Isolation unit

High-speed broadband Optical fiber Computer

transmission USB
domain data acquisition USB communication
module photoelectric
photoelectric conversion
conversion Switches
unit
unit serial
Independent Energy
serial port
power management
port
supply unit module

Terminal 1
Equipment 1

Sampling resistor sensor

Isolation unit

High-speed broadband Optical fiber Computer

USB
domain data acquisition USB transmission communication
module photoelectric
photoelectric conversion
conversion The server
unit
unit serial
Independent Energy
serial port
power management
port
supply unit module

Equipment 2 Terminal 1

Figure 3. Scheme of HVDC corona current distribution measurement system.

The measurement system is mainly composed of HV local area and safe location measurement area. The HV local area, which
contains different space position distribution of corona current sensor, is used to complete data collection and storage. In the HV
local area, the high precise no-inductance resistor is applied as the current sensor [24][28]. The resistor is connected in series
with the bundle conductors in the test lines. The optically powered electronic current transformer is used to convert and transmit
the current signal. And the signal is acquired by the data-acquisition card. Independent power supply is used to provide energy
for electronic components within the system. The acquired data sent by the photoelectric conversion unit, and transmitted to safe
location measurement area through outdoor optical fiber. The safe location measurement area is used to complete the data
reception work and implement communication with upper computer. The collected corona current data can be processed and
saved in computer terminal.

3.2. Design of the block diagram of the data acquisition system

Due to the corona current data acquisition system is mainly used for corona current pulse signal acquisition under EHVDC
environment, the accuracy of the data sampling is very high, so the higher performance requirements are required. High speed
and high precision data acquisition for corona current signal acquisition is the key technology of data acquisition system. So data
acquisition system becomes the core of the corona current measurement system. It includes data acquisition module, large
capacity data storage module and data transmission module. Figure.4 is the block diagram of the data acquisition system. Data
acquisition module realizes the corona current signal conditioning, trigger and filtering, and to achieve parameter acquisition
process control and the upper machine operation; Data storage module uses to realize high speed data caching and large capacity
data storage; Data transmission module is mainly to realize digital transmission of corona current signal by optical fiber.
Parallel alternating sampling structure is used for broadband domain corona current measurement system. The input analog
signal is sent to multiple channels at the same time after signal conditioning, then multiple ADC chips are used for parallel
sampling. ADC converter works according to their sampling clock, and the sampling rate of the whole system is the sum of the
ADC sampling rate, so as to realize the function of high speed data acquisition.
In the broadband domain corona current measurement system, FPGA is the main controller. The ADC transmits data collected
to the FPGA internal cache. FPGA can set ADC data conversion module and data output sequential circuits, so as to realize the
control of the ADC and data acquisition.
In the process of high-speed data acquisition system storage, both storage capacity and storage rate are two important aspects
that should be considered. The application of large capacity memory SDRAM can greatly improve the data storage capacity.
High speed data caching module consists of asynchronous FIFO. High speed sampling data from the ADC is cached through
high-speed data caching module. It can realize the striding clock domain data processing. The use of FIFO between high-speed
ADC and SDRAM can improve the seamless connection between the ADC and mass storage. The collected data is stored in the
SDRAM memory through the data storage module and is transmitted through the USB interface in data transmission module. In
order to solve the problem of inconsistency between memory chips reading/writing speed and transmission interface module
clock frequency in the process of data transmission, read data cache also uses the asynchronous FIFO module. The proposed
circuit of data acquisition system is shown in Figure.5.
 FPGA Sequential Analog power supply network
Clock generator
control Digital power supply network
Data acquisition module Data storage module
Input
Signal
ADC FIFO SDRAM Outside
conditioning
controller SDRAM

Signal
conditioning
ADC FIFO FIFO
ARM 9network
Acquisition FIFO Read/write
control
Transport or
High control interface USB 2.0(CY68013)
frequency
clock Data transmission module

Power management control

module

Battery

Figure.4 Block diagram of the data acquisition system.

