Sie sind auf Seite 1von 41

interview guidance

ese - 2017
1

ELECTRO-MAGNETIC FIELDS
&
BASICS OF MICROWAVE

SURESH VSR
VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017
WHAT IS A FIELD ?
2

IT IS AN EXTENDED REGION MUCH BEYOND


THE PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS OF A PARTICLE
WHERE ITS INFLUENCE CONTINUES TO EXIST.

THEY ARE KNOWN AS ELECTRIC & MAGNETIC


FIELDS , WHEN DISCUSSED AROUND A CHARGE

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


CAUSE AND EFFECT ??
3

DC VOLTAGE : MATERIALS : CONDUCTORS


(STATIC CHARGE)
ELECTRIC FIELD : FREE SPACE IN 3D

DC CURRENT : MATERIALS : CONDUCTORS


(LINEARLY MOVING CHARGE)
MAGNETIC FIELD : FREE SPACE IN 3D

AC CONDITIONS BOTH E AND H EXIST.


(ACCELARATED CHARGE)

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


WHAT ARE MAXWELLS EQUATIONS ???
4

THEY EXPRESS THE BASIC BEHAVIOUR OF


ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

MICROSCOPIC AND MACROSCOPIC EFFECTS

INTEGRAL AND POINT FORMS

SYMMETRICAL IN ALL ASPECTS.

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


STATIC FIELDS : MAXWELLS EQUATIONS
5

INTEGRAL FORM POINT FORM

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


TIME VARYING FIELDS
MAXWELLS EQUATIONS
6

INTEGRAL FORM POINT FORM

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


SCALAR POTENTIAL & VECTOR POTENTIAL
7

WORK DONE PER UNIT CHARGE IN E FIELDS

WORK DONE PER UNIT CURRENT ELEMENT IN


H FIELDS.

FORCE ACTING AND WORK DONE TO MOVE A


CURRENT WIRE DEPENDS ON DIRECTION OF
CURRENT WIRE .

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


GAUSS LAW AND AMPERES LAWS
8

THEY ARE MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES TO


FIND THE STRENGTH OF A FIELD AT A KNOWN
DISTANCE FROM THE CAUSE.

THEY ARE APPLICABLE FOR SYMMETRIC


DISTRIBUTIONS, WHICH SUPPORT THE CHOICE
OF A CLOSED LINE OR A SURFACE FOR
CALCULATIONS..

THE RESULTANT STRENGTH IS DENSITY /


INENSITY

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


COLOUMBS LAW AND LORENTZS LAWS
9

THEY ARE PHSICAL EXPRESSIONS TO FIND THE


STRENGTH OF A FIELD AS A FORCE AT A GIVEN
DISTANCE FROM THE CAUSE.

THEY ARE APPLICABLE FOR ANY


DISTRIBUTION, TYPICALLY AS A POINT.

THE RESULTANT STRENGTH IS DENSITY /


INENSITY

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


LAPLACE & POISSONS EQUATIONS
10

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS TO CONNECT THE


POTENTIAL DUE TO STANDARD GEOMETRIES
OR DUE TO ANY VOLUME CHARGE.

THEY HAVE UNIQUE SOLUTION DUE TO THE


NATURE OF POTENTIAL FUNCTION.

DEFINED EVEN IN MAGNETIC FIELD, RELATING


THE VECTOR POTENTIAL AND CURRENT.

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


STATIC INDUCTION & DYNAMIC INDUCTION
11

CHARGE RE-ALLIGNMENT ON CONDUCTORS


DUE TO A NEAR BY CHARGE, OWING TO STATIC
FIELD AND FLUX PRODUCED.

VOLTAGE GENERATION DUE TO MAGNETIC


FIELD AND FLUX IN TIME VARYING
CONDITIONS OWING TO FARADAYS LAW.

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


CONDUCTION CURRENT
DISPLACEMENT CURRENT
12

CURRENT DUE TO CHARGE OR ELECTRON


MOVING IN CONDUCTORS DEFINES
CONDUCTION CURRENT.
TYPICALLY A LOW FREQUENCY , HIGH POWER,
WIRED FORM OF CURRENT.

CURRENT DUE TO ELECTRIC FLUX MOVING IN


FREE SPACE DEFINES DISPLACEMENT
CURRENT.
TYPICALLY A HIGH FREQUENCY , LOW POWER
WIRELESS FORM OF CURRENT.

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
13

THEY ARE ENERGY OR FIELD VIBRATIONS


WHICH RESULT IN POWER ADVANCEMENT

THE DO NOT INVOVLE PARTICLES OR


ELECTRONS BUT USE THE MATERIAL ASPECTS
OF CONDUCTIVITY, AND PERMITTIVITIES.

THE FIELD OSCILLATIONS ARE ORTHOGNAL TO


THE POWER ADVANCEMENTS

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


STANDING WAVES AND TRAVELLING WAVES
14

WHEN THE GENERATED POWER IS


COMPLETELY TRANSFORMED INTO A WAVE
WITH A RIGHT COUPLING MECHANISM WE
HAVE A TRAVELLING WAVE

IMPROPER COUPLING RESULTS IN


REFLECTIONS AND STANDING WAVE
FORMATIONS
V/ I BEING IN PHASE OR OUT OF PHASE.

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


ELECTRO MAGNETIC SPECTRUM
15

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


EM WAVES APPLICATIONS
FREQUENCY BANDS
16

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL 110 /130 MHz

GSM MOBILE PHONES 1800 /2000 MHz

FM RADIO 100 MHz, AM RADIO 1 MHz

BLUETOOTH , WIFI, ZIGBEE 2400 MHz

RADARS 300 MHz to 40 GHz

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


RADAR FREQUENCIES & BANDS
17

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


SATELLITE APPLICATIONS &
FREQUENCY18
BANDS

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


SATELLITE APPLICATIONS &
FREQUENCY19
BANDS

GPS 1.2 GHz AND 1.5 GHz

IRIDIUM SATELLITE PHONES 1.5 / 1.8 GHz

SATELLITE TV / DTH 10 / 12 GHz

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


TYPES OF SATELLITES
20

LOW EARTH ORBIT 150 -200 KM

MID EARTH ORBITS 2000- 20,000 KM

HIGH EARTH ORBITS

SUN SYNCHRONOUS

GEO STATIONARY 36,000 KM

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


TRANSVERSE ELECTRIC / TM WAVES
21

THEY ARE EM WAVES INSIDE HOLLOW SINGLE


CONDCUTOR WAVEGUIDES

THEY TYPICALLY INVOLVE A COMPONENT OF


FIELD ALONG THE GUIDE AXIS, MOSTLY
COMPENSATING FOR THE ABSENCE OF
SECOND CONDUCTOR IN TRANSMISSION.

THEY HAVE REDUCED POWER TRANSFERS DUE


TO AXIAL FIELD PRESENCE.
VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017
MODES IN WAVEGUIDES
22

THEY DEFINE THE POSSIBLE FEED PLACEMENT


MECHANISMS WHICH DECIDES THE POSSIBLE
FIELD OUTPUTS .

THEY ARE NAMED TE /TM

THEY ARE NUMBERED ON THE BASIS OF THE


FEED CONNECTIONS OR INPUT SOURCE
POINTS..

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


MODES IN WAVEGUIDES
23

EVANSCENT MODES
RECTANGULAR- TMm0 / TMon
CYLINDRICAL - TEn0 , TMn0

DE-GENERATE MODES
RECTANGULAR - TMmn / TEmn
CYLINDRICAL - TE1p , TM0p

DOMINANT MODES
RECTANGULAR - TE10
CYLINDRICAL TE11
VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017
MODES IN OPTICAL FIBRES
24

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


MODES IN OPTICAL FIBRES
25

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


MODES IN OPTICAL FIBRES
26

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


TRANSMISSION LINES & WAVEGUIDES
27

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


TYPES OF ANTENNAS
28

RADIO FREQUENCY AND MICROWAVE

WIDE BAND AND NARROW BAND

OMNI DIRECTIONAL AND UNI DIRECTIONAL

POINT POINT AND BROADCAST

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


RF ANTENNAS
29

LONG WIRE ANTENNAS : MULTI BAND OPERATION

RHOMBIC ANTENNA :
ELEVATION DESIGN IN SKY-WAVES

LOOP ANTENNAS :
DIRECTION FINDING IN GROUND-WAVES

AD-COCK ANTENNA : DIRECTION FINDING

YAGI-UDA ANTENNA : HIGH GAIN, TV RECEPTION

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


RF ANTENNAS
30

HELICAL ANTENNA :
CIRCULAR POLARIZED SKY WAVES

TURNSTILE ANTENNA : ISOTROPIC RECEPTION

SLOT ANTENNA : COMPLIMENT OF /2 DIPOLE

CORNER REFLECTORS : HIGH GAIN

BI-CONICAL / DISCONE ANTENNA /


SPIRAL ANTENNA / LOG-PERIODIC ARRAY :
WIDE BANDWIDTH
VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017
MICROWAVE ANTENNAS
31

PARABOLIC DISH ANTENNA


FEED MECHANISMS, f / D RATIO

HORN ANTENNAS

LENS ANTENNAS

MICROSTRIP AND PATCH ANTENNAS

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


SMITH CHART
32

IT IS A DIAGRAMATIC WAY OF CALCULATING


THE REFLECTION COEFFICIENT / SWR FOR A
KNOWN LINE AND LOAD IMPEDANCES.

IT IS A GRAPH OF REFLECTION COEFFICIENT


HAVING 2 FAMILIES OF CIRCLES SUPER
IMPOSED ON IT.

IT USES THE NORMALISED IMPEDANCE FOR


ITS CALCULATIONS.
VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017
IMPEDANCE MATCHING
33

THE CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM POWER


TRANSFER IN NETWORKS OR TRANSMISSION
LINES REFERS TO IMPEDANCE MATCHING.

MOST OFTEN IN TRANSMISSION LINES , IT IS


ACHIEVED BY TERMINATING A LINE WITH ITS
CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE.

THIS IS SIMILAR TO ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES


HAVING ZERO REFLECTIONS WHEN INCIDENT ON
MATERIAL OF SIMILAR IMPEDNACE.
VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017
CHARACTERISITC IMPEDANCE
34

ITS A UNIQUE PROPERTY OF THE LINE, WITH


WHICH IF THE LOAD IS TERMINATED,
REFLECTIONS ARE MINIMIZED ON THE LINE
DUE TO MAXIMUM POWER DELIVERY TO THE
LOAD AND COMPLETE SOURCE POWER IS
DISSIPATED IN THE LOAD

IT IS A UNIQUE IMPEDANCE OF THE LINE WITH


WHICH IF THE LINE IS TERMINATED , THE
LINE HAS THE SAME IMPEDNACE EVERY
WHERE ON THE LINE.

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


INTRINSIC IMPEDANCE
35

IT IS A PROPERTY OF A MATERIAL DUE TO


WHICH IT ALLOWS ELECTRO MAGNETIC
WAVES .

IT DEPENDS ON CONDUCTIVITY, PERMITTIVITY


AND PERMEABILITY.

IT IS THE SLOPE OF TRANSFORMATION FOR


ELECTRIC TO MAGNETIC FIELD CONVERSIONS.

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


HELMHOLTZS EQUATIONS
36

THEY ARE SECOND DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS


OF SPACE USED TO SOVLE FOR EM WAVE
SOLUTIONS IN MULTI-DIMENSIONS.

2 E = 2 E 2H = 2H

IS CALLED AS PROPAGATION CONSTANT

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


RELAXATION TIME
37

IT IS THE TIME CONSTANT OF THE


EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION THAT CHARGE
UNDERGOES WHEN SPREADING ON TO
MATERIALS.

THE RATIO OF / .
THE ABILITY TO HOLD E FIELD () AND THE
ABILITY TO ALLOW CURRENT () DECIDES THE
SPEED OF SPREADING OF THE CHARGE

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


LOSS TANGENT
38

IT IS THE RATIO OF CONDCUTION CURRENT TO


DISPLACEMENT CURRENT IN MATERIALS.

IT DECIDES THE ABILITY OF AN EM WAVE TO


PROPAGATE IN ANY MATERIAL.

IT IS A FORM OF RELAXATION TIME FOR TIME


VARYING CONDITIONS.
/ , USED TO CLASSIFY MATERIALS AS
INSLUATORS AND CONDUCTORS.

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


POYNTING VECTOR
39

POWER DENSITY OR STRENGTH OF POWER OF


AN EM WAVE.

EXPRESSED AS VECTOR ALONG WITH THE


FLOW DIRECTION.

E x H = POYNTING VECTOR
(E x H*) = TIME AVERAGE POYNTING VECTOR
J.E = OHMIC POWER - V/I POWER PER VOLUME

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017


WAVE / ANTENNA POLARIZATION
40

IT REFERS TO THE ELECTRIC FIELD DIRECTION


OF THE E FIELD OF THE EM WAVE

ITS SPECIFICATION GIVES AN IDEA OF THE


RECEIVING OR TRANSMITTING ANTENNA TO
BE USED FOR HANDLING THIS WAVE.

MOST ANTENNAS NEED TO BE RIGHTLY


ORIENTED OR POLARIZED WITH THE EM WAVE
TO RECEIVE THE RADIATION.
VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017
POLARIZATION LOSS FACTOR
41

THE LOSS IN POWER TO DUE TO MISMATCH OR


DIFFERNET ORIENTATIONS OF RECEIVING AND
TRANSMITTING WAVES.

ITS GENERALLY | COS|2

WHERE IS ANGLE BETWEEN THE ANTENNAS.

VSR SURESH INTERVIEW GUIDANCE ESE 2017

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen