9-Firearm Explosives Injuries 2016

INJURIES FROM FIREARMS
Main Objective: To recognize the forensic

importance of injuries from firearms and
explosives
Specific Objectives:
1. To differentiate the injuries that result from
firearms and explosives
2. To discuss the principles and methods in the
investigation of injuries and deaths from
firearms and explosives
References
1. Gunshot Injuries. Chapter 3 Lecture Notes in

Forensic Medicine by Derrick Pounder, University
of Dundee. p9-13.
http://www.dundee.ac.uk/forensicmedicine/notes/
Lecture%20Notes%20in%20Forensic%20Medicin
e%20Derrick%20Pounder%2048pages.pdf
2. Firearm and Explosive Injuries in in Simpsons
Forensic Medicine by Shepherd R, 12th ed.
(2003), p79-86
Firearm
A weapon that fires Projectile

either single or Any object sent
multiple projectiles through space by the
propelled at high application of a force
velocity by the gases Bullets, pellets or shot
produced through made of metal
rapid, confined burning (usually lead)
of a propellant designed to deform &
fragment inside a
target significant
damage
Two Basic Categories of Firearms
(Firearm. http://en.wikipedia.org.wiki/Firearms,)
(http://www.dundee.as.uk/forensicmedicine/llb/gunshot.htm#Ballistics)
1. Artillery pieces
large pieces mounted on a movable carriage with barrel
bores up to 18 inches
range of accuracy 42 km
Two Basic Categories of Firearms
1. Small arms
generally small, very
portable with a barrel
bore of up to about
0.50 inch
aimed visually at their
targets using sights
range of accuracy 1
mile (1.6 km)
2 kinds: rifled
weapon (pistol, rifle)
& shotgun
Rifled Weapons: Handgun / Pistol
Fire one projectile at a

time through a barrel
that has spiral grooves
(4-6)
Rifled Weapons: Handgun / Pistol
Handgun
After bullet is fired, the brass case which contains
the explosive remains in the cylinder
Automatic
After a bullet is fired, the empty cartridge case is
automatically ejected to the ground several feet away
CSI: look for empty cartridges which can help
identify the type of automatic used
Small Arms Ammunition 1
(Round/cartridge) 2
Cartridge: Packages the bullet, gunpowder and primer

into a single metallic case precisely made to fit the
firing chamber of a firearm
1. Cartridge case: expands & seals chamber against rearward
escape of gases
2. Primer: explodes on compression igniting the propellant
centerfire centrally placed primer assembly comprising primer
cup (struck by firing pin), primer, anvil with flash holes
rimfire no primer assembly. Primer spun into rim of cartridge
case (rim struck by firing pin) and in contact with propellant
4
Small Arms Ammunition 3
1
(Round/cartridge) 2
3. Propellant: burns to produce large volumes of

gases under pressure
Composed of smokeless powder (black powder in the
past)
4. Bullet: part of the cartridge which exits the muzzle
lead bullets
revolvers, .22 caliber rimfire ammunition, .22 caliber
high0velocity rimfire ammunition
metal-jacketed bullets
semi-automatic pistols, high velocity rifles
How Firearms Work
Description of Gunshot Wounds
Firing of a weapon Important: accurate

Smoke, flame, gases of description and location of
combustion the wounds sustained
Portion of unburned, Help indicate the
burning, and burnt circumstances surrounding
propellant the shooting
Follow the projectile; Description of entrance and
may also precede them exit wounds, their number
Will soil hands or Caliber and type of
clothing weapon used

Severity of the assault
Skin Surface Characteristics of
Gunshot Wounds
Term Synonyms Cause
Skin defect Permanent cavity Passing of the projectile through

the skin (a)
Abraded margin Abrasion collar, Marginal abrasion, Forward motion of bullet
Contusion ring, Abrasion ring indenting the skin & abrading the
margin of entry wound (b)
Micro-tears High velocity centerfire rifle
bullets tend to produce these
rather an abrasion ring
Grey ring Contact ring, Bullet wipe Lubricant & debris on bullet
surface wiped off onto the wound
edge
Smudging (c) Fouling, Blackening Deposition of soot from partially
burnt gases
(a) Exit wound is typically larger & more irregular than entry due to bullet tumbling & deformation.
(b) May be absent in the palm or sole, high velocity centerfire wounds from jacketed or semi-jacketed handgun bullets (usually high velocity) & re-entry wounds of
axilla & sacrotum. Typically asent from exit owunds, allowing their distinction from entry wounds. May be seen in shored exit wounds.
(c) The term powder burns is variably used to include one or more of these features: pseudo-tattooing, pseudo-soot
Skin Surface Characteristics of
Gunshot Wounds
Term Synonyms Cause
Tattooing (c) Involuntary tattooing, Stippling, Unburned, partially burned &

