Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
In Partial Fulfillment of
STEM Track
October 2017
CHAPTER I
Introduction
to be productive in life and to carry out your daily tasks. Health, as they say, is wealth.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in its 1948
constitution as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity1. But there are several factors that can
In the Philippines, 2tricycle drivers are Filipino who work long days and endure a
lot of difficulties to provide the needs for their daily living. Drivers must have specialized
licenses, regular routes, and reasonably fixed fares. Most tricycle drivers are
comfortable with regard to seat, access, gauges, ride quality and alighting practices but
they wish to improve some parts of the tricycle. Moreover, majority of the drivers agreed
with the standardization of the tricycle. From the passengers perspective, the tricycle is
uncomfortable due to insufficient seating space. Most of the passengers are annoyed
with the noise and smoke of the tricycle. They perceived that most serious problems of
tricycle vehicle are driver behavior, air pollution, vehicle construction and noise
pollution.
3The tricycle is a Philippine transportation vehicle that rules inner roads and alleys.
Many aver tricycles started appearing on the road scene after World War II. Others
declare it almost co-existed with the converted GI army jeeps. Accordingly, excess body
parts left after the conversions were used to assemble sidecars attached to
motorcycles, and thus the tricycle that has been known since in Philippine
adaptable in rural and urban applications. It can serve passengers rain or shine. It can
take one to several street corners, the next town, or even the next city or province for
the right contract fare. Tricycles are known to rule even national highways. Normally, a
tricycle can accommodate 4 passengers (including the driver), if safety measures are
considered. But often one will see this Philippine transportation vehicle carrying 10 to 20
passengers, mostly daring students or youths, squeezed in the sidecar and at the
backseat behind the driver, some hanging from the rear and side of the sidecar and
Tricycle drivers are exposed to polluted environment that can cause a number of
weather can also affect the health of the tricycle drivers. They are also prone to having
discomforts and body pains since they spend an average of at least ten hours on the
road. They are subjected to improper or awkward positions for a long period and vehicle
The researchers decided to have an in depth study and analysis on the health
practices and health problems in the Barangay Tuburan of Ligao City due to curve and
blind roads that can be an accident prone area especially to tricycle drivers who has a
heavy load of passengers. Also, the researchers want to know if it can be risky to drive
especially to tricycle drivers who are experiencing health problems. The absence of
street lights and lack of sleep while driving can be a factor of many accidents in the
road. Due to several health practices of tricycle drivers, it can lead them to road
accidents. The researcher wanted to address the health practices and health problems
health problem.
a. Age
b. Civil status
e. Daily income
a. Personal Hygiene
b. Nutrition
c. Activity
d. Elimination
e. Maintenance medication
4. What measures may be proposed to prevent health problems of the tricycle drivers?
Scope and Delimitation
The researchers will focus mainly on the health practices and health
problems of tricycle drivers with the route of the Barangay Tuburan of Ligao City.
Tricycle drivers must be at least 20 years old and not older than 50 years old, male,
single or married, with or without medical conditions. They must be at least three years
in service.
Conducting this study about health practices and health problems among
tricycle drivers will be a great help and shall benefit a lot of endeavor. This study shall
researchers
cheapest mode of public transportation. It is vital to evaluate the health conditions of the
tricycle drivers to ensure safety of the passengers and safety in the aspect of road
security and their health. As a subject of investigation, tricycle drivers will be able to
Family Members- they may realize that their support and understanding
Health Care Providers. This may help them to give more emphasis on
the health needs of the drivers and may provide health orientation on
diseases/disorders.
Community- this will increase their knowledge, awareness and better
Bibliography
2. Staff, F. k. (2016, December 29). Filipino Icon: Tricycle and Pedicab. Retrieved from
The Magazines for Filipinos in Europe: http://ffemagazine.com/filipino-icon-tricycle-
pedicab/
3. The Versatile Philippine Tricycle. (2017, April 10). Retrieved from Philippines Insider:
http://www.philippinesinsider.com/transport/the-versatile-philippine-tricycle/
CHAPTER II
This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies that are
found related and useful in the current study. The theoretical framework and conceptual
framework were discussed to explicate the nature of the study. It also includes the
synthesis of the state of the art, gaps bridged of the study, and definition of terms
necessary to study.
