Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1
Physical Properties of Fluids
1.1 Specific Weight is weight of fluid per unit volume and is given by the
formula
W
w =
V
It is measured in N/m3
1.2 Mass Density is the mass per unit volume and is given by the formula
M w
= =
V g
It is measured in kg/m3
1.3 Specific Volume is the volume of fluid per unit weight and is given by
the formula
V
Vs =
W
It is measured in m3/N
1.4 Viscosity of a fluid, also called coefficient of viscosity, absolute viscosity
or dynamic viscosity is a measure of its resistance to flow and is given by:
=
dv / dy
dv
where = rate of shear deformation. Dynamic viscosity is measured in
dy
Ns
m2
Table 1.1: Classification of fluids
1
0.8 = Relative density
0.6 at 15 C
[Relative to water
Cru
0.4 at 15 C]
de
oi l
=
0.2
0.9
25
Fuel
0.1
8
o
il =
6
4
0.940
C
ru
de
oi
l
2
=
0.
85
5
2
10
8
6
Ke
4 ros
en
e
Br =0
2
ine .81
Absolute viscosity Ns/m
2 3
20
Mercury %
3
Na
10 Cl
8
Pe
6 trol
=
0.7
4 16 W
at
er
2
Amm
onia
4
10
8
2
(abs)
6 10 MN/m
2
4 3.5
Saturated steam 2
m
kN/ eam
2 Air 100 ated st
e r h e
Methane CH4 Sup
n
ro e
5 g
10 Hyd
8
10 0 10 40 60 100 200 400
Temperature C
2000
= Relative density
Sa
Fuel o
tu
at 15 C
Cru
rat
1000 Relative to water
ed
de
il
800 at 15 C
ste
oil
= 0.94
a
600
m
=0
.92
400 m
at
0
1
5
en
rog
H yd
200
100
80
60 atm
Cr
1
ud
ne
e
40 tha
Kinematic Viscosity , mm/s
oi
Me
l
am
ste
=
tm
1a
0.
d )
ate bs
85
r
20 Ai he 2 (a
5
r
pe /m
Su kN
0
14 2
10 /m
N
.k
bs m
8
(a tea
7 00
m 2 s
r
)
6 Ai
N/ ated
Ke
e
ro
rh
4 se
pe
ne
M
Su
1
2
Br =
ine m
0 N/
2 20 .8 M
13 5
%
Na 3. 2
m
Cl N/
M
Pe 7
1 tro
l 14
0.8 =0
.71 W
0.6 6 at
er
0.4
0.2
Mercury
0.1
10 5 0 5 10 20 40 60 100 200 400
Temperature C
1.6 Capillarity is due to both the cohesive forces between liquid molecules
and the adhesive forces of liquid molecules and is expressed as rise or fall
of liquid in a capillary tube given by the formula
2 cos
h =
wr
where h = capillary rise, m
= angle of contact
2r
Capillary tube
Meniscus
Table 1.5: Surface tension and vapour pressure of pure water at 1 atm
0 0.0756 615
10 0.0742 1230
20 0.0728 2340
30 0.0712 4242
40 0.0696 7375
50 0.0679 12340
60 0.0662 19920
70 0.0644 31160
80 0.0626 47350
90 0.0608 70110
Mercury 0.16
Water 2340
Kerosene 3300
Benzene 10,000
Methyl Alcohol 12,500
Petrol 30,400
8
Fluid Mass Specific Bulk Surface Vapour Dynamic viscosity Kinematic viscosity
density weight modulus tension pressure () (v)
() (w) (K) () (pv)
m2
Water 101.95 999.00 2.205 104 0.0075 0.024 1.00 102 1.02 104 1.00 102 1.00 106
Air 0.126 1.208 1.05 1.85 104 1.88 106 0.153 1.53 105
Mercury 1380 13550.0 2.675 105 0.052 1.76 106 0.016 1.63 104 1.18 103 1.18 107
Glycerine 129.3 1260 4.44 104 0.0065 1.40 107 8.35 8.5 102 6.63 103 6.63 107
Carbon 162.50 1594 1.126 104 0.0027 1.30 107 0.01 1.02 104 6.40 103 6.40 107
tetrachloride
Kerosene 81.50 800 0.0024 0.02 2.04 104 25.0 103 25.0 107
Benzene 89.80 880 1.056 104 0.0026 1.02 101 0.007 7.15 105 7.95 103 7.95 107
Castor oil 97.80 960 1.469 104 0.0040 9.80 1.0 101 10.00 1.02 103
Ethyl Alcohol 80.4 789 1.23 104 0.0022 5.9 102 0.012 1.22 104 1.53 102 1.53 106
Methanal 80.38 8.424 103 2.303 103 1.366 101 6.1 105