Peppering burning propellant grains abrading
& embedding in skin (sine qua non
of intermediate/close/near range)
Singeing (c) Branding/Burning Hot gases from muzzle at close

range
Muzzle impression Muzzle contusion, Muzzle Skin impact against muzzle

imprint produced by discharge gases or
temporary cavity formation in
contact & near contact wounds
(a) Exit wound is typically larger & more irregular than entry due to bullet tumbling & deformation.
(b) May be absent in the palm or sole, high velocity centerfire wounds from jacketed or semi-jacketed handgun bullets (usually high velocity) & re-entry
wounds of axilla & sacrotum. Typically asent from exit owunds, allowing their distinction from entry wounds. May be seen in shored exit wounds.
(c) The term powder burns is variably used to include one or more of these features: pseudo-tattooing, pseudo-soot.
Entrance Wounds: Rifled firearm
(www.forensicmed.co.uk)
Firing of weapon
bullet, hot gases from
exploding gun
powder, metal
fragments from bullet
& gun barrel
propelled out of the
muzzle at same time
Entrance Wounds
Contact Range (Rifled firearm)
Muzzle-target distance
muzzle in contact with body (or a very short distance a few
cms from body)
Wound characteristics
edges seared by gases & blackened by soot & propellant
(baked into skin)
a concentric or eccentric seared blackened zone around
wound
soot deposition in a wider band around wound (can be
wiped off)
soot, propellant, vaporized bullet, primer & cartridge case
metals & CO in/along wound track
Entrance Wounds: Rifled firearm
(www.forensicmed.co.uk)
Contact wounds over Clothing, body & head

bony supported skin hair will show
Expansion & tearing of evidence of singeing &
tissues by gases being stippling, etc.
blown into the wound assists in the
stellate or lacerated interpretation of
appearance wounds, estimation of
range of fire
Entrance Wounds
Contact Range (Rifled firearm)
Hard contact
Muzzle-target distance: muzzle jammed
hard against skin
edges seared by gases & blackened by
soot & propellant (baked into skin)
Loose contact
Muzzle-target distance: muzzle in light
but complete contact with skin
soot deposition in band around wound
(can be wiped off)
Entrance Wounds
Close Range (intermediate, near)

muzzle to target distance within
about arms length, i.e., 3 feet
sine qua non is individual, red-
brown to orange-red propellant
grain tattooing
eccentric if muzzle at angle to
skin
may be blocked by hair or
clothing;
post mortem is moist grey or
yellow
Entrance Wounds
Distant (Rifled firearm)

muzzle to target distance greater than about 3
feet
Produced by mechanical action of bullet
penetration of skin only, i.e., skin defect

typically with abraded margin
Exit Wound
(Handgun/Rifle)
(Simpsons Forensic Medicine, p84)
Usually everted with split flaps stellate appearance

Absence of burning, smoke or powder soiling
Fragmented or distorted bullet larger & more irregular
exit wound
fragments of bullet or bone may produce multiple exit wounds
Exit wound in area where skin is firmly supported (e.g., by a
belt, tight clothing, leaning against a partition wall)
may be as small as the entrance wound
may fail to show the typical eversion
may also show a rim of abrasion which is commonly broader than that of
an entry wound
Shotgun
Firearm with a smooth bored barrel designed to fire

multiple pellets & to be fired from the shoulder
Designed to quickly hit a moving target & are
pointed
Has large impact area with less range (3050 m) &
accuracy
Types: single shot, over and under, double barrel,
bolt action, lever action, pump action, auto-loading
Shotgun Shell
Cartridge (cylindrical) with a plastic
or cardboard tube & a brass base
(containing the percussion cap)
contains a mass of about 300 tiny lead shots
held in place by a disc of wad
wad acts as a piston to propel the shot down
the barrel
bottom of the cylinder is the explosive
powder
center of the cartridge is the detonator
Leaves the barrel as a composite missile
compound becoming separate individual
shots as the missile moves farther down
the barrel
Shotgun Wounds: Entrance Wounds
(http://www.firearmsid.com,http:www.dundee.ac.uk/forensicmedicine/llb/gunshot.htm#/Ballistics)
Firing of shotgun the