Related Literature
adaptable in rural and urban applications. It can serve passengers rain or shine. It can
take one to several street corners, the next town, or even the next city or province for
the right contract fare. Tricycle drivers work in an average of 14 hours a day. Most of
them start driving at 5am in the morning and end at about 9pm in the evening. They are
prone to some diseases like respiratory infection. The usual age of Tricycle drivers
ranges from 25-60 years old. The highest educational attainment of tricycle drivers is
elementary graduate, high school graduate and college undergraduate. Their usual
earning is P300-P500 a day and is insufficient with the daily needs of their family.
(Diliman) reveals that the drivers are suffering from body pain because of the poor
design of vehicle. According to the study, the drivers seat design is based on persons
with a body-length of 1.50 meter up to 1.75 meter also offers inadequate support and
barely any comfort for the driver. Aside from the seats, the fixed side mirrors are also
source of difficulty for the driver. The drivers just choose to ignore these problems
simply because there will be monetary costs in solving these problems and because
they have grown accustomed to these conditions. The sitting comfort is important,
especially for disabled people who have to sit for long periods of time. If the pressure on
the buttocks is too high (due to a bad surface or a footrest which is too high) the blood
circulation will be bad. For a comfortable seat the following dimensions are important:
adjustable to the individual user. Cushions are important to avoid pressure sores on the
Related Studies
In the study of Bawa and Srivastav (2013) entitled The Epidemiological Profile of
Characteristics. Studies indicates the various factors that influence physical and
emotional wellbeing of taxi drivers into theoretical model that shows work environment,
stress and personality characteristics directly influence taxi drivers health. The
individuals of type A personality do not cope well with stress and prone to develop
stress related illness such as cardiac problems. The taxi drivers in present study always
felt stressful towards traffic congestion, narrow bottle neck roads, too many speed
related to road conditions and rude gesture and behavior by other drivers.
Gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal symptoms are common in studied taxi drivers. The
coronary risk factors like hypertension, smoking and job stress in taxi driver. The other
common symptom found was headache; it may be caused by stress, lack of sleep or
Xiong found that the level of drivers mental health is much lower than that of
common people. There are several factors like hazards in the work environment,
individual factors, and the organizational factor together responsible for lower levels of
Soodabeh found that driving increases systolic, diastolic and mean arterial BP by
about 20 mmHg. The increase risk of hypertension in taxi drivers was also confirmed.
Ueda (1992) in a Japanese Taxi Driver Health Study in a taxi driver study
conducted in Iran agreed that hypertension and known coronary artery diseases risks
were high amongst drivers who were employed for a period of more than 4 years. The
study also found that obesity, gastrointestinal diseases, fatigue, musculoskeletal system
population.
Dahl (2009) in a study conducted in Teamster in the United States found drivers
working for Motor Freight Carriers were obese. The study found that half of the drivers
had a BMI in the obese range which was double compared to the general population.
Obesity was a concern amongst drivers who were frequently hospitalized with
Chen (2005) conducted a study amongst taxi drivers in Taipei, Taiwan, confirmed
that taxi drivers had suffered from systemic inflammatory diseases. In the current
findings, obesity, elevated BP, fatigue and known diabetes mellitus were reported by
participants. These are health risk factors associated with CV diseases. Further stated
that high prevalence of lower back pain (LBP) could be associated with long driving
there were high levels of low-back pain and found that taxi drivers were reluctant to
disclose LBP because of fear of loss of income and unemployment should they be
unable to work. In the current study, the respondents also reported that they experience
LBP.
found that their poor health practices contributed to low risk profile.
