Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Part I
You are the manager of a pharmaceutical company and are considering what
type of laptop computers to purchase for your field salespeople. You have two,
mutually exclusive, alternatives:
You can buy relatively inexpensive (and less powerful) older machines for
about 500 each. These machines will be obsolete in three years and are
expected to have an annual maintenance cost of 100.
Alternatively, you can buy newer and more powerful laptops for about
1,000 each. These are expected to last about five years and to have an
annual maintenance cost of 50.
If your cost of capital is 10%, which course of action would you choose and why?
(15 marks)
Part II
Eugene Fama and Robert Shiller were awarded the Nobel Economic Laureate
(together with Lars Peter Hansen) in 2013. In October that year, The Economist
magazine wrote of the two:
Required
Do you believe that markets are efficient (as Fama argues) or that they can be
quite inefficient (as Shiller argues)? Why?
(10 marks)
Investment Appraisal
(Total 25 marks)
Investment Appraisal
Answer 1
Part A
The way to convert the up-front costs into annualized equivalents is to divide the
NPVs by:
{1 (1 / [1+kc] life)} / kc
= - 301
= -1,000 / 3.791 - 50
= - 314
I would pick the less expensive machine. They are cheaper on an annual basis.
Part B
1. The weak-form EMH claims that prices on traded assets (e.g., stocks,
bonds, or property) already reflect all past publicly available information.
2. The semi-strong-form EMH claims both that prices reflect all publicly
available information and that prices instantly change to reflect new public
information.
3. The strong-form EMH additionally claims that prices instantly reflect even
hidden or "insider" information.
Shiller has found that the market over-reacts to economic news and
factors and that the extent of share price volatility is not justified by the
variation in discounted cash flow estimates of the shares underlying
value. It was for this work that Shiller received his share of the Novel
economics laureate.
Even Fama, together with French, argues (with his three-factor model) that
expected asset returns are not simply a function of their non-diversifiable
risk (as measured by their beta). Fama believes that (i) small stocks and
(ii) stocks with a low price to book value do better than expected. His
three-factor model expressly incorporates (other with a revised beta)
these latter two factors.
Question 2
Part A
Fresnillo plc explores and mines gold and silver in Mexico. The gold production
accounts for 55 per cent of the activities of the firm, with the rest of the effort
involved in silver mining. Other gold mining firms have an average beta of 0.8
and a debt to equity ratio of 1/3. Silver mining is less risky and the average beta
of silver mining firms is 0.6. However, these companies tend to have more debt,
with an average debt to equity ratio of . Fresnillo has a market capitalization of
equity of 11.93 billion and it has no debt.
Required
Determine the expected return on the Fresnillos shares if the expected return on
the FTSE 100 is 12 per cent and the risk free rate is 3 per cent.
(5 marks)
Part B
Required
If you apply the cost of capital estimated in Part A above, what is the Net Present
Value (NPV) of this project?
(15 marks)
Part C
Briefly explain four reasons why Net Present Value (NPV) may be superior to
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) as an investment appraisal technique.
(5 marks)
(Total 25 marks)
Investment Appraisal
Answer 2
Part A
Part B
Depreciation Schedule
3,900,000. 780,000.0
1 00 0 3,120,000.00
3,120,000. 624,000.0
2 00 0 2,496,000.00
2,496,000. 2,496,000
3 00 .00 0.00
-
2,650,0 840,00 192,08 2,002,0
3 00 0 2,496,000 -686,000 0 80
NPV
Year CF DF PV
0 -3,900,000 1.0000 -3,900,000
1 1,521,600 0.9142 1,390,986
2 1,477,920 0.8357 1,235,082
3 2,002,080 0.7640 1,529,497
NPV 255,565
Part C
Investment Appraisal
Question 3
Part I
You are the new financial manager of the bed mattress firm, Fairy Tale Lullaby
Ltd. The firm has always used payback period and accounting rate of return to
appraise new investments. With your trusty copy of Corporate Finance to hand,
you believe that other methods may be more appropriate for the firm. Write a
report to the owners of Fairy Tale Lullaby Ltd that reviews the different methods
that can be used in investment appraisal together with their strengths and
weaknesses. Comment on any practical issues that Fairy Tale Lullaby may face
in implementing these methods.
(15 marks)
Part II
A Solar panel production firm Soleil SA, is considering an investment in new solar
production technology. The new investment would require initial funding of 4
million today and further expenditure on manufacture of 1m in each of the
years 6 and 7. The net cash inflow for the years 1 to 4 is 2.34 million per year.