shot & wadding travel
down the barrel & exit the
muzzle in a concentrated
mass large contact
entrance hole with
significant damage to the
margins & gunshot residue
deposits
Close-range (< 5 ft) wounds

produce single, large defect approximating the weapon
bore
may have a rectangular contusion from the plastic cup
that holds the shot
muzzle imprint is common
loose contact or interposed clothing produces soot
smudging
CO produces cherry-red discoloration of underlying
muscle
close range tattooing begins at about 1-2 cm & is
always lost by about 36-40 in; it is less dense than with
handguns
Intermediate range (5-10 ft) wounds

have a central defect produced by the shot &
wadding with surrounding lead shot wounds
wadding material will be blown into the wound
tract with the pellets
Long-range (> 10 ft) wounds

shot mass starts to break up multiple smaller wounds
from individual pellets around the edge of an entrance
hole
wadding may or may not enter the victim
as the wadding slows down separate trajectory from that of
the shot abrasions or bruises to the area around the entrance
wound; fall harmlessly to the ground at distances of around 20
ft
as pellets get further away from the shotgun, the pattern
will become more dispersed only individual pellet
holes are present in the target
Shotgun Wounds: Exit Wounds
Rarely produced when fired into the chest or

abdomen
Can be seen when shotgun is fired into the head,
neck or mouth
Exit wound: huge ragged aperture, especially in
the head, where the skull may virtually explode
with the gas pressure from a contact wound
ejecting part or even all of the brain from the
cranial cavity
Investigating Firearm Deaths
http://www.dundee.as.uk/forensicmedicine/llb/gunshot.htm#Ballistics
Scene
1. Handle the body as little as possible to avoid
artifacts & loss of trace evidence.
2. Paper bag the hands to preserve trace evidence.
3. Transport the body in clear plastic sheeting or a
body bag to preserve trace evidence & avoid
contamination
Autopsy
1. X-ray prior to removing clothing.
2. Recover primer residues from hands by acid (10% nitric) moistened swab
or adhesive tape.
3. Examine hands for trace evidence, soot & propellant grains, & blood
spatter.
4. Examine & remove the clothing without cutting.
5. Examine the body, photograph wounds if appropriate, correlate with
clothing.
6. Use dissecting microscope to examine clothing defects & wounds for soot
& propellant.
7. Clean the body, photograph & describe the wounds.
8. Trace the wound tracks & recover the projectiles.
9. Complete the dissection.
Description of wounds
1. Describe each wound in turn completely, i.e., including the
internal wound track revealed by dissection.
2. Describe wound location relative to (a) local landmarks, (b) the
midline & heel (or top of head).
3. Describe wound appearance by size, shape, abrasion ring (width &
symmetry), soot & propellant (presence, distribution &
dimensions) & wound entry searing. Describe shotgun pellet
pattern.
4. Describe muzzle imprint & compare with alleged weapon.
5. Described lodged projectile or exit relative to entrance; describe
general direction wound track.
6. Describe any recovered projectile or fragments.
Recover
1. Propellant grains from skin surface or wound track
2. Projectile, taking care not to scratch the surface by
contact with a metal instrument.
3. A representative blood sample or shotgun pellets & all
wadding.
4. Blood for grouping and blood and tissue for toxicology.
X-rays in gunshot wounds

1. Is the projectile present?
2. If present, where is the projectile located?
3. If the projectile exited, are projectile fragments present
& where are they located?
4. What type of ammunition or weapon was used?
5. What was the path of the projectile?
Firearm Identification
www.state.ia.us//dps/dci/lab/firearms.htm
A comparative examination
ammunition components of
unknown origin (from scene of
the shooting or body) are
compared with bullets,
cartridge cases & shotshells of
known origin that have been
produce in the laboratory by
test firing the suspect firearms
known & unknown items are
compared microscopically
using a comparison microscope
www.state.ia.us//dps/dci/lab/firearms.htm
Compare bullets & match them to a specific