Figure.5 PCB of the data acquisition system.

3.3. Software Design of the Measurement System.

Softwares design needs to consider the user's demands. The software is mainly for the operator and data analyst. They have
different demands for the software. The operators are required for setting of parameters and real-time data collection, as well as
real-time surveillance for the equipment running conditions. For data analysts, relevant analyses and processing will be done to the
data stored in the database after finishing the measurement. Therefore, Software structure is built based on the demand analysis of
users, as shown in Figure 6.
Human-computer
interaction interface

Controllayer

Operator
Database

Data layer

Data analyst

Figure 6: Structure chart of the measurement system software.

Measuring software consists of control layer and data layer. Control layer, locating at the upper layer, which is composites of
interaction surface of human and machine, is the core layer of the two, supplying operations to the users so as to realize the real-
time control to the corona current. Data layer, locating in the lower layer, which is oriented for data analysis personnel, realizes the
real-time storage of data.
Based on the proposed structure, the measurement software used in this system is developed as shown in Figure 7. Main
interface of software composites of 7 parts: 1 is the power control area, using to control on and off of the equipment; 2 is the
acquisition control area, controlling the data acquisition work way; 3 is the parameter setting area, setting up the data acquisition
parameters; 4 is the curve display, showing real-time distribution of electric field under transmission lines; 5 is the data storage
box, showing the data storage paths; 6 is the system status display, monitoring the battery status; 7 is the menu and tool bars,
containing all operations for the users.
 Figure.7 Software interface of the measurement system.

3.4. Design of the overall structure

High voltage prevention design is required to protect the high frequency resistance sensors. If the resistance sensor is
breakdown, collecting device will be directly accessed into the test line to be damaged. Therefore, four 400 ohm non-inductive
resistors are used in the front of the equipment with parallel manner for the high frequency signal acquisition. When anyone of
them is breakdown, there will be other parallel resistances in the circuit to ensure the safety of the collecting device.
The corona current sensor is working in a complex electromagnetic environment. The performance of the sensor will be affected
by corona discharge. Therefore, electromagnetic shielding must be designed to restrain the interference of electromagnetic field.
When circuit is wrapped with metal shell which separated it from electric field, there is no electric field in the shell no matter
whether the shell is grounding. The material of the shielding box for the measurement system is aluminum with 10-mm-thick. The
interference will be reduced and the reliability will be improved for corona current measurement equipment.
The prototype of the measuring device is shown in Figure 8. Design and application of grading rings are used to avoid corona
discharge at both ends of the sensor. The determination of grading ring parameters is given in reference. It can make the sensor
surface electric field intensity below 20kV/cm under 800kV EHV environment and meet the needs of practical engineering.

(a) (b)
1- Grading ring; 2- Shielding case; 3- Epoxy resin insulating flange; 4- PE pipe; 5- Compartments; 6- Sampling resistor; 7-
Battery; 8- Optical fiber waterproof connector; 9- UHV local measurement device; 10- Shielding ground ring
Figure.8 Measurement equipment (a) Prototype equipment (b) General structure of the equipment

4. Sensor performance evaluation

4.1. Impedance Characteristics Test

Corona current measuring equipment collects corona current signal on the conductor through sampling resistance sensor. The
choice of sampling resistance depends on the change range of the conductor current in the test process. In order to ensure
accurate measurement of current signal and retain a certain measurement margin, a large number of experiments were tested. In
the end, four 400 high-power precision non-inductive resistances were chosen, and collected the corona current signal in the
form of parallel.
It is evident from Figure 9 that the impedance of the sensor almost keeps constant when the frequency is less than 30MHz. So
the sensor is able to measure the corona current whose bandwidth is within 30MHz. The sensor impedance changes rapidly when
the test frequency is above 30MHz as a result of lumped capacitance and inductance. Fortunately, the corona current signals
whose frequencies are over 30MHz occupy only a small portion, which can be filtered beforehand in the signal processing stage.
 Figure 9. The sensor impedance test result.

4.2. High-Voltage Discharge Test

The corona current measurement system has been used in the Chinas Electric Power Research Institute EHVDC test base.
Corona current measurement equipments installation and distribution are shown in Figure.10. In the corona discharge test,
800kV voltage was applied to high-voltage generator; corona discharge around the resistance sensor was observed by using
Ofil's SuperB corona camera. Figure.11 shows the result of corona discharge of the resistance sensor under 800kV EHVDC
environments. It shows that the photon count is 0. Therefore, the sensor surface voltage gradient is not more than Eon and the
sensor meets the engineering design requirements.

(a) (b)
Figure 10. Measuring equipment distribution (a) Corona cage (b) Testing tower

(a) (b)
Figure 11. Sensor high-voltage test results (a) Positive pole (b) Negative pole.

5. Experimental Results

5.1. Test Platform

To validate and test the proposed corona current measurement system, the same same-tower double-circuit HVDC
experimental lines were erected by the China Electric Power Research Institute at Beijing. The transmission line, which is shown
in Figure.12, is 100m long and the model of the transmission line is LGJ-95/20 with four bundles of 40cm spacing. The
minimum distance from the ground to conductor is 7m and the separation distance between the positive pole and the negative
pole is 6m. The test meteorological parameters is shown in Table 1.
 Figure 12. Actual test lines.

Table 1. Meteorological Parameters

Locations Altitude (m) Air pressure (kPa) Temperature () Relative humidity (%)
Beijing 27 101.3 21.3 26

5.2. Corona current Measurement at Test HVDC Transmission Line.

The test voltage applied to the positive pole was 0kV, 100 kV, 125 kV, 150 kV, 175 kV, 200 kV, 225 kV, 250 kV, 275 kV and
300 kV. Correspondingly, the voltage applied to the negative pole was 0kV, -100 kV, -125 kV, -150 kV, -175 kV, -200 kV, -225
kV, -250 kV, -275 kV and -300 kV. After using bipolar voltage mode, the change of V-I characteristics of corona current is
shown in Figure.13. Corona current increases gradually and exponentially with the rise of the line voltage grade, the positive
corona current strength is slightly higher than the negative under the same voltage grade.
1.2
Negative Pole
Positive Pole
1

0.8
Corona current (mA)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Voltage (kV)

Figure.13 The change of V-I characteristics of corona current.

The complexity and diversity of noise in corona current measurements of HVDC transmission lines leads to challenges in
estimating corona performance. Using an offline noise suppression method for HVDC corona current measurements is that given
that the corona current and background noise processes coexist within the same frequency band, we develop a novel multifaceted
filtering approach for HVDC corona currents.
Figure 14 and 15 respectively show background signal under 0 kV and corona current signal under positive 300kV on HVDC
test lines in Beijing. Comparison of the above two figures can be found that relatively high narrowband signal 3.325MHz,
7.538MHz, 7.987MHz, 9.005MHz, 9.337MHz, 9.675MHz, 10.351MHz, 11.253MHz, 12.837MHz exist both under 0kV and
+300kV. After long-term monitoring, these signals which have been confirmed are radio signals and broadcast signals from
space, so, they can be removed by using filter. However, collected corona current signals in addition to containing the narrow-
band interference signals, still remain a lot of interference signals such as pulse interference and random noise, etc., so, further
data processing is needed to extract the effective corona current signals from the background noise. The corona current signal
after data processing is shown in Figure.16. A lot of noise and narrow-band signal in original signal has been effectively filtered,
and noise reduction effect is obvious. It can promote the further research for HVDC corona characteristics.
 4
x 10
0.25 4
0kV
0.2 3.5

0.15 3

Corona current (mA)