Some equipment could be sold in the end of year 5 when the production ends
and together with the cash flows from operation would produce a net cash flow
of 4.85 million.
Evaluate the investment using two investment appraisal criteria. The required
rate of return of Soleil SA is 12% and Soleil has been known to use a payback
period of 2 years in the past. However, the firms managers believe that this
payback period may be too short.
(15 marks)
(Total 30 marks)
Answer 3
Part II
Investment Appraisal
Question 4
Part I
Weir Group plc is considering the development of a new slurry pump in its
existing products. The pump is expected to improve market share for the
company if it is fully integrated into its existing product line-up. With the pace of
new technological developments, you expect the slurry pump to be obsolete by
the end of five years. The equipment required for the project has no salvage
value. The required return for projects of this type is 15 per cent, and the
company has a 24 per cent tax rate. Assume that any tax due is paid one year in
arrears. Assume 20 per cent reducing balance depreciation with any remaining
balance fully written off in the assets final year.
Using the Net Present Value method to evaluate it, would you recommend this
project?
0
Initial investment 2,500,000 2,500,00 2,500,000
(32 marks)
Part II
Briefly explain four reasons why Net Present Value (NPV) may be superior to
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) as an investment appraisal technique.
(8 marks)
(Total 40 marks)
Answer 4
Part I
With a positive expected Net Present Value, I would recommend that Weir Group
proceeds with this project.
Investment Appraisal
Investment Appraisal
Investment Appraisal
Investment Appraisal
Part II
BASIC
12. Relevant Cash Flows [LO1]Parker & Stone NV is looking
at setting up a new manufacturing plant in Rotterdam to produce
garden tools. The company bought some land six years ago for 6
million in anticipation of using it as a warehouse and distribution
site, but the company has since decided to rent these facilities from
a competitor instead. If the land were sold today, the company
would net 6.4 million. The company wants to build its new
manufacturing plant on this land; the plant will cost 14.2 million to
build, and the site requires 890,000 worth of grading before it is
suitable for construction. What is the proper cash flow amount to
use as the initial investment in non-current assets when evaluating
this project? Why?
Answer: 21,490,000
Explanation:
The 6 million acquisition cost of the land six years ago is a sunk cost. The
6.4 million current after-tax value of the land is an opportunity cost if the
land is used rather than sold off. The 14.2 million cash outlay and
890,000 grading expenses are the initial non-current asset investments
needed to get the project going. Therefore, the proper year zero cash flow
to use in evaluating this project is
19,000(13,000) = 247,000,000
Increased sales of the caravan line occur because of the new product line
introduction; thus:
4,500(91,000) = 409,500,000
in new sales is relevant. Erosion of luxury caravan sales is also due to the
new caravanettes; thus:
Investment Appraisal
is relevant. The net annual sales figure to use in evaluating the new line is
thus:
Sales 830,000
Variable costs 498,000
Fixed costs 181,000
Depreciation 77,000
EBT 74,000
Taxes@28% 20,720
Net income 53,280
Investment Appraisal
Sales () 1,824,500
Costs () 838,900
Depreciation () 226,500
Profit before taxes () ?
________
Taxes (28%) () ?
________
Net income () ?
________
Fill in the missing numbers and then calculate the OCF. What is the
depreciation tax shield?
Sales 1,824,500
Costs 838,900
Depreciation 226,500
Profit before Taxes 759,100
Taxes@28% 212,548
Net income 546,552
The depreciation tax shield is the depreciation times the tax rate, so:
The depreciation tax shield shows us the increase in OCF by being able to
expense depreciation.
Investment Appraisal
Answer: To calculate the OCF, we first need to calculate net income. The
income statement is:
All four methods of calculating OCF should always give the same answer.
Investment Appraisal
70,144.0
3 350,720.00 0 280,576.00
56,115.2
4 280,576.00 0 224,460.80
44,892.1
5 224,460.80 6 179,568.64
The asset is sold at a loss to book value, so the depreciation tax shield of the
loss is recaptured.
This equation will always give the correct sign for a tax inflow (refund) or
outflow (payment).
Investment Appraisal
Ending Book
Year Beginning Value Depreciation
Value
1 7,900,000 1,422,000 6,478,000
2 6,478,000 1,166,040 5,311,960
3 5,311,960 956,153 4,355,807
4 4,355,807 784,045 3,571,762
The asset is sold at a loss to book value, so the depreciation tax shield of the
loss is recaptured.
