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Received 3 July 2006; received in revised form 3 January 2007; accepted 27 March 2007
Available online 14 May 2007
Abstract
The paper presents an analysis of very fast-transient overvoltages that occur because of the capacitive surge transfer from the high-voltage (HV)
transformer winding to the low-voltage (LV) transformer winding.
The study is done on a 6.6 kV single-phase test transformer. By applying a pulse with a short rise time at the HV terminal, the voltage at the LV
side is measured and calculated. The voltage distribution along the LV winding is calculated by applying the transmission line theory, so that the
foils of the LV winding are represented as transmission lines. For the studied transformer with a nominal transformer ratio of 95.6, a maximum
voltage ratio of 3.3 was measured during the rate of rise of the applied impulse. The present paper also shows that in some specific cases, the
mutual inductance between the primary and the secondary side can be ignored during determination of the transients along the secondary winding.
The computation and measurement of the voltage at the LV side is validated by making use of the vector fitting method.
2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction When they enter the transformer, a resonance might occur when
the frequency of the oscillation matches one of the resonance
Nowadays there are reports of transformer and motor fail- frequencies of the transformer.
ures during switching with vacuum circuit breakers (VCB) or In Ref. [2], a transformer failure was reported during ener-
gas insulating switchgears (GIS). There have been a number gizing a high power transformer. The reason was an external
of studies done to determine the origin of the failure and in resonance between the feeder cable and the transformer that
the recent years such progress has been made by studying the resulted in very high overvoltages on the LV transformer side.
propagation of surges inside transformer and motor windings. So far there was significant research done on the investi-
There are various reasons for the insulation failure. The insu- gation of transients in transformers [38]. In Refs. [3,4], the
lation can suffer because of the high amplitude of the voltage, lumped parameter analysis was used for transformer modelling,
the high rate of rise or both. Very often the utilities ask not only and [5,6] deal with the modelling of transformer based on the
to provide a proper protection but also to find the reason for well-known Rabins method. It was also shown that transformer
the occurrence of these failures. For example in Ref. [1], it was can be modelled by considering the windings or group of wind-
reported that the amplitude of the inter-turn voltage can reach ings as transmission lines [7,8]. Furthermore, Wilcox et al. [9]
0.25 times the applied sinusoidal voltage at resonance frequency. proposed a model that can be generally applied for multi-phase
It is known that during switching off and switching on highly multi-winding transformers. Recent research performed by Gus-
inductive loads, because of the ability of the VCB to clear high- tavsen [10,11] resulted in a transformer model based on the
frequency currents, multiple reignitions can take place. Multiple measured admittance matrix of the transformer. In this way, a
reignitions contain oscillations with a broad frequency range. general representation of the transformer in a wide frequency
range can be done. This is called vector fitting and it can be used
to validate the measured results with full success.
Corresponding author. Tel.: +31 15 278 6219; fax: +31 15 278 1182. Lightning surge studies are based on the observation of the
E-mail address: M.Popov@tudelft.nl (M. Popov). surge transfer from the HV to the LV transformer side. For exam-
0378-7796/$ see front matter 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2007.03.015
442 M. Popov et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 441449
ple, surge-transferred overvoltages in single-phase installations this theory, transformer turns or a group of turns can be repre-
caused by lightning were investigated by Dugan and Smith [12]. sented by transmission lines. If N is the number of lines, and Z
-
In Ref. [13], it was shown that sometimes, simple models that and Y- are the impedance and the admittance matrix of the lines,
can be implemented into EMTP can be used to simulate the respectively, the relation between voltages and currents in the
surge-transferred overvoltages more accurately. lines is expressed through N voltage and N current equations:
The present paper describes a fundamental study of surge-
d2 V- d2 I-
transferred overvoltages in a distribution transformer. For this
2
= Z
- Y- V- , = Y- Z
- I- (1)
purpose a single-phase transformer under no-load with a trans- dx dx2
former ratio 6600/69 (V/V) is used [14]. Applying the modal theory [18], the relation between the
According to the IEC standard 60076-3, transferred overvolt- currents and the voltages can be represented by Eq. (2):
ages have capacitive and inductive character [15]. The capacitive
transfer depends on the surge capacitance. The steeper the slope I- S A B V- S
= (2)
of the applied surge, the higher the effect of the surge capac- I- R B A V- R
itance. The inductive transfer of the surge voltage depends on
the flow of surge current in the HV winding, and it is less sensi- where
tive on the rate of rise of the applied voltage. However in Refs. A = Y- S- 1 coth( l)S- 1 , B = Y- S- 1 cosech( l)S- 1 (3)
[16,17], it is shown that depending on the transformer ratio, - - - -
the inductive-transferred voltages are not much smaller than the where I- S , I- R are current vectors at the sending and the receiving
capacitive-transferred voltages. end of the line, V- S , V- R the voltage vectors at the sending and
In the present case, the applied pulse at the HV side is with a the receiving end of the line, S- the matrix of eigenvectors of
the matrix Z 2
50 ns rise time and an amplitude of 50 V. The recorded current in - Y- , - the eigenvalues of the matrix Z - Y- and l is the
the HV terminal is with an amplitude of 0.25 A, and it is damped length of the line.
in less than 1 s after applying the pulse. A preliminary EMTP All parameters in (3) except l are frequency-dependent. In
study on the same transformer has shown that when ignoring this way, the general telegraphers equations, which are dif-
the surge capacitance, the voltage in the LV winding follows the ferential time-dependent equations, can be solved as ordinary
transformer ratio and it is approximately 100 times lower than frequency-dependent equations. The representation of the TLM
the applied voltage. for transformer modelling is represented in Fig. 1.
However, the recorded voltage at the LV terminal is much Applying the equality between the voltage and the current
higher than that determined by the transformer transfer ratio. at the receiving end of a specific line, and the voltage and the
Therefore, in this work, the full analysis is performed. The current at the sending end of the next line the following matrix
primary and the secondary transformer side are modelled by equation can be derived:
transmission lines. For the particular transformer, it is shown
I- S1 V Si
that the inductive-transferred voltages are not high and can be = [F] - , i = 1, 2, . . . , n (4)
neglected. The voltages along the LV winding are calculated by 0 V- Rn
representing the turns as short transmission lines [14]. The com- where n is the total number of lines. In the present case
putations and measurements are verified by applying the vector n = N1 + N2 . Since, the transformer winding is grounded, V- Rn =
fitting method [10,11]. 0. To eliminate the divergence, the computations are done with
a small impedance Z = 109 connected to the ground. Elimi-
2. Transformer model based on transmission line nating the current I- S1 , the voltages in all lines can be calculated
analysis by
V- S1
For determination of the voltage along the winding, the trans- - Si ] = [ Hi1 H ] 0
