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Source: http://ponce.sdsu.edu/onlinechannel14.php
SHARP CRESTED WEIR
HAS A SHARP UPSTREAM EDGE AT THE CREST, WHERE WATER WILL FALL AWAY FROM
THE WEIR
USUALLY UTILIZED IN SMALLER RIVERS OR IN LABORATORY SESSIONS
DESIGNED WITH SMOOTH THIN PLATES
CAN BE VERY ACCURATE, +/- 2%
3 MAIN TYPES OF SHARP CRESTED WEIR:
V-NOTCH OR TRIANGULAR
RECTANGULAR
TRAPEZOIDAL OR CIPOLLETTI
Source: http://content.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilri-publicaties/publicaties/Pub20/pub20-h5.0.pdf
V-NOTCH (TRIANGULAR) WEIR
MOST ACCURATE OF THE SHARP CRESTED WEIRS, BUT THE MOST DELICATE
CAN ONLY BE USED IN CHANNELS WITH SMALL DISCHARGE
DESIGNED FOR THE WATER TO NOT SPILL OVER THE CREST OF THE WEIR, BUT TO STAY WITHIN
TRIANGULAR PORTION OF WEIR
FOR A 90 DEGREE V-NOTCH WEIR THE EQUATION FOR DISCHARGE IS: = 2.49 2.48
Source: http://www.jfccivilengineer.com/sharp_crested_weir_2.htm
CIPOLLETTI (TRAPEZOIDAL) WEIR
SIMILAR TO A RECTANGULAR WEIR, EXCEPT THE SIDES ARE ANGLED
LESS ACCURATE THAN RECTANGULAR AND V-NOTCH WEIRS, BUT MORE STABLE
CIPOLLETTI WEIR EQUATION FOR DISCHARGE: Q = 3.367 B H 3/2 (B IS THE MEASURED
BOTTOM WIDTH)
http://web.deu.edu.tr/atiksu/ana52/2-2.gif
Source: http://www.lmnoeng.com/Weirs/cipoletti.php
DROP STRUCTURES CAN BE.
Purely functional, dissipating energy and reducing Aesthetically pleasing in addition to
the velocity in the channel. functional, for public places.
Source: Urban Drainage & Flood Control District: Drainage Criteria V.2
Primary Drop Structure
SOURCE: COLORADO FLOODPLAIN AND STORMWATER CRITERIA MANUAL BY COLORADO WATER CONSERVATION BOARD
DROP STRUCTURES IN BOATABLE CHANNELS
SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN, WITH REGARD
TO PUBLIC SAFETY, FOR BOATABLE CHANNELS
THE DESIGNER SHOULD NOT SET THE STAGE FOR HAZARDOUS HYDRAULICS
THAT WOULD TRAP A BOATER, SUCH AS AT A DROP STRUCTURE HAVING A
REVERSE ROLLER THAT MAY DEVELOP AS THE HYDRAULIC JUMP BECOMES
SUBMERGED.
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES ON BOATABLE CHANNELS SHOULD NOT CREATE
OBSTRUCTIONS THAT WOULD PIN A CANOE, RAFT OR KAYAK, AND SHARP
EDGES SHOULD BE AVOIDED.
DROP STRUCTURES OR LOW-HEAD DAMS IN BOATABLE CHANNELS SHOULD
INCORPORATE A BOAT CHUTE DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE WITH CAREFULLY
PLANNED COMPONENTS THAT ARE CONSISTENT WITH RECREATIONAL
REQUIREMENTS FOR BOATER SAFETY
Source: Urban Drainage & Flood Control District: Drainage Criteria V.2
STRAIGHT DROP STRUCTURE DESIGN EXAMPLE
FIND THE DIMENSIONS FOR A STRAIGHT DROP STRUCTURE WITH A RECTANGULAR WEIR USED TO REDUCE
CHANNEL SLOPE.
GIVEN:
Q = 250 FT3/S
H = 6.0 FT.
WO = 10.0 FT.
(UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM CHANNEL -TRAPEZOIDAL)
B = 10.0 FT.
Z = 1V:3H
SO = 0.002 FT./FT. (AFTER PROVIDING FOR DROP)
N = 0.030
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration: Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 14, Third Edition
SOLUTION
Step 1. Estimate the required approach and tailwater channel elevation difference, h. This is estimated and given above as 6.0 ft. This drop
forces the slope of the upstream and downstream channel to 0.002 ft./ft., as given.
Step 2. Calculate normal flow conditions approaching the drop to verify subcritical conditions. By trial and error,
yo = 3.36 ft., vo = 3.71 ft/s, Fro = 0.36; therefore, flow is subcritical. Proceed to step three.
Step 3. Calculate the critical depth over the weir into the drop structure. Calculate the vertical dimensions of the stilling basin. Start by finding
the critical depth over the weir based on the unit discharge, q = Q/B = 250/10 = 25ft. 2/s
1 1
2 3 2 3
q 25
yc = = = 2.69 ft.
g 32.2
Next calculate the required tailwater depth above the floor of the stilling basin:
y3 = 2.15yc = 2.15 2.69 = 5.77ft.
Now the distance from the crest down to the tailwater needs to be calculated:
h2 = -(h-yo) = -(6.0-3.36) = -2.64 ft. (negative indicates elevation below the crest)
Finally, calculate the total drop from the crest to the stilling basin floor:
ho = h2 y3 = 2.64 5.77 = 8.41 ft. (round to 8.4 ft. )
Since the nominal drop, h, is 6.0 ft., the floor must be depressed by 2.4 ft.
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration: Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 14, Third Edition
SOLUTION (CONT.)
Step 4. Estimate the basin length.
ho 8.41
Lf = 0.406 + 3.195 4.368 y = 0.406 + 3.195 4.368 2.69 = 9.94 ft.
yc c 2.69
h2 2.64
Lt = 0.406 + 3.195 4.368 y = 0.406 + 3.195 4.368 2.69 = 6.26 ft.
yc c 2.69
2
ho
0.691 + 0.228 yc 6.26 2
8.41
yc 0.691 + 0.228 2.69
2.69 2.69
Ls = = = 10.89
6.26
0.185 + 0.456 0.185 + 0.456
2.69
Lf + Ls 9.94 + 10.89
L1 = = = 10.4 ft.
2 2
L2 = 0.8yc = 0.8 2.69 = 2.2 ft.
L3 > 1.75yc = 1.75 2.69 = 4.7ft.
LB = L1 + L2 + L3 = 10.4 + 2.2 + 4.7 = 17.3ft.
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration: Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 14, Third Edition
SOLUTION (CONT.)
Step 5. Design the basin floor blocks and end sill.
Block height = 0.8yc = 0.8(2.69) = 2.1ft.
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration: Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 14, Third Edition
CONCLUSIONS
WEIRS AND DROP STRUCTURES ARE BOTH IMPORTANT TO RIVER MECHANICS
WEIRS ARE USED TO CALCULATE THE DISCHARGE IN A RIVER, AND SUBSEQUENTLY VELOCITY
DROP STRUCTURES ARE PUT IN PLACE WHEN THE VELOCITY IS TOO HIGH TO PREVENT EXCESS
EROSION AND SCOUR
WEIRS ARE USED IN LABORATORY ENVIRONMENTS AS WELL AS REAL WORLD SITUATIONS,
SUCH AS RIVERS
THERE ARE A MULTITUDE OF DESIGNS FOR BOTH WEIRS AND DROP STRUCTURES. THE DESIGN
OF EACH IS SPECIFIC TO THE FLOW CHANNEL IN WHICH IT WILL FUNCTION.