00 0 0 20
-
2,650,0 840,00 192 2,002,0
3 00 0 2,496,000 -686,000 ,080 80
Investment Appraisal
Year CF PV(CF)
-
3,90
0 -3,900,000 0,000
1,358,57
1 1,521,600 1
1,178,18
2 1,477,920 9
1,425,04
3 2,002,080 1
NPV = 61,801
NPV = 82,956
Investment Appraisal
Investmen
OCF t NWC NCF PV(NCF)
- - - -
3,90 300 4,20 4,20
0 0,000 ,000 0,000 0,000
1,667,2 1,667,20 1,488,57
1 00 0 1
1,667,2 1,667,20 1,329,08
2 00 0 2
1,667,2 300,00 2,118,40 1,507,83
3 00 0 0 5
NCF3=1,667,200+300,000+210,000+(0-210,000)*0.28= 2,118,400
Remember to include the NWC cost in Year 0, and the recovery of the NWC at the
end of the project. The NPV of the project with these assumptions is:
Investment Appraisal
NPV = 125,488
Investment Appraisal
Now, we calculate the after-tax salvage value. The after-tax salvage value is
the market price minus (or plus) the taxes on the sale of the equipment, so:
We will use this equation to find the after-tax salvage value since we know
the book value is zero. So, the salvage value is:
Using the tax shield approach, we find the OCF for the project is:
Now we can find the project NPV. Notice that we include the NWC in the
initial cash outlay. The recovery of the NWC occurs in Year 5, along with the
salvage value.
Year 1 2 3 4 5
(a Starting Value 780, 639, 524, 430, 352,
) 000 600 472 067 655
(b Depreciation 140, 115, 94,4 77,4 302,
) 18% 400 128 05 12 655
(c Accumulated 140, 255, 349, 427, 730,
) Depreciation 400 528 933 345 000
(d Residual Value 639, 524, 430, 352, 50,0
) 600 472 067 655 00
Estimate the operating cash flows and carry out the cash flow analysis. Using
Solver, the minimum bid price that is found to make the project feasible is
11.93. The spreadsheet with cash flows pertaining to this amount is
presented below. Notice that the IRR is 16.00%, which would be expected
given that the discount rate is 16%.
0 () 1 () 2 () 3 () 4 () 5 ()
Sales 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000
Year 1 2 3 4 5
( Starting 925,000 740,000 592,000 473,600 378,880
a Value
)
( Depreciation 20%*(a 185,000 148,000 118,400 94,720 288,880
b 20% )
)
( Accumulated 185,000 333,000 451,400 546,120 835,000
c Depreciation
)
( Residual (a)-(c) 740,000 592,000 473,600 378,880 90,000
d Value
)
Notice that in the last year of the project, we calculated the annual depreciation
figure as 288,880. This comprises two components. The first component is the
20% depreciation charge on the year 5 starting value of 378,880, which is equal
to 75,776. This leaves a residual value of 303,104. The second component is
the tax loss that the company experiences from selling the system for 90,000.
This is equal to 303,104 - 90,000 = 213,104. Combined, they equal
288,880. Next we calculate the operating cash flows from the project:
1 2 3 4 5
Cash 360,0 360,00 360,00 360,00 360,00
Savings 00 0 0 0 0
Depreciati 185, 148,0 118,4 94,72 288,8
on 000 00 00 0 80
Pre-Tax 175, 212,0 241,6 265,2 71,12
Savings 000 00 00 80 0
Tax @ 28% 49,0 59,36 67,64 74,27 19,91
00 0 8 8 4
After Tax 126, 152,6 173,9 191,0 51,20
Savings 000 40 52 02 6
OCF 311, 300,6 292,3 285,7 340,0
000 40 52 22 86
Now we can find the project IRR. There is an unusual feature that is a part of this
project. Accepting this project means that we will reduce NWC. This reduction in
Investment Appraisal
NWC is a cash inflow at Year 0. This reduction in NWC implies that when the
project ends, we will have to increase NWC. So, at the end of the project, we will
have a cash outflow to restore the NWC to its level before the project. We also
must include the salvage value at the end of the project (the tax effects have
already been incorporated into the analysis). The cash flows arising from the
project are:
0 1 2 3 4 5
Investment - 90,000
925,00
0
NWC 125,00 -
0 125,00
0
OCF 311,0 300,6 292,3 285,7 340,08
00 40 52 22 6
Net Cash - 311,0 300,6 292,3 285,7 305,08
Flow 800,00 00 40 52 22 6
0
Investme
Sales nt NWC NCF PV(NCF)
-
- 25 - -
270, ,00 295 295
0 000 0 ,000 ,000
-
42
,00
1 0 -42,000 -37,838
-
42
,00
2 0 -42,000 -34,088
-
42
,00
3 0 -42,000 -30,710