0.1 2.5

Amplitude (A)
0.05 2

0 1.5

-0.05 1

-0.1 0.5

-0.15 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Date (n) 14 Frequency (Hz) x 10
7
x 10

(a) (b)
Figure.14 Background signal (a) Time domain (b) Frequency domain.
4
x 10
4 4
+300kV
3.5
3

2
Corona current (mA)

2.5

1 Amplitude 2

1.5
0

-1
0.5

-2 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Date (n) x 10
14 Frequency (Hz) x 10
7

(a) (b)
Figure.15 Corona current signal under positive 300kV (a) Time domain (b) Frequency domain.
4
x 10
2 4
+300kV
1.8 3.5

1.6
3

1.4
Corona current (mA)

2.5
Amplitude

1.2
2
1
1.5
0.8

1
0.6

0.5
0.4

0.2 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Date (n) 14 Frequency (Hz) x 10
7
x 10

(a) (b)
Figure16. Corona current signal under positive 300kV after data processing (a) Time domain (b) Frequency domain.

6. Conclusions

In this paper, a broadband corona current measurement system to measure the distributed corona current under EHVDC
transmission lines for fulfilling the demands of extensibility, flexibility, and stability has been presented. The proposed system
comprises HV local area and safe location measurement area. Data acquisition system in HV local area is the core of the corona
current measurement system based on FPGA and ARM. Based on FPGA technology, the fiber-optic transmission scheme for
broadband corona current signal has been set up to ensure the safety and the reliability of corona current measurement system.
Sensors performance evaluation shows the sensor has flexible and robust performance in complex environments under EHVDC
transmission lines. The experimental results under in situ HVDC transmission lines demonstrate that the proposed measurement
system can adapt to the complex electromagnetic environment and accurately collect the corona current data.
Acknowledgments

This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (61273165).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

