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Implementation and Control of Grid Connected

AC-DC-AC Power Converter for Variable Speed Wind


Energy Conversion System
Seung-Ho Song, Shin-il Kang Nyeon-Kun Hahm*
Div. of Electronics & Information Engineering Intech-FA Co Ltd*
Chonbuk National University Youngin , Gyungi, Korea
Jeon-Ju , 561-756, Korea

Abstract - 30kW electrical power conversion system is developed power ranges up to several hundred kW. [2] Considering these
for a variable speed wind turbine system. In the wind energy trends, one of the best topologies for wind power conversion
conversion system(WECS) a synchronous generator converts the system is the full size ac-dc-ac converter. In case of the usage of
mechanical energy into electrical energy. As the voltage and synchronous generator, simple 3-phase diode rectifier with
frequency of generator output vary along the wind speed change, dc-dc chopper is more cost effective solution for ac-dc converter
a dc-dc boosting chopper is utilized to maintain constant dc link than 3-phase IGBT PWM converter. [1][3][4][5]
voltage. The input dc current is regulated to follow the optimized
current reference for maximum power point operation of turbine In [3] a buck-boost converter is proposed for dc-dc chopper
system. Line side PWM inverter supply currents into the utility and the output current reference of the chopper is decided for the
line by regulating the dc link voltage. The active power is maximum power point tracking of wind turbine. But the voltage
controlled by q-axis current whereas the reactive power can be stress of chopper switch is greater than that of boost converter.
controlled by d-axis current. The phase angle of utility voltage is Also the leakage inductance of generator and cable cannot be
detected using software PLL(Phased Locked Loop) in d-q used as an equivalent dc inductor. Control scheme in [4] is based
synchronous reference frame. Proposed scheme gives a low cost on stand-alone type wind power generating system, which
and high quality power conversion solution for variable speed requires large battery at dc-link.
WECS.
In this paper, we implemented simple ac-dc-ac converter and
Keywords-component; Variable speed wind turbine, grid proposed modular control strategy for grid-connected wind
connected PWM inverter, ac-dc-ac power converter. power generation system. Line side inverter maintains the
dc-link voltage constant and the power factor of line side can be
adjusted. Input current reference of boost chopper is decided for
I. INTRODUCTION the maximum power point tracking of the turbine without any
Wind power is the most fast growing energy source in the information of wind speed nor generator rpm. As the proposed
world. According to the technological development the wind control algorithm does not require any speed sensor for wind
energy cost reduced down to the range of 4cents/kWh recently, speed or generator rpm, construction and installation are simple,
which is competitive against conventional energy sources. The cheap, and reliable. Proposed algorithm applied to the output
total capacity of wind power is about 25,000MW and the power converter of 30kW HAWT/VAWT Dual Rotor System in
average power rating of a unit is 1.2MW in 2001. Many number Buan, Korea.[6]
of on-shore or off-shore wind farms are being built on behalf of
the policy of good tariff for electricity from natural renewable II. WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM
energy source, wind. More than 75% of large wind turbines
constructed in 2001 are variable speed machine with grid A. Wind Power Characteristics
connection .[1]
The amount of power harnessed from the wind of velocity
If the turbine serves as a voltage source for an isolated area, is as follows.
huge amount of energy storage(battery) or other energy 1
source(such as engine generator) is needed for stable operation Pw = A C p v 3 (1)
2
due to the variable wind speed characteristics. So an inexpensive
and efficient power converter for grid connection is required for Pw : wind power [W ]
modern wind energy conversion systems. High flux density : air density [kg / m3 ]
permanent magnet synchronous generators are becoming
popular in industry applications especially for gearless drive
A : swept area [m 2 ]
systems with advantages such as small size, less weight and C p : power coefficient of wind turbine
flexible design structure. Recent developments made the
trade-off benefits exceed the cost premium of machine in the
v : wind speed [m / s]

0-7803-7768-0/03/$17.00 (C) 2003 IEEE 154


Consequently, the output energy is determined by the power
coefficient of wind turbine if the swept area, air density, and The active power is controlled by q-axis current whereas the
wind velocity is constant. The power coefficient depends on the reactive power can be controlled by d-axis current. The phase
aerodynamic characteristics of blades. Fig. 1 represents the angle of utility voltage is detected using software PLL(Phased
relation between generator speed and output power according to Locked Loop) in d-q synchronous reference frame.
wind speed change (v1< v2 <v3 < v4 < v5).

Wind Speed v5 C. Characteristics of Load Line


Power
v4 The current reference of input current of boost converter is
calculated from the predetermined maximum output torque
v3 pattern according to the speed of generator. As a result, the wind
turbine can generate the maximum output power. The rotational
v2 speed of generator is obtained from the filtered dc output voltage
of diode rectifier because the rotating speed of machine is
v1
proportional to the peak output voltage with constant excitation.
The maximum output torque pattern is selected as (2) and
plotted in Fig. 3. In equation (2), the proportional gain k is
Rotation calculated as (3), which is adjustable during the commissioning.
Speed
This pattern determines the characteristic load line of generator.
Figure 1. Relationship between the power and the rotational speed. If the wind speed increase, the turbine speed will increase
because of the difference of generated and load torque. Then the
new operating point will be decided on the characteristic line,
where the load and generation torques are equal.
B. Circuit and Control of Power Converter
*
The main circuit and control block diagrams are shown in I dc = k (Vin Vin _ min ) 2 + I dc _ min (2)
Fig. 2. For wide range of variable speed operation, a dc-dc boost
chopper is utilized between 3-phase diode rectifier and IGBT where, the coefficient, k can be calculated as follows.
inverter. The input dc current is regulated to follow the
optimized current reference for maximum power point operation I dc _ max I dc _ min
of turbine system. Grid connection type PWM inverter supply
k= (3)
(Vin _ max Vin _ min ) 2
currents into the utility line by regulating the dc link voltage.

Idc Ldc Li
a
b
SG Cin Cdc
c

Vin Vdc 6

PWM SVPWM 3 2 3 2

D Vq* Vd* iq id Eq Ed
CCq CCd PLL
CCdc
- -
iq id
I dc -
+ iq* +
i d*
+
*
I dc VC PFC CCdc dc Current Control
CCq q-axis Current Control
Vdc - CCd d-axis Current Control
Vin VC Voltage Control
+ * PFC Power Factor Control
Vdc cos *

Figure 2. Block diagram of system control.

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I dc * di d 1
= i q Vd (6)
Idc_max dt Li
diq 1
= id + ( Eq Vq ) (7)
dt Li
C dc dV dc2 (8)
= Pin Pout
Idc_min 2 dt
V in Based on these equations, the control block diagram of
V in_min V in_max
inverter is constructed as shown in Fig. 5. The dc voltage
controller maintains the power balance of dc link, which results
Figure 3. Current(torque) reference pattern for maximum output power.
in the active power transfer to the grid. The inner loop current
controller has fast response as it works in synchronous reference
frame with appropriate back-emf compensation. The reactive
D. Control algorithm for Boost-Up Chopper power also can be controlled with additional d-axis current at the
point of connection to the grid.

Idc Ldc Idc1 Lid Eq Idc1


iq
-
iq* -
-
Vdc* Vq* 1 Vdc

+
3Vq

+
+ + 1
+ PI PI
+ + Ls 2Vdc Cs

+
-

+
Voltage Current
Vin Vs Vdc Contrller Contrller
Vdc

- - -

(a)
Figure 5. PWM inverter DC-link voltage controller.
I dc* D
+
+

PI /
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
+

-
-
+

Idc Vin Vdc Proposed control scheme is applied and tested at the
prototype 30kW wind turbine, which has combined structure of
(b) horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbines as shown in Fig. 6
(a). Major system parameters are listed in Table 1.
Figure 4. Circuit and control diagram of boost-up chopper.

In the boost-up chopper in Fig. 4(a), the voltage equation in


continuous current mode is shown in (4), (5).
dI dc
Ldc = Vin Vs = Vin (1 D )Vdc (4)
dt
1
Ldc
I dc = (Vin (1 D )Vdc ) dt (5)

where, Vs : average voltage of switch


D : duty ratio
Consequently, the input current controller with compensation
of feedforward term can be formed as shown in Fig. 4(b).

E. Control of Grid Connected PWM Inverter


The voltage equation of PWM inverter can be derived as (a) (b)
follows. Figure 6. 30kW wind turbine and its power control panel.
(a) HAWT/VAWT dual rotor wind turbine (b) electric power converter

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TABLE I. SPECIFICATION OF WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

Components Specification

Height of Tower : 20 m
Wind Turbine Radius of main blade : 11 m
Radius of auxiliary blade : 5.5 m

Synchronous Generator
Generator
4-pole, 30kW, 3 220V

Power : 37kVA
Power Converter
IGBT 5kHz switching

Fig. 7 shows dc current control and dc voltage control


performance with step current reference change. When the input
*
current reference, I dc , changes from 0 to 80A, the duty ratio, D,
and the DC-link voltage, Vdc, are shown. Considering the slow
dynamics of wind turbine, the input current control transient
time of 0.2sec is enough and the DC-link voltage is well
regulated also. Figure 8. Power control performance during input current change from 0 to
30[A]. (a) input current Idc (b) DC-link voltage Vdc (c) q-axis
current Iq (d) phase current Ias

Figure 7. Characteristics of current control in boost-up chopper.

Fig. 8 shows the power control performance during input


current change from 0 to 30[A]. When the input current, (a) Idc Figure 9. Power factor control by d-axis current change while q-axis current is
increase, the voltage controller of inverter regulate the DC-link constant. (a) q-axis current Iq (b) d-axis current Id (c) phase
voltage of grid (d) phase current from grid
voltage at (b) Vdc the reference value(360V). As a result the
q-axis (c) Iq current and the active power is transferred to the Variable speed power characteristics according to wind speed
grid. As the d-axis current is controlled to be zero, the peak change are shown in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11. As the input voltage
envelop of phase current (d) Ias is the same as the magnitude of change widely(from 140V to 250V), the dc current reference,
the q-axis current. Idc, changes automatically to apply the appropriate load
Dynamic power factor control performance is tested in Fig. calculated from (2). The phase current, Ias, shows the same
9. During the generation of unity power factor, d-axis current envelop as Idc as a result of DC-link voltage regulation. Also the
reference is changed from 0 to 25A for the reactive power phase current waveform in Fig. 11 is sinusoidal and shows unity
control. Phase current waveform in Fig. 9(d). show the phase power factor of total power of WECS.
angle and magnitude change in comparison with the phase
voltage in Fig. 9(c).

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-. Flexible controllability of active and reactive power to grid
For the further study, optimized filter design reduction of
electro magnetic interference, and efficiency evaluation of the
power converter are planned.

REFERENCES
[1] Dejan Schreiber Applied Designs of Variable Speed Wind Turbines And
New Approaches PCIM 2002
[2] L.Grzesiak, W.Koczara, M. da Ponte Application of A Permanent
Magnet Machine in the novel Hygen Adjustable-Speed Load-Adaptive
Electricity Generating System Electric Machines and Drives, 1999.
International Conference IEMD '99 , pp.398 400, 1999
[3] Yoshikazu Higuchi, Naoki Yamamura, Muneaki Ishida, Takamasa Hori
An Improvement of Performance for Small-Scaled Wind Power
Generating System with Permanent Magnet Type Synchronous
Generator Industrial Electronics Society, 2000. IECON 2000. 26th
Annual Conference of the IEEE ,vol.2 , pp.1037 1043, 2000
[4] S. Jiao, G. Hunter, V. Ramsden and D. Patterson Control System Design
for a 20kW Wind Turbine Generator with a Boost Converter and Battery
Figure 10. Variable speed power generation during field test of 30kW wind Bank Load Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2001. PESC.
turbine system in Buan, korea. 2001 IEEE 32nd Annual , Vol. 4 , pp. 2203 2206, 2001
(a) rectified dc voltage of generator(input of power converter) (b) dc current of [5] Aware, M.V.; Tarnekar, S.G.; Kothari, A.G. Unity power factor and
generator output (converter input) (c) phase current of PWM inverter to grid efficiency control of a voltage source inverter-fed variable-speed
(d) line to line voltage of grid generated voltage induction motor drive Electric Power Applications, IEE Proceedings- ,
vol.147 Issue: 5 , pp. 422 430, Sept. 2000
[6] Erich Hau, Windturbines ", Springer, 2000
[7] Siegfried Heier, "Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems",
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[11] S. Muller, M. Deicke, Rik W. De Doncker Adjustable Speed Generators
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4-Quadrant IGBT Converters Linked to the Rotor Industry Applications
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2000, pp.2249 2254, 2000
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D.Y.Kim, D.H.Rho, Y.J.Oh, Development of grid connection type
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Figure 11. Enlargement of time scale of Fig. 10 waveforms.
(a) rectified dc voltage of generator(input of power converter) (b) dc current of
generator output (converter input) (c) phase current of PWM inverter to grid
(d) line to line voltage of grid generated voltage

IV. CONCLUSION
Through the implementation and control of a simple ac-dc-ac
power conversion circuit, this study showed following
advantages in the application for variable speed wind turbine
controller.

-. Cost is inexpensive (one IGBT and small filter)


-. Wide range of generators are applicable including PMSM
-. Generator load control is easy and decoupled

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