Investment Appraisal
-
42
,00
4 0 -42,000 -27,667
-
42
,00 25,00
5 0 0 -17,000 -10,089
NPV = 435,391.39
Now we can find the EAC of the project. The EAC is:
Year 1 2 3
(a) Starting Value 210,000 168,000 134,400
(b) Depreciation 20% 20%*(a 42,000 33,600 114,400
)
(c) Accumulated 42,000 75,600 190,000
Depreciation
(d) Residual Value (a)-(b) 168,000 134,400 20,000
-198,839 = EAC(PVIFA14%,3)
EAC = 85,646
Investment Appraisal
We now do the same with the Techron II. First the depreciation schedule:
Year 1 2 3 4 5
( Starting Value 320,0 256,0 204,8 163,8 131,0
a 00 00 00 40 72
)
( Depreciation 20%*( 64,00 51,20 40,96 32,76 111,0
b 20% a) 0 0 0 8 72
)
(c Accumulated 64,00 115,2 156,1 188,9 300,0
) Depreciation 0 00 60 28 00
( Residual Value (a)-(b) 256,0 204,8 163,8 131,0 20,00
d 00 00 40 72 0
)
1 2 3 4 5
Pre-Tax Operating - 23,000 - 23,000 - 23,000 - 23,000 - 23,000
Costs
Depreciation -64,000 -51,200 -40,960 -32,768 -
111,072
EBT -87,000 -74,200 -63,960 -55,768 -
134,072
Tax -30,450 -25,970 -22,386 -19,519 -46,925
Net Income -56,550 -48,230 -41,574 -36,249 -87,147
1 2 3 4 5
Net Income -56,550 -48,230 -41,574 -36,249 -87,147
Depreciation 64,000 51,200 40,960 32,768 111,072
Operating Cash Flow 7,450 2,970 -614 -3,481 23,925
Now we can estimate the Net Present Value of the Techron II:
0 1 2 3 4 5
Investment - 20,000
320,000
Operating Cash Flow 7,450 2,970 -614 -3,481 23,925
Cash Flows - 7,450 2,970 -614 -3,481 43,925
320,000
PV Cash Flows - 6,535 2,285 -414 -2,061 22,813
320,000
The Net Present Value of the Techron II is -290,842 and the equivalent annual
cost is:
-290,842 = EAC(PVIFA14%,5)
EAC = 84,717
Comparing the EAC of the Techron I (85,646) with the EAC of the Techron II
(84,717) leads us to go with the Techron II.
Investment Appraisal
To find the bid price, we need to calculate all other cash flows for the project,
and then solve for the bid price. The after-tax salvage value of the
equipment is:
Now we can solve for the necessary OCF that will give the project a zero
NPV. The equation for the NPV of the project is:
Solving for the OCF, we find the OCF that makes the project NPV equal to
zero is:
The easiest way to calculate the bid price is the tax shield approach, so:
INTERMEDIATE
30. Cost-Cutting Proposals [LO2]Geary Machine Shop is
considering a four-year project to improve its production efficiency.
Buying a new machine press for 560,000 is estimated to result in
210,000 in annual pretax cost savings. The press is depreciated
using the 20 per cent reducing-balance method, and it will have a
salvage value at the end of the project of 80,000. The press also
requires an initial investment in spare parts inventory of 20,000,
along with an additional 3,000 in inventory for each succeeding
year of the project. If the shops tax rate is 28 per cent and its
discount rate is 9 per cent, should the company buy and install the
machine press?
Answer: First, we will calculate the depreciation each year, which will be:
Now we have all the necessary information to calculate the project NPV. We
need to be careful with the NWC in this project. Notice the project requires
20,000 of NWC at the beginning, and 3,000 more in NWC each successive
year. We will subtract the 20,000 from the initial cash flow, and subtract
3,000 each year from the OCF to account for this spending. In Year 4, we
will add back the total spent on NWC, which is 29,000. The 3,000 spent on
NWC capital during Year 4 is irrelevant. Why? Well, during this year the
project required an additional 3,000, but we would get the money back
immediately. So, the net cash flow for additional NWC would be zero. With all
this, the equation for the NPV of the project is:
Investment Appraisal
Investme
Year OCF nt NWC NCF PV(NCF)
-
- 20 - -
560, ,00 580 580,0
0 000 0 ,000 00.00
182,560. 179,56 164,733.9
1 00 -3,000 0 4
176,288. 173,28 145,853.0
2 00 -3,000 8 4
171,270. 168,27 129,935.6
3 40 -3,000 0 2
209,081. 29,00 318,08 225,337.0
4 60 80,000 0 2 2
NPV = 85,859.64
Yes, the company should buy and install the machine press.
Year 1 2 3 4
(a) Starting Value NKr430,0 NKr215,0 NKr107,5 NKr53,75
00 00 00 0
(b) Depreciation 50% 50% NKr215,0 NKr107,5 NKr53,75 NKr53,75
00 00 0 0
(c) Accumulated NKr215,0 NKr322,5 NKr376,2 NKr430,0
Depreciation 00 00 50 00
(d) Residual Value (a)- NKr215,0 NKr107,5 NKr53,75 NKr0
( 00 00 0
b
)
1 2 3 4
Pre-Tax Operating -Kr - -Kr -Kr
Costs 120,0 Kr12 120,0 120,0
00 0,000 00 00
Depreciation - - -Kr53,750 -Kr53,750
Kr21 Kr10
5,000 7,500
EBT - - - -
Kr33 Kr22 Kr17 Kr17
5,000 7,500 3,750 3,750
Tax 28% -Kr93,800 -Kr63,700 -Kr48,650 -Kr48,650
Net Income - - - -
Kr24 Kr16 Kr12 Kr12
1,200 3,800 5,100 5,100
1 2 3 4
Net Income - - - -
NKr2 Kr16 Kr12 Kr12
41,20 3,800 5,100 5,100
0
Depreciation Kr215,00 Kr107,50 Kr53,750 Kr53,750
0 0
Operating Cash -Kr26,200 -Kr56,300 -Kr71,350 -Kr71,350
Flow
PV of cash flows:
0 1 2 3 4
Investment -
Kr43
0,000
Operating Cash - - - -
Investment Appraisal
Depreciation Schedule:
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6
Starting Value Kr540,0 Kr270,0 Kr135,0 Kr67,50 Kr33,750 Kr16,875
00 00 00 0
Depreciation 50% Kr270,0 Kr135,0 Kr67,50 Kr33,75 Kr16,875 Kr16,875
00 00 0 0
Accumulated Kr270,0 Kr405,0 Kr472,5 Kr506,2 Kr523,12 Kr540,00
Depreciation 00 00 00 50 5 0
Residual Value Kr270,0 Kr135,0 Kr67,50 Kr33,75 Kr16,875 Kr0
00 00 0 0
Income Statement:
1 2 3 4 5 6
Pre-Tax Operating -Kr -Kr -Kr -Kr -Kr -Kr
Costs 80,0 80,0 80,0 80,0 80,0 80,0
00 00 00 00 00 00
Depreciation - - - - - -
Kr27 Kr13 Kr67 Kr33 Kr1 Kr1
0,00 5,00 ,500 ,750 6,87 6,87
0 0 5 5
EBT - - - - - -
Kr35 Kr21 Kr14 Kr11 Kr9 Kr9
0,00 5,00 7,50 3,75 6,87 6,87
0 0 0 0 5 5
Tax - - - - - -
Kr98 Kr60 Kr41 Kr31 Kr2 Kr2
,000 ,200 ,300 ,850 7,12 7,12
5 5
Net Income - - - - - -
Kr25 Kr15 Kr10 Kr81 Kr6 Kr6
2,00 4,80 6,20 ,900 9,75 9,75
0 0 0 0 0
PV of cash flows:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Investm -
ent Kr54
0,000
Operatin Kr18,00 - - - - -
g 0 Kr19 Kr38 Kr48 Kr52 Kr52
Cash ,800 ,700 ,150 ,875 ,875
Flow
Cash - Kr18,00 - - - - -
Flow Kr54 0 Kr19 Kr38 Kr48 Kr52 Kr52
s 0,000 ,800 ,700 ,150 ,875 ,875
PV Cash - Kr15,00 - - - - -
Flow Kr54 0 Kr13 Kr22 Kr23 Kr21 Kr17
s 0,000 ,750 ,396 ,220 ,249 ,708
The Net Present Value of System B is -Kr623,323 and the equivalent annual cost
is:
-Kr623,323 = EAC(PVIFA20%,6)
EAC = Kr187,437
Now we can solve for the necessary OCF that will give the project a zero NPV.
The current after-tax value of the land is an opportunity cost, but we also
need to include the after-tax value of the land in five years since we can sell
the land at that time. The equation for the NPV of the project is:
Solving for the OCF, we find the OCF that makes the project NPV equal to
zero is:
The easiest way to calculate the bid price is the tax shield approach, so:
Machine A Machine B
Variable costs 3,500,000 3,000,000
Fixed costs 170,000 130,000
Depreciation 483,333 566,667
EBT 4,153,333 3,696,667
Tax 1,453,667 1,293,833
Net income 2,699,667 2,402,833
+ Depreciation 483,333 566,667
OCF 2,216,333 1,836,167
You should choose Machine B since it has smaller EAC (absolute value).
Investment Appraisal
30,000 watt hours, or 30 kilowatt hours. Since the cost of a kilowatt hour is
0.101, the cost per year is:
The 60-watt bulb will last for 1,000 hours, which is 2 years of use at 500
hours per year. So, the NPV of the 60-watt bulb is:
Now we can find the EAC for the 15-watt CFL. A 15-watt bulb burning for 500
hours per year uses 7,500 watts, or 7.5 kilowatts. And, since the cost of a
kilowatt hour is 0.101, the cost per year is:
The 15-watt CFL will last for 12,000 hours, which is 24 years of use at 500
hours per year. So, the NPV of the CFL is:
Thus, the CFL is much cheaper. But see our next two questions.
Investment Appraisal
WPH = W / 1,000
KPY = WPH H
ECY = KPY C
NPV = P ECY(PVIFAR%,t)
Substituting, we get:
We need to set the EAC of the two light bulbs equal to each other and solve
for C, the cost per kilowatt hour. Doing so, we find:
C = 0.004509
So, unless the cost per kilowatt hour is extremely low, it makes sense to use
the CFL. But when should you replace the incandescent bulb? See the next
question.
Investment Appraisal
Investment Appraisal
C = 0.007131
Unless the electricity cost is negative (Not very likely!), it does not make
financial sense to replace the incandescent bulb until it burns out.
Investment Appraisal
2. Since CFLs last so long, from a financial viewpoint, it might make sense
to wait if prices are declining.
3. Because of the nontrivial health and disposal issues, CFLs are not as
attractive as our previous analysis suggests.
8. This fact favors the incandescent bulb because the purchasers will only
receive part of the benefit from the CFL.
While there is always a best answer, this question shows that the analysis
of the best answer is not always easy and may not be possible because of
incomplete data. As for how to better legislate the use of CFLs, our analysis
suggests that requiring them in new construction might make sense. Rental
properties in general should probably be required to use CFLs (why rentals?).
Notice that the answer doesnt depend on the cost of petrol, meaning that if
you upgrade, you should always upgrade the truck. In fact, it doesnt depend
on the miles driven, as long as the miles driven are the same.
Investment Appraisal
If we let y equal the increased mileage for the car, the litres used by the
current car, the new car, and the savings by purchasing the new car are:
We need to set the litre savings from the new truck purchase equal to the
litre savings from the new car purchase equal to each other, so:
x / 20 x / 25 = (x + y) / 50 (x + y) / 80
From this equation you can see again that the cost per litre is irrelevant.
Each term would be multiplied by the cost per litre, which would cancel out
since each term is multiplied by the same amount. To add and subtract
fractions, we need to get the same denominator. In this case, we will choose
a denominator of 1,000 since all four of the current denominators are
multiples of 1,000. Doing so, we get:
The difference in the mileage should be 1/3 of the miles driven by the truck.
So, if the truck is driven 12,000 miles, the breakeven car mileage is 16,000
miles (12,000 + 12,000/3).
Investment Appraisal
CHALLENGE
42. Calculating Project NPV [LO1]You have been hired as a
consultant for Pristine Urban-Tech Zither plc. (PUTZ), manufacturers
of fine zithers. The market for zithers is growing quickly. The
company bought some land three years ago for 1.4 million in
anticipation of using it as a toxic waste dump site, but has recently
hired another company to handle all toxic materials. Based on a
recent appraisal, the company believes it could sell the land for 1.5
million on an after-tax basis. In four years the land could be sold for
1.6 million after taxes. The company also hired a marketing firm to
analyse the zither market, at a cost of 125,000. An excerpt of the
marketing report is as follows: The zither industry will have a rapid
expansion in the next four years. With the brand name recognition
that PUTZ brings to bear, we feel that the company will be able to
sell 3,200, 4,300, 3,900 and 2,800 units each year for the next four
years, respectively. Again, capitalizing on the name recognition of
PUTZ, we feel that a premium price of 780 can be charged for each
zither. Because zithers appear to be a fad, we feel that, at the end of
the four-year period, sales should be discontinued.
PUTZ believes that fixed costs for the project will be 425,000 per
year, and variable costs are 15 per cent of sales. The equipment
necessary for production will cost 4.2 million, and will be depreciated
according to the 20 per cent reducing-balance method. At the end of
the project the equipment can be scrapped for 400,000. Net working
capital of 125,000 will be required immediately. PUTZ has a 28 per
cent tax rate, and the required return on the project is 13 per cent.
What is the NPV of the project? Assume the company has other
profitable projects.
Now we need to calculate the operating cash flow each year. Revenues first:
Investment Appraisal
Variable Profit
Revenue Fixed Cost Depreciati Before
Year s Costs s on Taxes Taxes OCF
2,496,0 374,40 239,8 1,456,7
1 00 425,000 0 840,000 856,600 48 52
3,354,0 503,10 1,753,90 491,0 1,934,8
2 00 425,000 0 672,000 0 92 08
3,042,0 456,30 1,623,10 454,4 1,706,2
3 00 425,000 0 537,600 0 68 32
-
8
2,184,0 327,60 1,750,40 9,3 1,520,7
4 00 425,000 0 0 -319,000 20 20
Investmen
Year OCF Land t NWC NCF PV(NCF)
-
- - 12 - -
1,50 4,20 5,00 5,82 5,825,
0 0,000 0,000 0 5,000 000.00
1,456,7 1,456,75 1,289,161.
1 52 2 06
1,934,8 1,934,80 1,515,238.
2 08 8 47
1,706,2 1,706,23 1,182,504.
3 32 2 36
1,520,7 1,600,00 125,00 3,645,72 2,235,988.
4 20 0 400,000 0 0 35
Notice the calculation of the cash flow at time 0. The capital spending on
equipment and investment in net working capital are cash outflows are both
cash outflows. The after-tax selling price of the land is also a cash outflow.
Even though no cash is actually spent on the land because the company
already owns it, the after-tax cash flow from selling the land is an opportunity
cost, so we need to include it in the analysis. The company can sell the land
at the end of the project, so we need to include that value as well. With all
the project cash flows, we can calculate the NPV, which is:
NPV = 397,892.25
Answer: This is an in-depth capital budgeting problem. Probably the easiest OCF
calculation for this problem is the bottom up approach, so we will construct
an income statement for each year. Beginning with the initial cash flow at
time zero, the project will require an investment in equipment.
To start off, we determine the depreciation schedule. The salvage value is 20%
of the installed cost, which is 20%*21,000,000 = 4,200,000.00
Year 1 2 3 4 5
(a) Starting Value 21,000,000 16,800,000 13,440,000 10,752,00
.00 .00 .00 0.00 8,601,6
00.00
(b) Depreciation
20% 4,200,00 3,360,00 2,688,00 2,150,4 4,401,6
0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 00.00
(c) Accumulated 10,248,000 12,398,40 16,800,00
Depreciation 4,200,00 7,560,00 .00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
(d) Residual Value 16,800,000 13,440,000 10,752,000
.00 .00 .00 8,601,6 4,200,0
00.00 00.00
1 2 3 4 5
Sales (in units) 85,000 98,000 106,000 114,000 93,000
Net Working Capital is a function of next years sales and so we can now calculate
how much net working capital is required each year.
0 1 2 3 4 5
Revenues 27,625,00 31,850,00 34,450,00 37,050,00 30,225,00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Net Working 1,500,000.
Capital 00* 4,777,5 5,167,5 5,557,5 4,533,7 0.00
00.00 00.00 00.00 50.00
*As per the question data 1,500,000 of NWC is required at the beginning
(year zero) of the project and additional net working capital investments each
year equal to 15 per cent of the projected sales for the following year. Here, we
should not be confused and consider an additional 15% NWC of sales in the
beginning (year zero), rather it is required starting from year 1.
0 1 2 3 4 5
Investment - 4,200,000.
21,000, 00
000.00
Operating Cash 5,581,250. 6,005,500 6,212,300 6,466,140 6,093,810.
Flows 00 .00 .00 .00 00
Change in NWC - - - - 1,023,750 4,533,750.
1,500,00 3,277, 390,0 390,0 .00 00
0.00 500.00 00.00 00.00
Investment Appraisal
Year 1 2 3 4 5
(a) Starting Value 480,00 384,00 307,20 245,76 196,60
0 0 0 0 8
(b) Depreciation 20% 96,000 76,800 61,440 49,152 151,60
8
(c) Accumulated 96,000 172,80 234,24 283,39 435,00
Depreciation 0 0 2 0
(d) Residual Value 384,00 307,20 245,76 196,60 45,000
0 0 0 8
Then the income statement is calculated. In this type of problem, you need to
calculate the break-even cost savings. For an analyst, the best approach is
to use a spreadsheet and then trial and error or Solver.
Using this technique, a cost savings of 148,548 leads to a net present value of
zero.
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pre-Tax Cost 148,54 148,54 148,54 148,54 148,54
Savings 8 8 8 8 8
Depreciation 20% 151,60
96,000 76,800 61,440 49,152 8
EBT 52,548 71,748 87,108 99,396 -3,060
Tax 14,713 20,089 24,390 27,831 -857
Net Income 37,835 51,659 62,718 71,565 -2,203
Operating Cash 133,83 128,45 124,15 120,71 149,40
Flow 5 9 8 7 5
0 1 2 3 4 5
Investment -
480,00
0 45,000
Operating Cash 133,83 128,45 124,15 120,71 149,40
Flows 5 9 8 7 5
Net Working
Capital -40,000 40,000
Net Cash Flow -
520,00 133,83 128,45 124,15 120,71 234,40
0 5 9 8 7 5
PV Cash Flows @ - 119,49 102,40 88,373 76,718 133,00
12% 520,00 5 6 8
Investment Appraisal
0
NPV 0
IRR 12.00%
Investment Appraisal
Year 1 2 3 4
(a) Starting Value 2,400,00 1,920,00 1,536,0 1,228,80
0 0 00 0
(b) Depreciation 20% 480,000 384,000 307,200 1,028,80
0
(c) Accumulated 480,000 864,000 1,171,2 2,200,00
Depreciation 00 0
(d) Residual Value 1,920,00 1,536,00 1,228,8 200,000
0 0 00
There are two parts to this analysis. The first part is the original contract for
10,000 units. From the spreadsheet below, it can be seen that the investment on
its own would not be worthwhile if the bid price was set at 275.
0 1 2 3 4
Sales 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
However, your company feels that it can also sell additional units to other
countries at 275 per unit. Since these cash flows are additional to the core cash
flows, fixed costs and depreciation become irrelevant cash flows.
0 1 2 3 4
Sales 3,000 6,000 8,000 5,000
Since the NPV of this expansion is positive at 1,264,408, we can add this to the
original analysis and arrive at a bid price that gives the project an NPV of
100,000. This can be done easily in Solver and the spreadsheet is presented
below. The bid price that gives a 100,000 NPV is equal to 247.80.
0 1 2 3 4
Sales 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Notice that the costs are positive, which represents a cash inflow. The
costs are positive in this case since the new computer will generate a
cost savings. The only initial cash flow for the new computer is cost of
780,000. We next need to calculate the after-tax salvage value, which
is:
Analyzing the old computer, the only OCF is the depreciation tax shield,
so:
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Investment Appraisal
The initial cost of the old computer is a little trickier. You might assume
that since we already own the old computer there is no initial cost, but
we can sell the old computer, so there is an opportunity cost. We need to
account for this opportunity cost. To do so, we will calculate the after-tax
salvage value of the old computer today. We need the book value of the
old computer to do so. The book value is not given directly, but we are
told that the old computer has depreciation of 130,000 per year for the
next three years, so we can assume the book value is the total amount
of depreciation over the remaining life of the system, or 390,000. So,
the after-tax salvage value of the old computer is:
This is the initial cost of the old computer system today because we are
forgoing the opportunity to sell it today. We next need to calculate the
after-tax salvage value of the computer system in two years since we are
buying it today. The after-tax salvage value in two years is:
Even if we are going to replace the system in two years no matter what
our decision today, we should replace it today since the EAC for a new
computer is less.
New Old
t computer computer Difference
0 780,000 278,400 501,600
1 149,180 49,400 99,780
2 149,180 136,000 13,180
3 149,180 0 149,180
4 149,180 0 149,180
5 242,180 0 242,180
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Investment Appraisal
Since we are only concerned with marginal cash flows, the cash flows of
the decision to replace the old computer system with the new computer
system are the differential cash flows. The NPV of the decision to
replace, ignoring what will happen in two years is:
If we are not concerned with what will happen in two years, we should
not replace the old computer system as it gives us a negative NPV.
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