[V (5)
mission line modelling (TLM) has been applied. According to
FFk+1,1
Hk = , k = 1, 2, . . . , n 1 (6)
FF1,1
the winding is below the core. The greatest are the capaci- Table 3
tances between the foils and therefore they are responsible for Foil-to-foil capacitance at the LV-side (107 F)
the propagation of the surges along the winding. The capac- CLL1 0.1168738
itance matrices for the HV- and the LV side are formed as CLL2 0.1159321
follows: CLL3 0.1149904
CLL4 0.1140487
CLL5 0.1131070
Ci,i is the capacitance of layer i to ground and the sum of all CLL6 0.1121653
other capacitances connected to layer i, CLL7 0.1112235
Ci,j is the capacitance between layers i and j taken with a CLL8 0.110281
CLL9 0.109340
negative sign (i = j). CLL10 0.108398
CLL11 0.107456
The capacitance matrix has at the diagonal, upper diago- CLL12 0.106515
nal and lower diagonal elements non-zero values and all other CLL13 0.105573
CLL14 0.104631
elements are zeros. The full capacitance matrix of the all trans-
CLL15 0.1036898
former as shown in Fig. 1 can be written as CLL16 0.102748
CLL17 0.101806
CHH CHL CLL18 0.100864
C= (11) CLL19 0.099922
CLH CLL
CLL20 0.098981
CLL21 0.098039
In (11), diagonal elements are capacitance matrices of the HV- CLL22 0.097097
and the LV side, respectively, whilst off-diagonal elements rep- CLL23 0.0961561
resent capacitance matrices between the HV windings and the CLL24 0.095214
LV windings. Since the present analysis is done on a layer- CLL25 0.094272
to-layer basis for the HV side, and turn-to-turn basis for the CLL26 0.093330
CLL27 0.092389
LV side, matrices CHH and CLL are square matrices of order CLL28 0.091447
N1 N1 and N2 N2 , respectively. Matrix CHL is a matrix of CLL29 0.090505
order N1 N2 . It can be seen that CLH = CTHL . Hence, the order CLL30 0.089564
of C is (N1 + N2 ) (N1 + N2 ). Also, all elements of the matrix CLL31 0.0887266
CHL are equal to zero except the element CHL (1,1) = CHL ; that
is the surge capacitance between the primary and the secondary
winding. Transformer capacitances are calculated by represent-
ing the adjacent layers (foils) as cylindrical capacitors ignoring If we neglect the core losses, then the inductance matrix can
the edge effects. The same results can be achieved by applying be calculated directly from the capacitance matrix as
formulas for plate capacitors. The calculated capacitances are
represented in Tables 2 and 3. C1 2
Correspondingly, the full inductance matrix of the trans- L= l (13)
v2s
former can be written as
LHH LHL where vs = c/ r , r is the relative dielectric permittivity and
L= (12)
LLH LLL l is the mean turn length. So, if the capacitance is expressed in
Farads, the inductance matrix results in Henry. Another way to
calculate the inductance matrix accurately, is to use the explicit
Table 2
Layer-to-layer capacitance at the HV-side (107 F)
Maxwell formulas [14,19]. Because in the present case, the LV
winding is made of foils, the inductance matrix LLL can easily be
CHH1 0.15249997 calculated by Eq. (13). The inductance matrices LHV and LHL
CHH2 0.15542747
CHH3 0.15835498
are calculated by making use of the Maxwell formulas. The
CHH4 0.16128248 primary winding has 15 layers with 200 turns/layer. Therefore,
CHH5 0.16420998 the inductance of a particular layer can be represented as a square
CHH6 0.16713748 matrix of the inductances of one layer. The total inductance of
CHH7 0.17006499 a layer will be equal to the sum of all elements of the matrix
CHH8 0.1729924
CHH9 0.1759199
[20]. If we set the LLH and LHL matrices to zero, then we get
CHH10 0.1788474 the case when the mutual inductances between the HV- and the
CHH11 0.1817749 LV winding are ignored. The calculated matrices LLL and LLH
CHH12 0.1847025 are shown in Appendix A. The matrix LHV can be found in Ref.
CHH13 0.1876300 [14].
CHH14 0.1905575
CHL 0.00362
The Z - and Y- matrices which are the self and mutual
impedances and the admittances between the lines are calculated
M. Popov et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 441449 445
where d is the distance between the layers, is the conductor Eq. (18) is linear in its unknowns c- n , D, E, c-n . Writing (18)
conductivity and tan is the loss tangent of the insulation. for several frequency points gives the overdetermined lin-
Furthermore, the application of (14) means that the proximity ear problem Ax = B where the unknowns are in the solution
and dielectric losses are also taken into account. vector x.
The distance between the layers d will be different for the The stage 2 provides the residue identification, by solving
diagonal and off-diagonal elements of the inductance matrix. the original Eq. (16) with the zeros of (s) as new poles a- n for
For matrix LLL , d = 0.272 mm, for LHH , d = 0.24 mm, and for Yt (s). This again gives an overdetermined linear problem Ax = B
LHV , d = 5.6 mm that is the distance between the primary and where the solution vector x contains the unknowns c- n , D and E.
secondary winding. The process continues until the convergence is achieved. More
about the solution of the problem and initial conditions can be
4. Measurements found in Ref. [10].
When the studied transformer is represented as a two-port
The listed equipment used for performing measurements of circuit like in Fig. 4, then the diagonal elements of the Y- t matrix
the fast transients in the transformer and impedance charac- can be directly measured. The relation between the terminal
teristics is given in Table 4. The time-domain measurements currents and voltages is
are done with a digital oscilloscope. When dealing with fast-
I1 Y11 Y12 V1
transient measurements, one must be sure that the measurements = (19)
are correctly done and there is no EMC interference. On the other I2 Y21 Y22 V2
hand, frequency-dependent impedance characteristic measure-
In the studied case, the end of the primary and the secondary
ments are straightforward and when these characteristics are
winding of the transformer are connected [6]. This is also shown
known, by applying the vector fitting method one can check if the
in Fig. 4.
measurements are correctly done. The admittance characteristics
Since the matrix is symmetric, the off-diagonal elements can
are measured by impedance analyzer HP 4194A.
be determined from the measured no-load admittance. When the
LV winding is open, the measured admittance at the HV terminal
5. Application of the vector tting method is the no-load admittance Yin . Taking into account that the current
I2 = 0, from (19) it can be easily found that the off-diagonal
When terminal voltages are of interest, the transformer can element is
be fully represented by its terminal admittance matrix Y- t which
defines the relations between the terminal voltages V- and the Y12 = (Y11 Yin )Y22 (20)
terminal currents I- :
7. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Appendix A
1.72
1.73 1.79
1.75 1.80 1.86
1.76 1.82 1.87 1.93
1.78 1.83 1.89 1.95 2.00
1.79 1.85 1.90 1.96 2.02 2.08
1.81 1.86 1.92 1.98 2.04 2.09 2.15
1.82 1.88 1.94 1.99 2.05 2.11 2.17 2.23
1.84 1.90 1.95 2.01 2.07 2.13 2.19 2.25 2.31
1.85 1.91 1.97 2.03 2.09 2.15 2.21 2.27 2.33 2.39
1.87 1.93 1.99 2.05 2.11 2.17 2.23 2.29 2.35 2.41 2.48
1.89 1.94 2.00 2.06 2.12 2.19 2.25 2.31 2.37 2.44 2.50 2.56
1.90 1.96 2.02 2.08 2.14 2.20 2.27 2.33 2.39 2.46 2.52 2.59 2.65
1.92 1.98 2.04 2.10 2.16 2.22 2.29 2.35 2.41 2.48 2.54 2.61 2.68 2.74
1.94 2.00 2.06 2.12 2.18 2.24 2.31 2.37 2.43 2.50 2.57 2.63 2.70 2.77 2.84
1.95 2.01 2.07 2.14 2.20 2.26 2.33 2.39 2.46 2.52 2.59 2.65 2.72 2.79 2.86 2.93
1.97 2.03 2.09 2.16 2.22 2.28 2.35 2.41 2.48 2.54 2.61 2.68 2.75 2.82 2.89 2.96 3.03
1.99 2.05 2.11 2.17 2.24 2.30 2.37 2.43 2.50 2.57 2.63 2.70 2.77 2.84 2.91 2.98 3.05 3.13
2.00 2.07 2.13 2.19 2.26 2.32 2.39 2.45 2.52 2.59 2.66 2.73 2.80 2.87 2.94 3.01 3.08 3.15 3.23
2.02 2.09 2.15 2.21 2.28 2.34 2.41 2.48 2.54 2.61 2.68 2.75 2.82 2.89 2.96 3.03 3.11 3.18 3.26 3.33
2.04 2.10 2.17 2.23 2.30 2.36 2.43 2.50 2.57 2.64 2.70 2.77 2.85 2.92 2.99 3.06 3.14 3.21 3.29 3.36 3.44
2.06 2.12 2.19 2.25 2.32 2.39 2.45 2.52 2.59 2.66 2.73 2.80 2.87 2.94 3.02 3.09 3.16 3.24 3.32 3.39 3.47 3.55
2.08 2.14 2.21 2.27 2.34 2.41 2.48 2.54 2.61 2.68 2.75 2.82 2.90 2.97 3.04 3.12 3.19 3.27 3.35 3.42 3.50 3.58 3.66
2.10 2.16 2.23 2.29 2.36 2.43 2.50 2.57 2.64 2.71 2.78 2.85 2.92 3.00 3.07 3.15 3.22 3.30 3.38 3.45 3.53 3.61 3.69 3.78
2.12 2.18 2.25 2.32 2.38 2.45 2.52 2.59 2.66 2.73 2.80 2.88 2.95 3.02 3.10 3.17 3.25 3.33 3.41 3.49 3.56 3.65 3.73 3.81 3.89
2.13 2.20 2.27 2.34 2.40 2.47 2.54 2.61 2.69 2.76 2.83 2.90 2.98 3.05 3.13 3.20 3.28 3.36 3.44 3.52 3.60 3.68 3.76 3.84 3.93 4.01
2.15 2.22 2.29 2.36 2.43 2.50 2.57 2.64 2.71 2.78 2.86 2.93 3.00 3.08 3.16 3.23 3.31 3.39 3.47 3.55 3.63 3.71 3.80 3.88 3.97 4.05 4.14
2.17 2.24 2.31 2.38 2.45 2.52 2.59 2.66 2.74 2.81 2.88 2.96 3.03 3.11 3.19 3.26 3.34 3.42 3.50 3.58 3.66 3.75 3.83 3.92 4.00 4.09 4.18 4.27
2.19 2.26 2.33 2.40 2.47 2.54 2.61 2.69 2.76 2.83 2.91 2.98 3.06 3.14 3.21 3.29 3.37 3.45 3.53 3.62 3.70 3.78 3.87 3.95 4.04 4.13 4.22 4.31 4.40
2.22 2.28 2.35 2.42 2.50 2.57 2.64 2.71 2.79 2.86 2.94 3.01 3.09 3.17 3.24 3.32 3.40 3.48 3.57 3.65 3.73 3.82 3.90 3.99 4.08 4.17 4.25 4.35 4.44 4.53
2.24 2.31 2.38 2.45 2.52 2.59 2.66 2.74 2.81 2.89 2.96 3.04 3.12 3.20 3.28 3.36 3.44 3.52 3.60 3.68 3.77 3.85 3.94 4.03 4.12 4.20 4.29 4.39 4.48 4.57 4.67
1.082 1.063 1.045 1.027 1.009 0.991 0.973 0.956 0.939 0.922 0.905 0.888 0.872 0.855 0.839
0.823 0.807 0.792 0.776 0.761 0.746 0.731 0.716 0.702 0.687 0.673 0.659 0.645 0.631 0.617
0.605 1.079 1.060 1.042 1.024 1.006 0.988 0.971 0.954 0.936 0.919 0.903 0.886 0.869 0.853
0.837 0.821 0.805 0.790 0.774 0.759 0.744 0.729 0.714 0.700 0.685 0.671 0.657 0.643 0.629
0.616 0.604 1.072 1.054 1.035 1.017 1.000 0.982 0.965 0.948 0.931 0.914 0.897 0.880 0.864
0.848 0.832 0.816 0.801 0.785 0.770 0.755 0.740 0.725 0.710 0.696 0.681 0.667 0.653 0.639
0.626 0.612 0.600 1.065 1.047 1.029 1.011 0.994 0.976 0.959 0.942 0.925 0.908 0.892 0.875
0.859 0.843 0.827 0.811 0.796 0.780 0.765 0.750 0.735 0.720 0.706 0.691 0.677 0.663 0.649
0.635 0.622 0.608 0.597 1.058 1.040 1.023 1.005 0.987 0.970 0.953 0.936 0.919 0.903 0.886
0.870 0.854 0.838 0.822 0.806 0.791 0.776 0.761 0.746 0.731 0.716 0.702 0.687 0.673 0.659
0.645 0.632 0.618 0.605 0.593 1.052 1.034 1.016 0.999 0.981 0.964 0.947 0.930 0.914 0.897
0.881 0.865 0.849 0.833 0.817 0.802 0.786 0.771 0.756 0.741 0.726 0.712 0.698 0.683 0.669
0.655 0.642 0.628 0.615 0.601 0.590 1.045 1.028 1.010 0.993 0.975 0.958 0.941 0.925 0.908
0.892 0.875 0.859 0.843 0.828 0.812 0.797 0.782 0.766 0.752 0.737 0.722 0.708 0.693 0.679
0.665 0.652 0.638 0.624 0.611 0.598 0.586 1.039 1.021 1.004 0.987 0.969 0.952 0.936 0.919
0.903 0.886 0.870 0.854 0.838 0.823 0.807 0.792 0.777 0.762 0.747 0.732 0.718 0.704 0.689
0.675 0.661 0.648 0.634 0.621 0.607 0.594 0.583 1.033 1.015 0.998 0.981 0.964 0.947 0.930
0.914 0.897 0.881 0.865 0.849 0.834 0.818 0.803 0.787 0.772 0.757 0.743 0.728 0.714 0.699
0.685 0.671 0.658 0.644 0.631 0.617 0.604 0.591 0.580 1.026 1.009 0.992 0.975 0.958 0.941
0.925 0.908 0.892 0.876 0.860 0.844 0.829 0.813 0.798 0.783 0.768 0.753 0.738 0.724 0.710
0.695 0.681 0.668 0.654 0.640 0.627 0.614 0.601 0.588 0.576 1.020 1.003 0.986 0.969 0.952
0.936 0.919 0.903 0.887 0.871 0.855 0.839 0.824 0.808 0.793 0.778 0.763 0.749 0.734 0.720
0.706 0.691 0.677 0.664 0.650 0.637 0.623 0.610 0.597 0.584 0.573 1.014 0.997 0.980 0.963
0.947 0.930 0.914 0.897 0.881 0.866 0.850 0.834 0.819 0.804 0.789 0.774 0.759 0.744 0.730
0.716 0.701 0.687 0.674 0.660 0.646 0.633 0.620 0.607 0.594 0.581 0.570 1.008 0.991 0.974
0.957 0.941 0.925 0.908 0.892 0.876 0.861 0.845 0.829 0.814 0.799 0.784 0.769 0.755 0.740
0.726 0.711 0.697 0.684 0.670 0.656 0.643 0.629 0.616 0.603 0.590 0.578 0.566 1.002 0.985
0.968 0.952 0.935 0.919 0.903 0.887 0.871 0.856 0.840 0.825 0.809 0.794 0.780 0.765 0.750
0.736 0.722 0.707 0.693 0.680 0.666 0.652 0.639 0.626 0.613 0.600 0.587 0.574 0.563 0.996
0.979 0.963 0.946 0.930 0.914 0.898 0.882 0.866 0.851 0.835 0.820 0.805 0.790 0.775 0.760
0.746 0.732 0.717 0.703 0.689 0.676 0.662 0.649 0.635 0.622 0.609 0.596 0.584 0.571 0.560
M. Popov et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 441449 449
References Marjan Popov graduated with a Dipl.-Ing. and M.S. in Electrical Engineering
from the Sts. Cyril and Methodius University in 1993 and 1998, respectively,
and gained a Ph.D. at Delft University of Technology in 2002. From 1993 until
[1] S. Fujita, N. Hosokawa, Y. Shibuya, Experimental investigation of high
1998 he was a teaching and research assistant at the Faculty of Electrical Engi-
frequency oscillation in transformer windings, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv.
neering at the University of Skopje, spending 1997 as a visiting researcher at
13 (4) (1998) 12011207.
the University of Liverpool. He is currently assistant professor in the Electri-
[2] G.C. Paap, A. Alkema, L. van der Sluis, Overvoltages in power transform-
cal Power Systems Group at the Power Systems Laboratory at Delft University
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301307.
systems, parameter estimation and relay protection. He is a senior member of
[3] R.C. Degeneff, W.J. McNutt, W. Neugebauer, J. Panek, M.E. McCallum,
IEEE.
C.C. Honey, Transformer response to system switching voltage, IEEE
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[4] R.C. Dugan, R. Gabrick, J.C. Wright, K.V. Pattern, Validated techniques obtained his M.Sc. in electrical engineering from Delft University of Technology
for modeling shell-form EHV transformers, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 4 in 1974. He joined the KEMA High Power Laboratory in 1977 as a test engineer
(2) (1989) 10701078. and was involved in the development of a data acquisition system for the High
[5] T. Van Craenenbroeck, J. De Ceuster, J.P. Marly, H. De Herdt, B. Brouwers, Power Laboratory, computer calculations of test circuits and the analysis of test
D. Van Dommelen, Experimental and numerical analysis of fast transient data by digital computer. He became a part-time professor in 1990 and, 2 years
phenomena in distribution transformers, in: Proceedings of the IEEE PES later, was appointed full-time professor in the Power Systems Department at
Winter Meeting, Singapore, 2000, p. 6, CD-ROM. Delft University of Technology. Prof. van der Sluis is a senior member of IEEE
[6] J. Lopez-Roldan, H. de Herdt, T. Sels, D. van Dommelen, M. Popov, L. van and former chairman of CC-03 of Cigre and Cired to study the transient recovery
der Sluis, J. Declercq, Analysis, simulation and testing of transformer insu- voltages in medium and high-voltage networks. He is currently a member of
lation failures related to switching transients overvoltages, in: Presented at Cigre WG A3-20 for modelling power systems components.
CIGRE, Paper 12-116, Paris, 2002.
[7] M. Popov, L. van der Sluis, G.C. Paap, H. de Herdt, Computation of very Rene Peter Paul Smeets graduated with an M.Sc. in Physics from Eindhoven
fast transient overvoltages in transformer windings, IEEE Trans. Power University of Technology (the Netherlands) in 1981. He obtained a Ph.D. at
Deliv. 18 (4) (2003) 12681274. the same institution in 1987 for research on vacuum arcs. He remained at Eind-
[8] K.J. Cornick, B. Fillat, C. Kieny, Muller W, Distribution of very fast tran- hoven as an assistant professor until 1995. During 1991, he was with the Toshiba
sient overvoltages in transformer windings, in: Presented at CIGRE, Paper Corporations Heavy Apparatus Engineering Laboratory in Kawasaki (Japan),
12-204, Paris, 1992. and, in 1995, joined KEMA in Arnhem (the Netherlands). At present, he man-
[9] D.J. Wilcox, W.G. Hurley, T.P. McHale, M. Conion, Application of modi- ages the R&D activities of KEMAs High Power Laboratory. In 2001, he was
fied modal theory in the modeling of practical transformers, in: Proceedings appointed part-time professor at Eindhoven University of Technology. He is a
of IEE, vol. 139, pt. C (6), 1992, pp. 513520. senior member of IEEE.