1. W. D. Greason, Kucerovsky, Z., Bulach, S., and Flatley, M.W., "Non-invasive optoelectronic system for measurement of
electrostatic discharge (ESD) induced phenomena," in Thirtieth Industry Applications Conference, 1995., pp. 1264-1270.
2. Z. G. Kucerovsky, W.D. and Doyle, T.E., "Optical decoupling in measurements of corona currents," in Thirty-Fourth Industry
Applications Conference, 1999. IAS Annual Meeting, 1999, pp. 756-763.
3. Yunpeng Liu, Shaohua You, Qifa Wan, et al. UHV AC Corona loss measurement and analysis under rain, Proceedings of
the 9th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, pp.130-133, July, 2009.
4. Peng Wang and Guixin Zhang. The measurement method for corona discharge current under high-voltage environment,
IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol.57, no.8, pp.1786-1790, Aug.2008.
5. P. Mihailovic, S. Petricevic, Z. Stojkovic, and J. Radunovic, Development of a portable fiber optic current sensor for power
systems monitoring, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 2430, Feb. 2004.
6. J. D. Bull, N. A. F. Jaeger, and F. Rahmatian, A new hybrid current sensor for high-voltage applications, IEEE Trans. Power
Del., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 3238, Jan. 2005.
7. G. L. Zhang, Shaohui Qin, Yi Zhang, Zhipeng, "A new electro-optic hybrid current-sensing scheme for current measurement
at high voltage," Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 70, pp. 3755-3758, 1999.
8. Z. Kucerovsky, Greason, W.D., and Doyle, T., "Data acquisition system for the measurements of corona currents," in Thirty-
Third Industry Applications Conference, 1998, pp. 2014-2018.
9. Peek F W. Dielectric phenomena in high voltage engineering[M]. New York:Wiely, 1929.
10. M. Xu, Z. Tan, and K. Li, Modified peek formula for calculating positive DC corona inception electric field under variable
humidity , IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 13771382, Aug. 2012.
11. Cui Yong, Wang Qiusheng, Yuan Haiwen, et al. Relative Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks for Measurement of
Electric Fields under HVDC Transmission Lines, Sensors. 2015.15(2): 3540-3564.
12. P. S. Maruvada, Influence of ambient electric field on the corona performance of HVdc transmission lines, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 691698, Apr. 2014.
13. Xu, F., Xu, Z.: Modeling and control of extended multiterminal high voltage direct current systems with three-wire bipole
structure, Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst., 2015, 25, (10), pp. 20362057.
14. Qiusheng Wang, Deepa Kundur, Haiwen Yuan, et al. Noise Suppression of Corona Current Measurement From HVdc
Transmission Lines, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 65, no.2, pp. 264-275, Nov. 2015.
15. C. Fang, X. Cui, X. Zhou, T. Lu, Y. Zhen, and X. Li, Impact factors in measurements of ion-current density produced by
high-voltage DC wires corona, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 14141422, Jul. 2013.
16. N. Merbahi, Mohammed Yousfi, J. P. Gardou. Electric and Spectroscopic Analysis of Surface Corona Discharges in
Ambient Air and Comparison with Volume Corona Discharges, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, vol.40, no.4,
pp.1167-1176, Apr. 2012.
17. B. X. Du, Hang Xu, Yong Liu. Effects of wind condition on hydrophobicity behavior of silicone rubber in corona discharge
environment, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.23,no.1, pp.385-393,Feb.2016.
18. Xingming Bian, Deming Yu, Lan Chen, et al. Influence of aged conductor surface conditions on AC corona discharge with a
corona cage, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.18, no.3, PP.809-818, Jun.2011.
19. Xuebao Li, Xiang Cui, Tiebing Lu, et al. Comparison between the audible noises generated from single corona source under
DC and AC corona discharge, CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol.1, no.3, pp.23-30, Sep.2015.
20. F.C. L, S. H.You, Y. P. Liu,Q. F. Wan, and Z.B. Zhao, AC conductors corona-loss calculation and analysis in corona
cage, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 877885, Apr. 2012.
21. K. Asano, K. Yatsuzuka, and T. Yamaki, DC corona discharge of a metal filament particle within parallel-plate electrodes,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 36, pp. 8792, Jan./Feb. 2000.
22. X. M. Bian, D. M. Yu, L. Chen, J. M. K. MacAlpine, L. M. Wang, and Z. C. Guan, Influence of aged conductor surface
conditions on AC corona discharge with a corona cage, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 809818, Jun.
2011.
23. K. Asano, K. Yatsuzuka, and T. Yamaki, DC corona discharge of a metal filament particle within parallel-plate electrodes,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 36, pp. 8792, Jan./Feb. 2000.
24. Alessandro Depari, Alessandra Flammini, and Emiliano Sisinni. Measurement of Resistance and Capacitance of MOX
Sensors With High Sampling Rate, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol.61, no.9, pp.2483-2491,
Sep.2012.
25. Haiwen Yuan, Qinghua Yang, Yuanqing Liu, et al. Development and Application of High-Frequency Sensor for Corona
Current Measurement under Ultra High-Voltage Direct-Current Environment, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and
Measurement, vol.61, no.4, pp.1064-1071, Apr.2012.
26. Ye Haifeng, Qian Yong, Dong Yue, et al. Development of multi-band ultra-high-frequency sensor for partial discharge
monitoring based on the meandering technique, IET Science, Measurement and Technology, vol.8, Iss.5, pp.327-335, Sept.
2014.
27. H. W. Yuan, Q. H. Yang, Y. Q. Liu, J. Y. Lu and S. A. Akhtar, Development and Application of High-Frequency Sensor for
Corona Cuttent Measurement under Ultra High-Voltage Direct-Current Environment, IEEE Instrum. Meas., vol. 61, no. 4,
pp. 10641071, Apr. 2012.
28. Xu, F., Xu, Z., Zheng, H., et al.: A tripole HVDC system based on modular multilevel converters, IEEE Trans. Power
Delivery., 2014, 29, (4), pp. 16831691.