Binunga (Macaranga tanarius) bark as Natural

Coagulant to Improve the Quality of Wastewater

Fuentes, Valerie

Llamelo, Adan Aaron

Salvador, Samantha Joy

Yutiga, Alyssa Ann

III-20 BSCIE BIOLOGY

GROUP III
BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the study

Water is one the most important natural resources, almost all living creatures need water

in order to survive. We consume water for daily activities such as drinking, cooking, agriculture,

and production of other necessities. It is the main source of our life thus the source of clean water

is very essential but the increasing scarcity of having clean and potable water is alarming.

In many countries, the source of clean water has been an issue. Millions of people died

from illnesses related to polluted water. Water pollution is one of the major problems in many

countries, not just in the third world countries such as the Philippines, Vietnam, and Indonesia but

also the developed countries like Korea, China, and the USA.

Wastewater treatment is the top priority of most of the country. Today, water undergo many

processes of purification before consumption. Many water treatment technologies have been

invented and used to treat water and wastewater. Ultraviolet Irradiation Technology, Advanced

Oxidation Technology, Ozone with Hydrogen Peroxide Addition, Ion Exchange Technology and

Biological Filtration are the examples of emerging technologies that can be used for water

treatment. (Claudio, 2015).

According to a study by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nearly ninety percent

of the Earth's water is contaminated in one way or another. Water could possibly contain various

forms of harmful microorganisms that, if left untreated and consumed it could lead to fatal

diseases. Mostly, rural communities have their own water supply such as well without any

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

treatment involved. Odor and turbidity are the main causes faced by the rural area communities

(Asut,2012).

In the Philippines, according to Department of Health (DOH) statistics shows that

approximately 18 people die each day from diarrhea and other water-borne diseases due to

consuming contaminated water. As mentioned above, there are already studies conducted for the

removal of these pollutants from wastewater or synthetic solutions through electrocoagulation,

however, only some of them applied intermittent electrocoagulation. Therefore, this is the first

study that utilizes a synthetic municipal wastewater contaminated using organic coagulant.

Surface water resources usually have a high level of turbidity and coagulation technique is

one way to measure it. Coagulants are widely used in conventional water treatment processes.

These materials can be classified into inorganic coagulants (e.g., aluminum and ferric salts) and

synthetic organic polymers (e.g., melamine formaldehyde derivatives and tannin). All of them are

very efficient in measuring the turbidity of water. Moreover, the high sensitivity of inorganic

coagulants to the water pH and the possibility of secondary contamination of drinking water with

traces of toxic synthetic polymeric coagulants or residual iron and aluminum ions are the main

challenges of coagulation water treatment processes. Further, many researchers have related

Alzheimers disease to the residual aluminum ions in the treated waters. The sludge formed in water

treatment plants during flocculationcoagulation with synthetic polymers has a limited potential

for recycling because of the non-biodegradability of synthetic polymers. To make the coagulation

process more effective and safe, novel low-cost coagulants with higher coagulation capability are

required. This has led a growing research interest in the production of natural and food grade

coagulants from renewable and relatively cost-effective precursors. It can contribute to achieving

sustainable water treatment technologies. Natural coagulants, mainly polysaccharides, and proteins

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

are considered eco-friendly in comparison with inorganic and organic coagulants because of their

biodegradability (Antov et al, 2012).

In this study, we have attempted to use Macaranga tanarius as an abundantly available,

low-cost, and renewable precursor bio coagulant for wastewater treatment. Therefore, this paper

evaluates the coagulation potential obtained from the bark of Macaranga tanarius tree for

wastewater treatment. The effect of the operational parameters including BOD, COD, initial water

turbidity and the water characteristics (water pH and temperature) were studied to better understand

the coagulation activity of Macaranga tanarius.

Taxonomic Classification and Description of Macaranga tanarius (Binunga Tree)

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

Domain Eukarya Scientific name: Macaranga tanarius

Kingdom Plantae Common name: Binunga tree/ Parasol leaf tree

Phylum Spermatophyta

Class Dicotyledonae

Order Euphorbiales

Family Euphorbiaceae

Genus Macaranga

Species tanarius

Binunga is a small, dioecious tree, growing to a height of 4 to 8 meters. Its leaves are ovate

to oblong-ovate, 10 to 25 centimeters long, with the entire/tooth margins with a rounded base and

pointed apex. Leaves are arranged spirally and simple. The flowers are small and without petals.

The fruit is a capsule 10 to 12 millimeters in diameter. It is covered with pale, waxy glands and

with soft, scattered elongated. The seeds are fleshy. The outer bark is rather smooth, gray or gray-

brown, hoop marked and strips off easily. The inner bark is yellowish-white and exudes a colorless

liquid (Freeman, 2013). In the Phytochemical studies of leaves yielded there are three constituents

namely tanrifuranonol, tanariflavanone, and tanariflavanone D with seven known compounds. In

the chemical study on the bark isolated 10 known tannins: corilagin, mallotinic acid, geranilin,

macarinin A, putranjivain B, putrajuvain A, mallotinic acid, mallophilnin, repandusicnic acid A

and phyllanthin C. In the fallen leaves, two prenylflavanones, tanariflavonones A, and B are

compounds that isolated. In the stems, keto, macarangonol, terpenoids and steroids are the

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

compounds that isolated (Trusheva, 2011). The polyphenolic structure tannin was widely used to

treat water. This makes the M. tanarius as a potential natural coagulant.

Water and Water pollution

Universal access to clean and safe water is a right of every human being as stated by United

Nations. The supply of clean water is one of the most important factors for every living thing, it

very essential for our everyday living but scarcity in sources of clean water is becoming a major

problem in almost every country.

Approximately 97.4 percent of water on Earth is found in oceans which is salty. About 2.6

percent is freshwater that can be found in underground bodies of water called polar ice caps and

0.02 percent is from rivers, lakes and atmosphere. (Sullivan, 2017)

Greenpeace report shows that the major sources of water pollutants are from the

inadequately treated domestic wastewater or sewage (48%), agricultural waste (37%) industrial

wastewater (15%) and leachate. This water pollution directly affected Metro Manila, Region III,

IV, and VII. Households wastewater said to contribute around 60% of water pollution. The country

losses 78 billion pesos due to poor sanitation (Claudio, 2017).

Water pollution happens when undesirable foreign substances are introduced into the

natural water. It can be chemical or biological in nature. The most common pollutants are said to

be animal or human waste, radioactive materials, toxic metals like lead/mercury, pesticides,

herbicides, fertilizers, acid rain and high-temperature water discharge from power plants. This

happens when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into bodies of water without adequate

treatment to remove the harmful compounds. Water pollution is dangerous for human consumption

and for animals. (Sullivan, 2017)

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

The major contributor to water pollution is from human activities either industries or

domestic. Reportedly, about 25 million of people have died due to water pollution. Many people

have tried to solve this problem, a lot of methods and policies have been introduced and

implemented but as time passes, the situation worsens. The quality of water in a river can be

assessed in many ways such as dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, the level of suspended solids,

and electrical conductivity (Baharam, 2012).

In the Philippines only 10% of wastewater is treated while 58% of groundwater is

contaminated, and also studies estimated that in 2025, water availability will be marginal in most

major cities and in 8 of 19 major river basins in the country. Unfortunately, according to the WHOs

report, about 4,200 people die each year due to the contaminated drinking water. Approximately

2,000 cubic meters of solvent waste and 22,000 ton of heavy metals, infectious waste, biological

sludge, lubricants and intractable waste, as well as 25 million cubic meters of acid /alkaline liquid

waste, are improperly disposed of annually in Metro Manila alone (Claudio, Wastewater

Management in the Philippines, 2015).

Pasig River provides food, livelihood, and transport to the residents of Manila living near

in the river. It connects two large bodies of water, the Laguna de Bay, and Manila Bay. Today, a

large amount of waste has been thrown into the river. Pasig River is declared as dead, that it isnt

capable of sustaining life. Pollution destroyed the river, before Laguna de Bay and Manila bay

served as the habitat for 25 species of a variety of fish and 13 other types of aquatic creature, but

now it only holds 6 species of fish and 2 types of plants that can tolerate the polluted water. The

Pasig River failed to meet the DENR standard level of 5 and 7mg/L for dissolved oxygen. The pH

level range from 7.5 to 8.2. The temperature form 27 to 29-degree Celsius (Gorme, 2015).

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

As stated in the researches, human waste products are the major contributor for water to be

polluted. This is something that people should really take seriously with effort and perseverance

to protect their water resources before its too late.

Water Quality Parameters

Parameters are set in order to identify whether the quality of water in a specific waterbody

can be habitable or safe to its natural flora and fauna. Any impairment to the given parameters may

cause damage or change on the water quality that may also affect the environment, humans and

aquatic animals benefiting from it. These are the basic parameters set to determine the water quality:

Physical

Temperature is one of the factors that can affect water quality, it can affect the water

chemistry and the organisms. It is a physical property determine the presence of heat. Temperature

is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the water molecule. Linear scale or degrees of

Celsius and Fahrenheit is used to measure temperature. It is an important parameter consider when

assessing water quality. It influences several other parameters such as dissolved oxygen will

decrease temperature increases. Temperature can affect the rate of photosynthesis of the plants and

algae, the amount of oxygen that can be dissolved in water, the metabolic rate and ability of the

organisms, their sensitivity to toxic wastes and diseases and the reproduction rate of organisms

(Arroyo Seco Foundation, 2010).

Turbidity is a physical characteristic of water which shows haziness or cloudiness to the

fluid. The light passing the liquid was being scattered and absorbed by the particles and molecules

that causes dispersion of the light instead of passing in a straight line. The clarity of the water is

interfered by the suspended matter and impurities. Clarity is an important factor in measuring the

cleanliness of the water because it may include impurities such as clay, silt, an organic and

8
BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

inorganic matter that are invisible to the naked eye or microscopic organisms. Turbid water appears

cloudy due to suspended solids and other dissolved material (Rose, 2016).

Chemical

pH is the measure of acidity or basicity of the water. pH value ranges from 0 to 14, as the

pH value decreases it means that it is acidic (lower than 7) and as the pH value increases it indicates

that the water became basic (higher than 7). pH can change or alter the chemicals found in the

water, the changes in these chemicals can also affect the reproduction, growth, and development

(Arroyo Seco Foundation, 2010).

The amount of the dissolved oxygen in the water, most of the aquatic organisms need

oxygen in order to survive grow and develop. It is referred to the presence of oxygen in the water.

Dissolved oxygen is an essential factor that can determine whether the level of dissolved oxygen is

too high or too low that can affect water quality (Rose, 2016) If the amount of the dissolved oxygen

present is not enough it might cause death or decrease in survival and growth rate of the organisms,

failure on the survival of eggs or larvae and alteration of the species present in the waterbody

(Arroyo Seco Foundation, 2010).

Electrical Conductivity or the salinity also affect the water quality. Salinity is the measure

of the amount of salt present in the water. Positive and negative charged ions are products of the

breakage of the dissolved salt in the water. Conductivity is measures water capability to pass

electrical flow. This ability is directly related to the concentrations of ions in the water. The more

ions that are present, the higher the conductivity of water (Rose, 2016). These dissolve ions became

conductors giving water the ability to conduct or carry electrical currents. These two measures are

related to each other because as salinity rises the conductivity also increases. Salinity affects the

quality of water used in drinking and in irrigation, it also has a great influence on aquatic biota

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

because organisms differ on the amount of salinity that they can tolerate (Arroyo Seco Foundation,

2010).

Coagulation and Coagulants

One of the most common ways to reduce the pollutant contents and metal ions in the bodies

of water that are present as turbidity is coagulation. In purification using synthetic materials such

as aluminum sulfate (alum) and calcium hypochlorite are not efficient due to its make water cost

relatively expensive (Hendrawati, 2016). It can be severely hazardous if something goes wrong

with the purification process.

As early as 2000BC, coagulation and flocculation have been used to clarify water.

Coagulation is a process that occurs when a coagulant, a substance or aid that produces coagulation,

is added to water to destabilize colloidal suspension. Conversely, flocculation involves the

addition of polymers that clump the small, destabilized particles together into larger aggregates so

that they can be more easily separated from the water. Egyptians used almonds to clarify river

water. Theres also an evidence suggesting that Romans also used alum and as a coagulant at around

77AD. Coagulation and flocculation are still used today and essential component of water treatment

for reducing water turbidity and wastewater operation (SNF Company (UK), 2016).

Natural organic matter (NOM) are materials or substances that can be found in all surface,

ground, and soil waters. In the past 10-20 years, increased amounts of NOM are observed in water

supplies of several areas that make a significant effect on drinking water treatment. NOM presence

can cause many problems like negative effect on water quality caused by color, taste, and odor

problems, increased coagulant and disinfectant doses, and increase the level of heavy metals and

adsorbed organic pollutants. Coagulation and flocculation followed by sedimentation/flotation and

sand filtration are the most common feasible processes in removing NOM from drinking water.

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

This study also presented an overview of different nonplant-based coagulants used in recent

research studies (Matilaine, 2010).

Coagulant can be natural coagulant or synthetic/chemical-based material with the

properties of having a positive charge that binds to the negatively charged particles in the solution

that cause turbidity.

Natural Coagulant

In the process of treatment using natural coagulants, natural bridging, adsorption, and

charge balancing which is capable of wastewater treatment. Anionic polyelectrolytes are polymers

get faded by through interparticle bridging that is able to increase the coagulation because of lipids,

carbohydrates, and alkaloids. Polyphenolic substructure commonly known as tannin is widely

applied to treat water containing nitrogen atom with a lone pair and carbolic acid groups (Kumar,

2017). Wastewater consists of high amount of negative charge particles which required a high

amount of coagulant for complete stabilization (Nithyanandan, 2014).

The organic coagulant is commonly used for solid-liquid separation and sludge generation.

This can be a polyamine, melamine formaldehyde and tannins. Polyamines are most widely used,

a class of organic coagulants. It is said to be effective at treating higher turbidity raw water and

wastewater, while melamine formaldehyde and tannins, coagulates the colloidal material in water

and absorbs organic material namely the oil and grease. This is also a good choice for hazardous

sludge (SNF Company (UK), 2016).

A natural coagulant can treat water turbidity from high to low turbid water that can be used

as drinking water. Some of the natural coagulants are used in tanning industry and dairy industry

wastewater treatment (Talnikar, 2017).

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

Natural coagulants like Moringa oleifera (seed), Cicer arietum (powder), and Dolichos

lablab (seed) are already used as a natural coagulant (Md. Asrafuzzaman, 2011). Adsorption and

neutralization mechanism is the function of Moringa oleifera as a coagulant. It has potential as

organic pollutant absorber. Cationic protein from M. oleifera was distributed to all parts of the

sample of wastewater and then interacted with a negatively charged particle that caused disperse

turbidity when the coagulant was added and followed by rapid stirring (Hendrawati, 2016). Seeds

of M. oleifera contain water-soluble, positively charged proteins that act as effective coagulant

which has been used for various aspects of water treatment such as turbidity, alkalinity, and total

dissolved solids. In further research, powdered seeds of M. oleifera showed coagulant activity

similar to aluminum sulfate (Shan, 2016). It has been reported to be free constraints like pH and

alkalinity, which has to be four to five times compact sludge produced than alum (Bhutada, 2017).

In the evaluation of coagulant from Trigonella foenum-graecum seed, seed extract showed

80% coagulation properties whereas the best-known natural coagulant along with Strychnos

potatorum and Moringa oleifera. Due to the presence of polyelectrolyte, proteins, lipids,

carbohydrate and alkaloids containing COOH and free OH surface groups of seed coagulant

property is an attribute. Natural coagulant present shows coagulation efficiency at neutral pH

(Ramamurthy, 2012). These natural coagulants can be easily processed in the usable form and

biodegradable.

Another research about the potentiality of watermelon seed as natural coagulant was

presented. It aims to substitute watermelon seed from alum and other synthetic polyelectrolytes that

are used for treating water turbidity. They concluded that although watermelon seed didn't meet the

WHO requirement for drinking water it can still be used for water treatment as a natural coagulant

(Muhammad I. A., 2015).

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

The objective of another study is to identify an herbal plant that can be used in removing

water contaminant and also developing a water treatment kit for rural folks at an affordable cost.

Neem, M. oleifera, Vettiven, Nirmali, Luffa cylindrica, and orange peel are the herbs chosen. They

investigated the effectiveness of these herbs in the removal of turbidity, total hardness, total

dissolved solids, Fluoride, Calcium, and Magnesium. The herbs used, based on the study, can be

recommended for domestic water purification in poor areas (Sowmeyan R. S., 2011).

The effectiveness of Dragon Fruit foliage versus that Ferric Sulfate, a chemical coagulant

was investigated. In Malaysia, latex effluent is one of the main by-products from rubber processing

factories. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Suspended solids (SS), and turbidity effluent are the

3 main parameters observed. Using jar test experiment they examined the effects of latex effluent

pH and also the coagulation dosage. The highest recorded COD, SS, and turbidity removal

percentage for foliage were seen for effluent pH 10 at 94.7, 88.9, and 99.7%. Thus, they said that

the dragon fruit foliage has a potentiality a natural coagulant for water treatment and pretreatment

for latex effluent (Idris, 2013).

Chemical-based Coagulant

The commonly use metal coagulant has two categories, it can be based on alum or based

on iron. The alum coagulants are the aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, and sodium aluminate.

On the other hand, iron coagulants include ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and ferric chloride sulfate.

These are all inorganic coagulants used in water and wastewater treatment.

Alum, ferric chloride and poly aluminum chloride are chemical based coagulants that are

well recognized. However, disadvantages associated with the usage of these coagulants such as

ineffectiveness in low-temperature water, high costs, and detrimental effects on human health to be

considered (Virupakshi, 2013).

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

Aluminum sulfate is the most commonly used for water and wastewater treatment despite

being hazardous to health. Aluminum chloride is the second choice next to aluminum sulfate, this

is more expensive, hazardous and corrosive. The ferric sulfate and ferrous sulfate are commonly

used but excess soluble iron ions are required. Ferric sulfate is the least expensive but it is the most

hazardous and corrosive coagulant.

Synthesis

Water is essential to life. But as the society evolves and becomes industrialized people

forget the importance of proper disposal of their waste. Water pollution is a global phenomenon of

almost all countries in the world. People throw their garbage in the lakes, rivers, and oceans. It

results in water pollution that kills the organisms that live there and destroy their habitat due to the

extremely harmful substances in the polluted water. Also, it leads to extinction of species that lives

in the polluted water. Many people lost their jobs and sources of food because of the water

pollution. Unfortunately, many people die because of water pollution due to contamination of

drinking water in their area. This is a major problem many countries faced.

This research is trying to seek a solution to water pollution problem that may help many

countries and save people lives. This will benefit a lot of people most especially those people who

live nearby the water area that uses the water as their sources of their foods. Also, this will give a

habitat to many living organisms that once lived in the polluted water. This study hopes for the

benefit of people, animals, plants the nature.

Statement of the Problem

The study will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of M. tanarius crude extract as

a natural coagulant in wastewater treatment.

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

Specifically, the study will answer the following:

1. What is the effect of Macaranga tanarius crude extract as a natural coagulant at varying

concentrations in terms of:

a. turbidity

b. pH level

c. dissolve oxygen

d. electrical conductivity

2. Is there a significant difference on the effects of different concentrations of M. tanarius

crude extract in wastewater treatment?

3. Is there a significant difference on the effects of M. tanarius in comparison to aluminum

sulfate?

Hypothesis

This study will be guided by the hypothesis:

The M. tanarius bark is not an effective natural coagulant for wastewater treatment.

Scope and Delimitation

The research is to find out the potential of Macaranga tanarius as a natural coagulant in

wastewater treatment. The M. tanarius bark that will be used in this research will be gathered in

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

Muzon, City of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan. 10 kilos of M. tanarius bark will be used to make

bark stock solution. The wastewater will be collected from Pasig River. Preparation of M. tanarius

bark stock solution will be done at the Philippine Normal University laboratory. The researchers

will determine the efficacy of M. tanarius as natural coagulant by testing the water quality

parameters of each experimental treatments (turbidity, pH level, turbidity, and electrical

conductivity/salinity and dissolved oxygen).

Significance of the Study

At the onset of this study, the researchers consider that the results of this study will benefit

the following:

Biology majors: This research may help other Biology majors who aspire to do a research

that is related to this study. This may serve as a source of information or basis especially if they

want to pursue a study related to the bio coagulant property of Macaranga tanarius.

The community: The community is the main benefactor of clean and consumable water.

This research will help the community by giving an idea on how to use a natural coagulant in

cleaning waste water. It will also raise the awareness of the community to preserve Binunga trees

by knowing its importance and its possibility as a bio coagulant for water quality purification.

The environmental agencies: This research may serve as a reference for further studies.

If given a chance, the government agencies like DOST, DOH or DENR can further develop the

study for the parts that are not thoroughly studied. It can help in developing a natural way of

cleaning water using the bio coagulant components rather than using synthetic materials in

wastewater treatment.

Definition of terms

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

Wastewater- the water that has been used in the home or part of industrial processes.

Coagulation- the process when the coagulant is added to water which makes the particle to stick

together.

Coagulants- substances that causes coagulation.

Natural coagulants- substances that extracted from natural sources not containing anything

artificial.

Turbidity- cloudiness of a fluid caused by a large number of suspended particles.

pH level- a measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

CHAPTER II

Methodology

This chapter contains the type of research, the research design, and the materials and

methods of the study which will be used in the study of the natural coagulant potential of

Macaranga tanarius to improve the quality of wastewater.

Type of Research

This study is a true experimental research provides a method of investigation that allows

the researchers to assess the relationship between one variable and another. One variable is

manipulated by the researchers and observe how the condition of other variable is affected.

Independent variable is the one being manipulated, whereas the change resulting from the

manipulation is the dependent variable. Control variable used as a constant and unchanging

standard of comparison (Tierney, 2008).

This study will be conducted to determine the M. tanarius crude extract effectiveness as a

natural coagulant in wastewater treatment. Different concentrations of crude extract will be

manipulated by the researchers, thus, serves as the independent variable, while the dependent

variables are pH level, turbidity, and electrical conductivity/salinity and dissolved oxygen. The

control variable in this study will be the aluminum sulfate that is used as a coagulating agent in the

purification of drinking water and wastewater treatment plants.

Research Design

In this study, the researchers will use randomized complete block design wherein there is

only one primary factor considered in the experiment. The assigned treatments for the experimental

set-up are completely randomized. Three (3) trials and three (3) will be executed for each treatment.

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

The researchers will use three (3) trials and three (3) replicates for each of the treatment

having a total of forty-five (45). It has a control group and four (4) experimental groups. The control

group will is aluminum sulfate, while the four (4) experimental group will exhibit 3ml/L of M.

tanarius bark stock solution in wastewater, 9ml/L of M. tanarius bark stock solution in wastewater,

15ml/L of M. tanarius bark stock solution in wastewater, and 21ml/L of M. tanarius bark stock

solution in wastewater

Table 2. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)

AI1 AI2 AI3

AII1 AII2 AII3

AII1 AII2 AII3

BI1 BI2 BI3

BII1 BII2 BII3

BIII1 BIII2 BIII3

CI1 CI2 CI3

CII1 CII2 CII3

CIII1 CIII2 CIII3

DI1 DI2 DI3

DII1 DII2 DII3

DIII1 DIII2 DIII3

EI1 EI2 EI3

EII1 EII2 EII3

EIII1 EIII2 EIII3

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

Legends:

A= 3ml/L of M. tanarius bark stock solution in wastewater

B= 9ml/L of M. tanarius bark stock solution in wastewater

C= 15ml/L of M. tanarius bark stock solution in wastewater

D= 21ml/L of M. tanarius bark stock solution in wastewater

E= Control group (aluminum sulfate)

I, II, III= Trials

1 2 3= Replicates

Flowchart of the Study

Setting up the area of

experimentation and all 20
necessary equipment and
materials.
BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

Collection of M. tanarius Collection of wastewater Preparation of Aluminum

bark sulfate

Preparation of M.
tanarius bark stock
solution

Jar Test

Turbidity Electrical
pH level Dissolve
measurement conductivity
measurement oxygen
measurement
measurement

Recording of
data

Disposal of waste

Materials and Methods of theData gathering and statistical analysis

Study
of results
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

Collection of M. tanarius barks and wastewater

Ten kilograms of barks of M. tanarius will be collected locally in Muzon, City of

San Jose del Monte, Bulacan. Twenty liters of water will be obtained from Pasig River.

Preparation of Bark stock solution

Barks of M. tanarius will be air-dried then cut into small pieces and will be dried

in the oven at 90C for 12 hours to remove the remaining moisture. The barks will be

ground into fine powder by using a miller. The extraction of coagulation active component,

polyphenolic structure tannin will be carried out by mixing 5.0 g of powdered barks of M.

tanarius and 100 ml of 1.0 M NaCl and will be blended for 2 minutes. The slurry from

extraction process will be filtered through filter paper and the filtrate will be utilized as 50

g/L M. tanarius bark stock solution.

Jar Test

The jar testing will be carried out using different concentrations of the M. tanarius

bark stock solution (3ml/L, 9ml/L, 15ml/L and 21 ml/L) and 20 g/L of aluminum sulfate

as a control group. Five beakers will be filled with water samples, and then will be placed

in the jar tester. The beakers with water samples will be subsequently agitated at 150 rpm

for two minutes. Different amount of bark stock solution ranging 3ml/L-21ml/L will be

added to each beaker during agitation and the process will be left for five minutes. The

mixing will be reduced to 30 rpm and will be continued to agitate for 45 minutes. The

process will be the same with the 21g/L of aluminum sulfate as the control group. After

the process, all samples will be placed at room temperature for approximately one hour.

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

Turbidity

The supernatant or the clear fluid above a sediment or precipitate of each beaker

will be collected carefully by decantation. Turbidity will be measured by pouring the

supernatant to the turbidity tube of nephelometer until turbidity measure is read.

pH level

A pH meter will be used to measure the acidity and basicity of the water making

sure that the electrode will not touch the beaker.

Dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity

Dissolved oxygen will be measured using the colorimetric meter and electrical

conductivity will be measured using electrical conductivity meter.

Statistical Analysis

The statistical tool will be used in this study is the One-Way Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA) which can be used to test the significant difference between the means of two

or more independent group. If the null hypothesis is rejected Post Hoc Test will be used to

determine which group shows a significant difference. The independent group in this study

is the concentrations of M. tanarius, thus the dependent group will be the water quality

parameters. Therefore, It will be done to assess whether significant differences between

variances existed among the treatments given to assess their effectiveness as water

coagulants.

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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .

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