A recent study conducted by Ncama (2013) reported that taxi drivers practiced
unsafe sexual intercourse without use or inconsistent use of condoms. This study
became more significant as taxi drivers are a relatively autonomous and hard-to-reach
group, and there is proven paucity in knowledge about their health. Most taxi drivers
were of early adulthood to middle age. Taxi drivers have proven from other studies in
In this study of Bray (2009), evidence has shown that taxi drivers were obese to
morbidly obese. They reported to be eating anything they could grab on the road. This
behavior entails unhealthy imbalance diet or poor eating behavior. The consequences
Furthermore, drivers led a sedentary lifestyle evidenced by lack of exercise which posed
to a health risk. Commercial truck drivers experience all four occupation related risk
factors for obesity: sedentary lifestyle, poor opportunities for regular, healthy meals,
irregular hours and sleep schedules. Some taxi drivers indicated that they are on
In a study conducted in Singapore by Lim and Chia (2015), similar results were
found suggesting that a high proportion of the taxi drivers were obese and self-reported
diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes mellitus. These two conditions could lead to
fatigue, predisposing taxi drivers and their passengers to risk of accidents. The
physiological assessment also found that drivers had elevated HBP and sugar level
without their knowledge. Implication of this identification of health risks amongst taxi
drivers is that interventions could be planned to improve the well-being of taxi drivers
and avoid lifestyle illnesses that could be prevented and effectively managed which if
unknown could be life-threatening for drivers, commuters and other road users.
There were reports of joint back problems and discomforts. Chan and Chen
BMI directly reflects in the drivers level of activity and overall functional capacity. These
findings imply the need to motivate for the provision of occupational health medical
surveillance screenings to assess wellness and opportune them to have early diagnosis
community at large because of the fact that taxis are the highest mode of transport from
A study conducted by Ramukumba and Mathikhi (2016) was to assess the health
profile and the influence of driving on the taxi drivers in Tshwane. It is with no
reservation to state that driving has consequential effects on the health of the driver,
especially in the taxi industry, which results in prolonged driving as it was revealed in
this study. The study results revealed that taxi drivers are sick and have a gap of
knowledge of what the meaning of health and wellness was. Furthermore, taxi drivers
spent most of their time behind the wheel carrying passengers wherein they do not even
have the skill of people management, which results in stress to carry their tasks. It was
also revealed that taxi drivers did not have access to health screening facilities. The taxi
industry is one of the vulnerable male-dominated groups. Especially, taxis form part of
the largest public transport and therefore an urgent need of intersectional collaboration
Labor for creating a work environment that can ensure promotion of health amongst taxi
drivers. Also mens health clinics need to be put in place; there should be mobile clinics
on site and calendar dates for massive campaigns of health screening, and other health
A recent study was conducted by Choi (2016) entitled Ambulatory Heart Rate of
Professional taxi drivers while driving without their typical psychosocial work stressors:
a pilot study suggest that the impact of physical worksite hazards (inside-taxi-cab
professional taxi drivers while driving without being exposed to their typical psychosocial
both physical and psychosocial hazards of professional taxi drivers are warranted for
both clarifying the etiology of CVD and developing and prioritizing CVD prevention
A 2001 survey by the New York Taxi Workers Alliance found that more than 20
percent of drivers had cardiovascular disease or cancer. And it is often difficult for taxi
drivers to get the health care they need. Another study conducted by the city council in
2009 found that 52 percent of the citys cabbies are uninsured, twice the rate of the
average American. Drivers often face language and cultural barriers to health care
access as well. A 2006 study by a taxi industry consultant found that 91 percent of the
citys taxi drivers were born in another country. But fortunately for drivers, hospitals and
healthcare initiatives across the city are offering an increasing number of free health
screening and information programs aimed specifically at taxi drivers. Taxi drivers like
are highly susceptible to a number of health problems because of their sedentary lives
spent sitting behind the wheel, studies have found. Drivers are often forced to eat on
the go, making fast food their easiest option. Few of them get any exercise whatsoever,
and often suffer from back, hip and leg pain from sitting in a car all day. This lack of
exercise combined with a bad diet has led to high rates of diabetes and high blood
pressure among cabbies, according to health experts. Many of them even have kidney
problems because they frequently cant find a place to park when they need to use a
bathroom.