firearm
Accurately estimate the distance of a
shooting
Detect gunpowder residue around wounds &
on shooters
Restore obliterated serial numbers
Ballistics
Rifling in rifled barrels of rifles &

handguns
the means by which a firearm imparts a
spin to a projectile to gyroscopically
stabilize it to improve range and
accuracy
refers to the spiral grooves along the
length of the interior or bore of the
barrel
grooves spaces that are cut out
lands the resulting ridges
lands & grooves vary in number, depth,
shape, direction of twist (right or left) &
twist rate (turns per unit of barrel length)
Ballistics
Discharged rifled weapon produces marks on

the bullet as it passes down the barrel
Class characteristics: indicative of the make
& model of the firearm
Individual characteristics: reflect the
imperfections peculiar to a particular firearm
& may allow its specific identification
Bullet
Class characteristics
Number of lands, grooves (usually 4-6 but range from 2-22)
Diameter of lands, grooves
Width of lands, grooves
Depth of grooves
Degree of twist (twist = the number of inches/cms of bore required for
once complete rifling spiral)
Direction of rifling twist (commonly right/clockwise, less
commonly left/counterclockwise)
Individual characteristics
Imperfections of grooves (most pronounced in led bullets)
Imperfections of lands (most pronounced in jacketed bullets)
(www.firearmsid.com)
Bullet identification
Caliber
Rifling impression
Cartridge case identification
striated action marks
impressed action marks
(www.firearmsid.com)
Cartridge case identification

striated action marks
chamber marks
shear marks
firing pin marks
extractor marks
ejector marks
impressed action marks
firing pin impressions
breech marks
ejector marks
Other Markings
Cartridge case & primer also show class &

individual characteristic markings
Type of breech block marking
Size, shape & location of extractor marks
Size, shape & location of ejector marks
Size, shape & location of firing pin marks (most
important identifying marks in rimfire cartridge cases)
Fingerprints- rarely recovered from firearms but

may be obtained from cartridge cases
Firearm Function Testing
(www.state.ia.us//dps/dci/lab/firearms.htm)
An examination of a firearm concerning its

mechanical condition & operation
test all of the safety features in the firearm to determine if
they function as the manufacturer intended
determine the amount of trigger pull that is required to
cause the firearm to discharge
determine if its is capable of accidentally discharging
without the trigger being pulled, or if the firearm is
capable of being fired at all
Distance Determination
(www.state.ia.us//dps/dci/lab/firearms.htm)
To answer questions as to the location of the firearm or the

positions of the victim and the shooter and their relationship
to one another
A shooting victims clothing is examined for bullet holes,
other evidence that may allow for a determination of the
distance from the muzzle of the firearm to the clothing
Area around bullet entry holes are examined for patterns of gunshot
residues compared with test targets produced by firing the firearm
in question at various known distances estimation of the distance
from the object that was shot to the muzzle end of the firearm
Pellet pattern is used for determining distance when the firearm used
contain multiple projectiles
Detection of Gunshot Discharge
Residues: Paraffin Test
Dermal nitrate test or diphenylamine test

Tests the presence of nitrates and nitrites that
may have come from gunpowder or primer
inside the bullet casing that ignites when a
gun is fired
Fortun R. Paraffin test as junk forensic science. CPU Net Medical Alert: 2(5) Oct. 2004
Paraffin Test
Cast of the subjects hand is made using

melted paraffin wax
Diphenylamine acid is applied to the
cast/wax
Visible blue-violet color on the wax:
reaction of nitrites and nitrates with the
diphenylamine
Reliability of Paraffin Test
Nitrates, nitrites are also found in soil, food, water & other
chemicals false (+) results
Scanty amounts of gunshot residues (GSR) lifted from the
suspects hands by the paraffin wax or there was a delay in
the collection or processing of the alleged shooters hands
false (-) results
Positive blue reaction reported as a streaming fleck-type
reaction is very subjective and difficult to identify.
disappears fast and requires magnification.
reaction may not be objectively documented
Conclusion & Recommendation
A Study of the Paraffin Test by Cowan and

