Lecture 7 - Elasticity

Elasticity Elastic Behavior is the fundamental

Stress and Strain in Crystals distinction between solids and liquids
Similartity: both are condensed matter
Kittel Ch 3 A solid or liquid in equilibrium has a definite density
(mass per unit volume measured at a given temperature)
The energy increases if the density (volume) is changed from the
equilibrium value - e.g. by applying pressure

Change of
Pressure applied volume
to all sides

Physics 460 F 2006 Lect 7 1 Physics 460 F 2006 Lect 7 2

Elastic Behavior is the fundamental Strain and Stress

distinction between solids and liquids Strain is a change of relative positions of the parts of the material
Difference:
A solid maintains its shape Stress is a force /area applied to the material to cause the strain
The energy increases if the shape is changed shear
A liquid has no preferred shape
It has no resistance to forces that do not change the volume

Volume dilation
Two types of shear
Two types of shear
Physics 460 F 2006 Lect 7 3 Physics 460 F 2006 Lect 7 4

Pressure and Bulk Modulus Total Energy of Crystal

Consider first changes in the volume applies to
liquids and any crystal The general shape applies
for any type of binding
Energies of Crystal

General approach:
E(V) where V is volume

Can use ether Ecrystal(Vcrystal) or Ecell(Vcell)

since Ecrystal= N Ecell and Vcrystal = N Vcell

P = -dE/dV
Pressure = P = - dE/dV (units of Force/Area) = 0 at the minimum

Bulk modulus B = - V dP/dV = V d2E/dV2 (same B = - V dP/dV = V d2E/dV2

units as pressure ) proportional to
curvature at the minimum

Compressibility K = 1/B Volume

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 Lecture 7 - Elasticity

Elasticity Elastic Equations

Up to now in the course we considered only The elastic equations describe the relation of
perfect crystals with no external forces stress and strain

Elasticity describes: Linear relations for small stress/strain

Change in the volume and shape of the crystal when
external stresses (force / area) are applied
Sound waves
Some aspects of the elastic properties are
determined by the symmetry of the crystal
Quantitative values are determined by strength
and type of binding of the crystal?
Stress = (elastic constants) x Strain
Large elastic constants the material is stiff -
a given strain requires a large applied stress
We will give the general relations - but we will
consider only cubic crystals
The same relations apply for isotropic materials like a glass
More discussion of general case in Kittel

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Elastic relations in general crystals Elastic Properties of Crystals

Strain and stress are tensors
Stress eij is force per unit area on a surface Definition of strain
Force is a vector Fx, Fy, Fz Force F
Normal n Six independent variables:
Using the relation
e1 exx , e2 eyy , e3 ezz , exy = eyx etc.
A surface is defined by the
normal vector nx, ny, nz e4 eyz , e5 exz , e6 exy
3 x 3 = 9 quantities
Stress Here Xy denotes force
in x direction applied
Strain ij is displacement per unit distance in a 1 xx = Xx , 2 Yy , 3 Zz to surface normal to y.
particular direction 4 Yz , 5 Xz , 6 Xy xy = yx etc.
Displacement u
Displacement is a vector ux, uy, uz
A position is a vector Rx, Ry, Rz Position R
Linear relation of stress and strain
Elastic Constants Cij
3 x 3 = 9 quantities
i = j Cij ej , (i,j = 1,6)

( Also compliances Sij = (C-1) ij)

Physics 460 F 2006 Lect 7 9 Physics 460 F 2006 Lect 7 10

Strain energy Symmetry Requirements

Cubic Crystals
For linear elastic behavior, the energy is quadratic
in the strain (or stress) Simplification in cubic crystals due to symmetry
Like Hookes law for a spring since x, y, and z are equivalent in cubic crystals

Therefore, the energy is given by: For cubic crystals all the possible linear elastic
information is in 3 quantities:
E = (1/2) i ei i = (1/2) ij ei Cij ej , (i,j = 1,6) C11 = C11 = C22 = C33
C12 = C13 = C23
C44 = C55 = C66
Valid for all crystals

Note 21 independent values in general Note that by symmetry

(since Cij = Cji ) C14 = 0, etc
Why is this true for cubic crystals?
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 Lecture 7 - Elasticity

Elasticity in Cubic Crystals Elasticity in Cubic Crystals

Elastic Constants Cij are completely specified by
3 values C11 , C12 , C44 Elastic Constants Cij are completely specified by
1 = C11 e1 + C12 (e2 + e3) , etc. 3 values C11 , C12 , C44
4 = C44 e4 , etc. 1 = C11 e1 + C12 (e2 + e3) , etc.
4 = C44 e4 , etc.
Pure change in volume
compress equally in x, y, z Two types of shear
no change in volume
For pure dilation = V / V
e1 = e2 = e3 = / 3
C11 - C12 C44
Define E / V = 1/2 B 2
No change in volume
Bulk modulus B = (1/3) (C11 + 2 C12 ) if e2 = e3 = - e1

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Elasticity in Cubic Crystals Elastic Waves

The general form of a displacement pattern is
Pure uniaxial stress and strain r (r ) = u(r ) x + v(r ) y + w(r ) z

1 = C11 e1 with e2 = e3 = 0 A traveling wave is described by

E = (1/2) C11 (x/x)2 r (r ,t) = r exp(ik . r -it)

Occurs for waves where there is For simplicity consider waves along the x direction in a
no motion in the y or z directions cubic crystal

Also for a crystal under Longitudinal waves (motion in x direction) are given by
1 Xx stress u(x) = u exp(ikx -it)
if there are also stresses
2 Yy , 3 Zz of just the right Transverse waves (motion in y direction) are given by
magnitude so that e2 = e3 = 0 v(x) = v exp(ikx -it)
Physics 460 F 2006 Lect 7 15 Physics 460 F 2006 Lect 7 16

Waves in Cubic Crystals Elastic Waves

Propagation follows from Newtons Eq. on each
volume element V= x y z
Longitudinal waves: y
V d2 u / dt2 = x dXx/ dx = x C11 d2 u / dx2 z y
x x
(note that strain is e1 = d u / dx)
Since V / x = area and area = mass/length = L,
this leads to z
Variations in x direction
L u / dt2 = C11 du/ dx
or Newtons Eq: ma = F Net force in x direction
2 = (C11 / L ) k2 Longitudinal: displacement u along x,
Transverse waves (motion in the y direction) are given V d2 u / dt2 = x dXx/ dx = x C11 d2 u / dx2
by Transverse: displacement v along y,
2 = (C44 / L ) k2 V d2 v / dt2 = x dYx/ dx = x C44 d2 v / dx2
Physics 460 F 2006 Lect 7 17 Net force in y direction Physics 460 F 2006 Lect 7 18

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 Lecture 7 - Elasticity

Sound velocities Youngs Modulus & Poisson Ratio

The relations before give (valid for any elastic wave): Consider crystal under tension (or compression) in x
direction
2 = (C / L ) k2 or = s k If there are no stresses 2 Yy , 3 Zz then the
crystal will also strain in the y and z directions
where s = sound velocity
Poisson ratio defined by (dy/y) / (dx/x)
Different for longitudinal and transverse waves Youngs modulus defined by
Longitudinal sound waves can happen in a liquid, gas, Y = tension/ (dx/x)
or solid Homework problem
Transverse sound waves exist only in solids to work this out
for a cubic crystal y

x
More in next chapter on waves
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When does a crystal break? Next Time

Vibrations of atoms in crystals
Consider crystal under tension (or compression) in x
direction Normal modes of harmonic crystal
For large strains, when does it break?
Role of Brillouin Zone
Crystal planes break apart or slip relative to one
another Quantization and Phonons

Governed by dislocations Read Kittel Ch 4

See Kittel Chapter 20

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