Coz (2015) with their study entitled An ergonomic study on the UP-Diliman
jeepney drivers workspace and driving conditions. Filipino jeepney drivers are
exposed to sustained awkward postures. Results reveal that jeepney drivers working
conditions pose danger to their health and safety. For instance, there is an insufficient
distance between the steering wheel and drivers seat causing restraint to the drivers
mobility. The limited height of the windshield also blocks the drivers line of sight
keeping the drivers leaning forward when looking for traffic signs. Recommendations
were made to improve the working conditions of the Filipino jeepney drivers. With these
analyses, the researchers had found out that the current dimensions of the jeepneys
are inadequate and not ergonomic enough to fit the built of a driver based from the
Cabalquinto had a study about Life behind the Wheel: A Study on Katipunan
and Recto Jeepney Drivers. The typical Jeepney drivers life is a hard one. Through
this study, we have seen that Recto and Katipunan Jeepney drivers function within an
income that is enough to provide for all of the basic needs of their families. This study
also showed the importance of handling income budget allocation properly, and how
through the years, the Jeepney drivers have effectively created their own social
systems and structures which helped them organize themselves among the increasing
demands of the consumers: the daily commuters. This is proven by the existence of
certain boundary systems and Jeepney associations that exist in certain areas or
stopping points of the routes that the drivers are obligated to join. The health budget
allocations of the drivers are not that prioritized, and were commend that a more
comprehensive case study must be done, wherein follow-ups with the interviewees
important to address the issue of their negligence of portioning some of their income for
future health expenditures, and their suggestion would be to increase their awareness
to the benefits of registering and signing up for PhilHealth insurance, since this would
not be too hard for them to do, considering that some of them can even afford to have
Local Public Transport Policy: The Case of Tricycles and Habal-habal in Davao City,
need and there are no provisions such as safety, health and environment being
violated. Illegal public transport are those units that clearly violate national policies such
Francisco (2010). The study shows that Metro Manila households have a
positive and significant willingness to pay for the benefits of cleaner public transport
amounting PHP 173.10 (USD 3.85) per month. Income and education were found to be
strong determinants of willingness to pay. Practically all respondents were
knowledgeable about the harmful effects of vehicle-related air pollution and recognized
that air pollution is a major problem in Metro Manila, ranking it as their second most
Zamboanga City". The findings reported in this study show that the perceptions of the
drivers on tuberculosis were mostly wrong notions about the disease. Many have no
knowledge about the nature and general idea of TB. Majority has wrong perceptions
regarding TBs mode of transmission. Only a handful of the respondents knows the true
etiology of TB. While several do not know anything of TBs signs and symptoms and
that their management/treatment procedures were wrong. It was also found that almost
one-third of the population were found to fit the category of TB symptomatics. The
sputum microscopy revealed that these symptomatics were negative for Acid-fast
Bacilli. However, the survey revealed that 9 old cases of tuberculosis was found. But
based on prevalence rate computation which includes old and new cases, the
prevalence was only 3.92 per 100 population. This prevalence rate is relatively better
In the study of Bawa and Srivastav concludes that stress and personality
characteristics affects in the health of taxi drivers. Type A personality do not cope well
with stress and prone to develop stress related illness such as cardiac problems. While
the study of Duffy and McGoldrick suggest that traffic congestion as a significant
congestion. The study by Kurosaka suggests that headache be caused by stress, lack
humidity, noise, PM2.5, and CO2) on ambulatory HR of professional taxi drivers while
driving without being exposed to their typical psychosocial work stressors generally
appeared to be minor.