Purdon (Journal of Forensic Sciences ,January 1967)
a critical evaluation of the type, site and numbers of
reactions obtained on casts from hands of persons
known to have fired guns and comparison of these
characteristics in similar reactions on casts from a
control group of persons known or presumed not to
have fired guns failed to establish any significant
distinction.
Conclusion & Recommendation
First ICPO-Interpol Seminar on Scientific Aspects

of Police Work in 1964
21 country representatives agreed
that the traditional paraffin test does not have any
value as evidence to put before the courts and that it
should no longer be used
Conclusion
There is still no chemical test known to

conclusively determine whether an individual fired
a gun or not.
It is still important to look at the totality of the
testimonial and physical evidence.
Paraffin test is an ancient examination; it should be
discarded and replaced with newer and more
reliable testing methods.
Detection of Gunshot Discharge
Residues (http://www.dundee.as.uk/forensicmedicine/llb/gunshot.htm#Ballistics)
Detect traces of the metals barium, antimony & lead

originating from the primer of the cartridge
Cotton tipped swabs moistened with either 10%
hydrochloric acid or 5% nitric acid
used to recover residues for analysis by
flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) &
neutron activation analysis (NAA)
Adhesive material is used to recover residues for
analysis using scanning electron microscopy *
EDAX
National Integrated Ballistic
Information Network (NIBIN)
(www.state.ia.us//dps/dci/lab/firearms.htm, www.adfs.state.al.us)
Developed by a partnership between the FBI and the ATF

Uses the Integrated Ballistic Identification System (IBIS)
equipment to compare firearms related evidence stored in
the database
Digitally captures the images of fired bullets & fired cartridge cases
from crime scenes & test fires from recovered firearms
When a new image is entered, the system searches the existing
database for a match
When a possible match is observed, a firearms examiner must
compare the actual evidence with a comparison microscope
Once an ID has been made by the examination of the actual
evidence, a hit is noted in the system
Restoration of Obliterated Serial
Numbers (www.state.ia.us//dps/dci/lab/firearms.htm)
Serial numbers are stamped on items, e.g.,

firearms, for the purposes of identification
attempt to hide identity: obliterated or removed
by mechanical methods (grinding, peening,
punching)
Stamped on metal frame or plate with hard
steel dies
dies are applied with enough force to sink each
digit into the metal
Restoration of Obliterated Serial
Numbers (www.state.ia.us//dps/dci/lab/firearms.htm, www.crimelibrary.com)
Restoration of obliterated serial numbers can be

accomplished
metal crystals under the stamped numbers are placed under a
permanent strain
when a suitable etching agent (solution of copper salts &
hydrochloric acid) is applied dissolution of the strained crystals at
a faster rate as compared to the unaltered metal appearance of the
etched pattern in the form of the original numbers
Non-restorable serial number
if the number is ground to a depth that removes the strained crystals
if the area has been impressed with a different strain pattern
Accident, Suicide, Murder?
(Simpsons Forensic Medicine, p85,)
(http://www.dundee.as.uk/forensicmedicine/llb/gunshot.htm#Ballistic)
Suicide
No notes left behind in majority of cases
Wound site and range within the reach of the
deceaseds arm, except when a device has been
used to reach the trigger
(+) Contact wound presumed to be of suicide rather
than an accident
Sites of election: head (80%), chest (15%),
abdomen (<5%)
An unusual location raised a resumption of homicide
Wound site
rifle & shotgun wounds to the trunk: trajectory may
corroborate suicide
Weapon butt on the ground, the body hunched over it: trajectory is
downwards reaching the trigger with the right hand body rotates
trajectory is right to left (vice versa if left hand is used)
Weapon
must be present at the scene
may be at a distance from the body: thrown away from the body
by recoil or by movement of the individual if immediate death
did not occur
clutched in the hand (20%)
Accident or homicide
If suicide is ruled out by
range of discharge
absence of weapon
other features of the injury or scene
multiple firearm wounds suggest homicide

INJURIES FROM
EXPLOSIVES
Explosives
(http://beginnersforensics.bravehost.com/explosives.html)
A mixture of an oxidizing agent and fuel

2 types
Low explosives
Exert a throwing effect hurling any objects or people
nearby
High explosives
Explode at rates between 1000 8500 m/sec more
shattering and devastating effects
Explosives
(http://librarythinkquest.org.04oct/00206/text_mt_bombs_explosives_htm, Simpsons Forensic
Medicine p86)
Explosion is a result of an endothermic chemical

reaction: generation of huge amounts of gas with
release of vast amounts of heat energy that occurs
very quickly
volume of gas generated is further expanded by the heat
generated
chemical reactants used determines the power of the
explosive
Sudden generation of gas compression wave to
sweep outwards (at the origin, this is at many times the speed of
sound)
Bombs
(http://www.fas.org.amn.dod-101/sys/dumb/bombs.htm)
Classified generally according to the ratio of

explosive material to total weight
Principal classes
General-purpose (GP)
Fragmentation
Penetration
Cluster bombs
Damage Mechanisms
(http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/dumb/bombs.htm)
Blast
Fragmentation
Cratering effect
Shaped charge penetration
Incendiary effects
Pure Blast Effects
(Simpsons Forensic Medicine p86)
Physical fragmentation
Disruption of the victim solely from the effects of
the wave of high pressure & hot gases striking the
body
Pressure effects upon the viscera which are far more
damaging where there is an air/fluid interface (e.g., in the
airways, lung, bowel) rupture, hemorrhage of these
areas represent the classical blast lesion
Pure Blast Effects
Secondary Blast Effects
Burns
Directly: from the near effects of the explosion
Secondarily: from fires started by the bomb
Missile injuries from parts of the bomb casing or
shrapnel or from adjacent objects
Peppering by small fragments of debris & dust
propelled by the explosion
All types of injury due to collapse of structures caused
by the explosion
Injuries & death from vehicular damage or destruction
Secondary Blast Effects
Complex fracture
Fragmented fracture
Investigation
Examination of either the

living or the dead
Careful documentation of the
sites & sizes of the abrasions,
bruises, lacerations, burns &
any other injuries
Identification of the dead
Recovery of material that might
have formed part of the bomb
Investigation
(http://beginnerforensics.bravehost.com/explosives.html),
(http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/00206/text_mt_bombs_explosives.htm)
Fragments collected at the scene

Identification of the explosive
Washed in a acetone which dissolves most of the chemical
components
Solution is screened & analyzed using mass spectrometry
identify the chemical composition
Chemical components can also be analyzed by thin-layer
chromatography to identify make of the explosive used
Occasionally carry fingerprints, but in majority of cases, a
fragment can help determine where the bomb was made

9-Firearm Explosives Injuries 2016

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

9-Firearm Explosives Injuries 2016

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

INJURIES FROM FIREARMS

Main Objective: To recognize the forensic

1. Gunshot Injuries. Chapter 3 Lecture Notes in

A weapon that fires Projectile

Fire one projectile at a

Cartridge: Packages the bullet, gunpowder and primer

3. Propellant: burns to produce large volumes of

Firing of a weapon Important: accurate

clothing weapon used

Term Synonyms Cause

Skin defect Permanent cavity Passing of the projectile through

Term Synonyms Cause

Tattooing (c) Involuntary tattooing, Stippling, Unburned, partially burned &

Singeing (c) Branding/Burning Hot gases from muzzle at close

Muzzle impression Muzzle contusion, Muzzle Skin impact against muzzle

Contact wounds over Clothing, body & head

Close Range (intermediate, near)

Distant (Rifled firearm)

penetration of skin only, i.e., skin defect

Usually everted with split flaps stellate appearance

Firearm with a smooth bored barrel designed to fire

Firing of shotgun the

Close-range (< 5 ft) wounds

Intermediate range (5-10 ft) wounds

Long-range (> 10 ft) wounds

Rarely produced when fired into the chest or

X-rays in gunshot wounds

Compare bullets & match them to a specific

Rifling in rifled barrels of rifles &

Discharged rifled weapon produces marks on

Cartridge case identification

Cartridge case & primer also show class &

Fingerprints- rarely recovered from firearms but

An examination of a firearm concerning its

To answer questions as to the location of the firearm or the

Dermal nitrate test or diphenylamine test

Cast of the subjects hand is made using

A Study of the Paraffin Test by Cowan and

First ICPO-Interpol Seminar on Scientific Aspects

There is still no chemical test known to

Detect traces of the metals barium, antimony & lead

Developed by a partnership between the FBI and the ATF

Serial numbers are stamped on items, e.g.,

Restoration of obliterated serial numbers can be

other features of the injury or scene

multiple firearm wounds suggest homicide

A mixture of an oxidizing agent and fuel

Explosion is a result of an endothermic chemical

Classified generally according to the ratio of

Examination of either the

Fragments collected at the scene

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen