TAHANAN KAPAL

(Minggu 2)

LS 1329 ( 3 SKS)
Jurusan Teknik Sistem Perkapalan
ITS Surabaya
Fenomena Aliran
Aliran Laminar suatu Fluida
Fenomena Aliran
Fluida ideal (tanpa kekentalan)

Potential Flow

Irrotational motion
Stream Lines

benda tenggelam

Tidak timbul gelombang

Fenomena Aliran
Fluida ideal (tanpa kekentalan) Hukum Bernouilli
1
Perubahan jarak aliran P v 2 gh kons tan
2
Aliran massa konstan P : tekanan : densitas
v : kecepatan g : gravitasi
h : kedalaman
Kecepatan aliran berubah

benda tenggelam

Tidak timbul gelombang

Fenomena Aliran
1
Fluida ideal (tanpa kekentalan) P v 2 gh kons tan
2

+ +

benda tenggelam

Tidak timbul gelombang

Fenomena Aliran
Attachment of innermost fluid particles
Fluida nyata
to surface of body
Resistance to shear offered by moving
Viscous Flow particles in adjacent layers.
Newtonian fluids
No-slip boundary condition
Boundary layer.

Wake benda tenggelam

Boundary Layer Tidak timbul gelombang

Jenis-jenis Aliran Fluida
Potential flow. Circulation/Vortex motion.
Viscous flow. Cavitation.
Wavemaking. Hydrofoil flow.
Flow separation. Elastic/Compressible flow.
Wavemaking

Occurs at the interface of two

non-mixing liquids.
Free surface is disturbed by
oscillatory movements giving
rise in propagating waves.
Energy carried away by the
waves constitutes the wave
making resistance.
Not to be confused with
resistance in waves.
Gravity plays a very important
role.
Both surface and sub-surface
waves.
Flow Separation
Occurs when streamlines are prevented from
following contours of body.
Vortices (or eddies) with circulatory motion and
reverse flow are formed after separation.
Important for resistance, but also for wake and
propeller induced vibration.
Circulation/Vortex Motion
Circulatory motion of fluid
about an axis, in planes
perpendicular to that axis.
Solid body may surround
axis, or gas pocket may
enter on it.
Forming a core around
which the coil of
circulatory motion takes
place.
Cavitation
Formation of bubbles,
voids, or cavities
alongside or behind a
body moving in a fluid.
Occurs when fluid
pressure at a point on
the body is reduced to
vapor pressure of
fluid.
Hydrofoil Flow

Combination of two or more flows.

Relative motion of body and fluid
develops drag and lift forces on the
body at right angles to the direction
of relative motion.
Very important in special hull forms
and in maneuvering and motion
control
Elastic Flow

Traveling pressure Wave phenomenon.

Arises from elasticity of fluid.
Formation of shock pressure waves
radiating at high speeds from exciting
sources.
Shock and vibration problem.
Dimensional Analysis (DA) of Ship Resistance
D. A is helpful to classify and compute various types of
resistances, by examining the basic laws governing the
resistances of a body moving through a fluid.

Although CFD has made considerable progresses, the present

practice still depends on ship model test to determine the
resistances of the ship. D.A is especially useful in data
analysis of ship model test, which may deduce the resistances
of the corresponding prototype ship.
The foundation of dimensional analysis

D. A is based on the principle that an equation which expresses a

physical relationship must be dimensionally homogenous.

In other words, the physical units of all terms at both sides of an

equation must be the same, e.g.

A R2 , P F
A
In general, all physical units can be expressed by 3 fundamental
units, such as mass-length-time or force-length-time.

Buckingham theory: if there are n dimensional variables in a

physical equation, described by m fundamental dimensions, they
may be grouped into n m dimensionless variables.
Resistance depends on:

Length, L
Water density,
viscosity,
Ship speed, V
Acceleration of gravity, g
Pressure, p
 Dimensional Analysis of model test of resistance

R f ( L, 1 , 2 , 3 , etc, ,V , , g , p )
For a comparison between geometrically similar bodies
(a ship and its model), their nondimensional ratios
1 , 2 , 3 , (ratioes) etc are the same. Thus,
R f ( La bV c d g e p f )
Based on the dimensional homogeneity
(M - mass, L - length, T - time)
ML
a M L M L M
b c d e f

f L 3 2 2
L T TL T T L
2
T
f La 3b c d e f M b d f T c d 2 e 2 f
a 3b c d e f 1 (1)
b d f 1 (2)
c d 2e 2 f 2 (3)
We have 6 parameters and 3 eq.s relating
them, thus b 1 d f ,
c 2 d 2e 2 f , a 2 d e.
R f L2 d e p1 d f V 2 d 2 e 2 f d g e p f

R d
Lg p
e f


f 2 2 ,
1
V L2 2

LV V V

2
/ , is the dynamic viscosity
& the kinematic viscosity
 R LV V 2 V 2
, , & are dimensionless coefficients. They
V 2 L2 Lg
1 p
2
are related to the similarity laws between the model and prototype.
R
The (total) resistance coeff . CT ,
1
V 2 S
2
where the wetted surface S of a hull has is proportional to L2 ;
LV
Reynolds number, Re , related to the friction resistance;

V
Froude Number, Fr , related to the wave-making resistance
Lg
p
Euler Number, Eu , not significant to the resistance.
1
V 2
2
 R VL V
CT 1 f , f Re,Fr

2 SV
2
Lg

When a model and its prototype are geometrically similar and

their two dimensionless coefficients (Re, Fr) are the same,
their resistance coefficients (CT) should be the same.

Dimensional analysis reduces the number of the related

parameters involved in model tests. However, it can take the
problem no further than the above conclusion.
Frictional Resistance

RV VL
CV f 1 f1 Rn
1 SV 2
2

CV : Frictional Resistance coefficient

RV : Frictional Resistance

Wave making Resistance

RW V 2
CW f 2 f 2 Fn
1 SV 2
gl
2
CW : Wavemaking Resistance coefficient
RW : Wavemaking Resistance
 LAW`S SIMILITUDE
Modeling a ship
- It is not possible to measure the resistance of the full-scale ship
- The ship needs to be scaled down to test in the tank but
the scaled ship (model) must behave in exactly same way
as the real ship.
- How do we scale the prototype ship ?
- Geometric and Dynamic similarity must be achieved.

prototype ship
?
model ship

prototype Dimension Model

Speed
Force
 LAW`S SIMILITUDE
Geometric Similarity
- Geometric similarity exists between model and
prototype if the ratios of all characteristic dimensions
in model and prototype are equal.
- The ratio of the ship length to the model length is typically
used to define the scale factor.
Scale Factor
LS (ft)
: Length S : full scale ship
LM (ft)
M : Model
S S (ft 2 )

2
: Area
S M (ft 2 )
S (ft 3 )

3
: Volume
M (ft 3 )
 LAW`S SIMILITUDE
Dynamic Similarity
- Dynamic Similarity exists between model and prototype
if the ratios of all forces in model and prototype are the
same.
- Total Resistance : Frictional Resistance+ Wave Making+Others
CV f ( Rn ), CW f ( Fn )
RnS RnM , FnS FnM
LSVS LMVM VS VM
,
vS vM gLS gLM
vM LS LM
VM VS , VM VS
vS LM LS
 LAW`S SIMILITUDE
Dynamic Similarity (contd)
- Both Geometric and Dynamic similarity cannot be achieved
at same time in the model test because making both Rn and
Fn the same for the model and ship is not physically possible.
Example
Ship Length=100m, Ship Speed=10kts, Model Length=10m
Model speed to satisfy both geometric and dynamic similitude?
LM vM LS
VM VS VM VS
LS v L
S M
10
10(kts) 100
100 10(kts) (assume vM vS )
10
1(kts)
100(kts)
 LAW`S SIMILITUDE
Dynamic Similarity (contd)
- Choice ?
Make Fn the same for the model.
Have Rn different
Incomplete dynamic similarity
- However partial dynamic similarity can be achieved by
towing the model at the corresponding speed
- Due to the partial dynamic similarity, the following
relations in forces are established.

CWM CWS
CVM CVS
 LAW`S SIMILITUDE
Corresponding Speeds
VS VM
FnS FnM ,
gLS gLM

VS (ft/s) VM (ft/s)

LS (ft) LM (ft)
- Example :
Ship length = 200 m, Model length : 10 m
Ship speed = 20 kts, Model speed towed ?
LM 1 1kt.=0.514 m/s
VM VS VS
LS LS / LM
1 1
VS 20kts 4.47 kts
20