taxi drivers. In the study conducted by Ueda, musculoskeletal complaints were higher
among taxi drivers. In the study of Chen confirmed that that high prevalence of lower
back pain (LBP) could be associated with long driving time, physical and psychosocial
were high levels of low-back pain. Chan and Chen (2009) suggest that there is an
increased associated with musculoskeletal pain. There were reports of joint back
problems and discomforts. Coz study reveals that the current dimensions of the
jeepneys are inadequate and not ergonomic enough to fit the built of a driver based
from the anthropometric measurements of average Filipino workers that can cause an
awkward position. While Bacero study shows that majority of the drivers agreed with
the standardization of the jeepney because the jeepney drivers are uncomfortable due
to insufficient seating space and difficulty in getting in and out of the vehicle
can be a symptom of coronary heart disease. While the study of Kurosaka confirms high
most drivers are at risk for hypertension and smoking. In the study of Soodabeh found
that there is a risk of acquiring hypertension among taxi drivers because driving
Ueda hypertension and known coronary artery diseases risks were high amongst
drivers who were employed for a period of more than 4 years. While Dahls study
confirmed that obesity was a concern amongst drivers who were frequently hospitalized
with obstructive sleep apnea and reported sleeping while driving. Chen studied that
obesity, elevated BP, fatigue and known diabetes mellitus were reported by drivers.
These are health risk factors associated with CV diseases. While in this study of Bray
evidence has shown that taxi drivers were obese to morbidly obese. They reported to
be eating anything they could grab on the road that could lead to unhealthy lifestyle. In
another study conducted in Singapore by Lim and Chia, similar results were found
suggesting that a high proportion of the taxi drivers were obese and self-reported
diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes mellitus. A 2001 survey by the New York Taxi
Workers Alliance found that more than 20 percent of drivers had cardiovascular
disease or cancer. And it is often difficult for taxi drivers to get the health care they
need.
In the study conducted by Xiong found that the level of drivers mental health is
much lower than that of common people. Hazards in the work environment can be a
Apontaku-Onayeni study conducted among taxi drivers in Chicago found that their poor
health practices contributed to low risk profile. While a recent study conducted by
Ncama reported that taxi drivers practiced unsafe sexual intercourse without use or
inconsistent use of condoms. Taxi drivers have proven from other studies in various
revealed that taxi drivers are sick and have a gap of knowledge of what the meaning of
health and wellness was. It was also revealed that taxi drivers did not have access to
In a study conducted by Suarez, findings reported in this study show that the
perceptions of the drivers on tuberculosis were mostly wrong notions about the disease.
Many have no knowledge about the nature and general idea of TB. While in the study of
Francisco, all respondents were knowledgeable about the harmful effects of vehicle-
related air pollution and recognized that air pollution is a major problem.
There are differences noted from our studies compared to our study. The present
study will find the health practices and health problems among tricycle drivers as well as
to offer safety precautions to prevent and control possible diseases in order to reduce
the mortality and morbidity rate in Tuburan Ligao city. Since there are only few studies
that has been conducted along this line, this is the gap that present study aims to
bridged.
Theoretical Framework
The researcher chose the Health Promotion Model by Nola J. Pender. Health
promotion is the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward
acquiring diseases and lessening the chance of transferring the disease. The HPM is
similar in construction to the health belief model (Becker, 1974) but is not limited to
explaining disease prevention behavior. The HPM differs from health belief model in
that the HPM does not include fear or threat as source of motivation for health behavior.
For this reason, the HPM expands to encompass behaviors for enhancing health and
potentially applies across the life span (Pender, 1996; Pender et al., 2002). The HPM
behavior. The Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) measures the cognitive and
following are individual characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent health
actions.
NOTE: INSERT THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
personal factors; biological; psychological and sociocultural. Prior related behavior is the
frequency of the same or similar behavior in the past. Direct and indirect effects on the
of a given behavior and shaped by the nature of the target behavior being considered.
Personal biological factors include variables such as age, gender, body mass index,
which is the anticipated positive outcomes that will occur from health behavior.
Perceived barriers to action are anticipated, imagined, or real blocks and personal costs
positive or negative feelings that occur before, during and following behavior based on
the stimulus properties of the behavior itself. Activity-related affect influences perceived
self-efficacy, which means the more positive the subjective feeling, the greater the
feeling of efficacy. In turn, increased feeling of efficacy can generate further positive
perceptions and cognitions of any given situation or context that can facilitate or impede
proposed to take place. Situational influences may have direct or indirect influences on
registered.
over which individuals have low control because there are environmental contingencies
behaviors over which individuals exert relatively high control, such as choice of ice
cream or an apple for snack. Health Promoting Behavior is the endpoint or action
outcome directed toward attaining positive health outcomes such as optimal well-being,
personal fulfillment, and productive living. Examples of health-promoting behavior are
eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, managing stress, gaining adequate rest and
Conceptual Framework
This study aims to determine the health practices and health problems among
tricycle drivers of Tuburan Ligao City. It uses variables that are included to the profile of
number of hours working per day, number of years working as a driver, daily income,
highest educational attainment and number of family members. And in the Health
Practices and Health Problems of the respondents includes the personal hygiene,
nutrition, medical check-up and maintenance of medication. There are also measures to
As the conceptual framework presents, it shows the four main variables of the
study. The first box that shows the profile of the respondents which is the socio-
demographic profile. The second box shows the health practices of the respondents.
The third box is the health problems. The said factors may also be the root cause of
1. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
a. Age
b. Number of hours working per day
c. Number of years working as a driver
d. Daily income
e. Highest educational attainment
f. Number of family members
2. HEALTH PRACTICES
a. Personal Hygiene
b. Nutrition
c. Activity
d. Elimination
e. Maintenance medication
Definition of Terms
The terms used in the study are hereby conceptually and operationally defined
TRICYCLE DRIVERS- professionals making a living out of driving a public utility tricycle
HEALTH PROBLEMS- is a state in which you are unable to function normally. It also
refers to health problems that are resulted from the nature of work of Tricycle drivers
HEALTH- state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity. It also refers to the ability of Tricycle drivers to perform
Ueda Bawa, M.S., Srivastav M. (2013). Study the epidemiological profile of taxi drivers
Ueda, T., Hashimoto, M., Kosaka, M., Higashida, T., Hara, I. & Kurimoto, T., 1992, A
study on work and daily life factors affecting the health of the taxi
http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/1600205
Dahl, S., Kaerlev, L., Jensen, A., Tuchsen, F., Hannerz, H., Nielsen, P.S. et al., 2009,
Hospitalization for lifestyle related diseases in long haul drivers compared with
truck drivers and the working population at large, Work 33(3), 345353.Retrieved
from http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2009-0882
Chen, J.C., Chen, Y.J., Chang, W.P. & Christiani, D.C., 2005, Long driving time is
AL-Dubai, S.A.R., Qureshi, A.M., Ismail, N.H. & Rampal, K.G., 2012, Prevalence and
determinants of low back pain among taxi drivers in Malaysia. A cross sectional
Beechy, T., Oglesby, W.H. & Ahern, J., 2014, A heavy load: BMI and commercial truck
drivers, The Centre for Community Solutions, Columbus Ohio: Kent State
University
College.Retrievedfrom https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268151026_A_
Heavy Load_BMI_and_Commercial_Truck_Drivers
Lim, S.M. & Chia, S.E., 2015, The prevalence of fatigue and associated health and
safety risk factors among taxi drivers in Singapore, Singapore Medical Journal 56(2),
Gany, F., Gill, P., Baser, R. & Leng, J., 2014, Supporting South Asian taxi drivers to
rate of professional taxi drivers while driving without their typical psychosocial work
http://aoemj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40557-016-0139-7
Camhi, J., (2012). Health Problems Plague City Cab Drivers. Retrieved from
http://www.gothamgazette.com/health/1149-health-problems-plague-city-
cab-drivers
Coz, M.C., et al (2015) An Ergonomic Study on the UP-Diliman Jeepney Driver's
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351978915005855
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770838/
Cabalquinto, A., et al. Life behind the Wheel: A Study on Katipunan and Recto
JeepneyDrivers.
Retrievedfromhttp://www.academia.edu/4276995/SA112_RESEARCHPAPER_D
RAFT
fromhttp://tssp.tripod.com/documents/17th_tssp/bacero.pdf
Axalan, J.D., Landicho, A.R., (2008). An ergonomic study on the workplace efficiency
fromhttp://www.dlsu.edu.ph/academics/colleges/coe/ie/research/_files/2008/25.a
sp
Guss, C.D., Tuason, M.T., (2008). Jeepneys: Values in the Streets. Retrieved from
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1354067X08088559?journalCode=c
apa
Francisco, J.P., (2010). Are Metro Manila Households Willing to Pay for Cleaner Public
Metro-Manila-Households-Willing-to-Pay-for-Cleaner-Transport.pdf
Chiu, L., (2008) Lessons from Jeepney Industry in the Philippines. Retrieved from
http://bizresearchpapers.com/Paper-6new.pdfInternational
https://aboutphilippines.ph/files/2008-05-14-083910suarez.pdf
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CHAPTER III
This chapter presents the research methods and procedures employed by the
researchers. Chapter three (3) includes the Research Design, Sources of Data,
Respondents of the Study, Research Instrument and Validation, Data Gathering and
Research Design
research aimed at casting light on current issues or problems through a process of data
collection that enables to describe the situation more completely. (Fox &Bayat 2001)
This research study will describe the demographic and work profile of the respondents,
their health practices, and the health problems they have been experiencing because of
their work. This study will also include the identification of health measures to alleviate
their suffering. Quantifiable information will be used for statistical inference on the target
The study will utilize two main sources the primary and secondary sources of
data. The primary source of data for this study will be acquired from the respondents
responses to the questionnaire. Other print and online resources like books and internet
websites will also be used as the secondary sources of data. These sources will help in
The respondents of this study will consist of Tricycle drivers in the Ligao City,
Albay. The criteria for the selection of respondents are Tricycle drivers who have been
working for at least three years preceding the period of study and have been driving
routes along the Barangay Tuburan Ligao City. The respondents will be limited to male
drivers aging at least 20 years old and not older than 50 years old, with or without
medical conditions.
Research Instrument
The study will make use of a questionnaires its primary research instrument. The
respondents will put a check on their corresponding answers on the provided questions.
The questionnaire will consist of four (4) parts. The first part includes the demographic
profile of the respondents; their age, civil status, highest educational attainment, no. of
family members, daily income, no. of hours working per day and no. of years as a
Tricycle driver. Part two and part three will be comprised of their work profile and of
queries about health practices and problems among Tricycle drivers during and after
long hours of working. Part four will contain questions on the health measures the
The study will utilize a questionnaire checklist as its main tool for data gathering.
The researchers will undergo a dry-run with the help of ten (10) of selected Tricycle
drivers, who have been driving barangay Tuburan routes, to test the effectiveness of the
the ten (10) selected Tricycle drivers will be considered to formulate the final draft of the
questionnaire.
Data Gathering
Prior to conducting the study, the researchers will secure permission and
approval of their research adviser. The researchers will then start with the actual data
gathering by producing copies of the questionnaire and reviewing the questions therein.
After the initial preparations, the researchers will conduct the research proper. They will
start with an introductory explanation about the study to the qualified respondents and
the researchers will emphasize that their identities will be highly confidential. The
researchers will then start giving out the questionnaires to selected Tricycle drivers. A
direct and informal interview with the respondents will also be conducted for additional
information and will finally draw conclusions based from the data collected.
The researchers will analyze and interpret the gathered data using statistical
Frequency count, percentage and ranking will be used to assess the sub-problems on
the demographic and work profile, the work-related health problems of Tricycle drivers.
Frequency count will be used in tallying the responses of respondents from the
With this, a percentage frequency distribution will be used as a statistical tool for data
analysis.
percentage of observations that exist for each data point or grouping of data points. It is
P= F/N x 100
Where: