CH # 3

Power System Protection
Chapter # 3
(Current and Voltage Transformers)
Electrical Transducers
Electrical Transducers are high accuracy class electrical
devices used to isolate and transform voltage or current
levels.
Electrical transducers are also known as instrument
transformers.
Instrument Transformers are used in A.C. system for
measurement of electrical quantities i.e. voltage,
current, power, energy, power factor, frequency, etc.
Instrument transformers are also used with protective
relays for protection of power system.
Electrical Transducers
Basic function of Instrument transformers is to step
down the A.C. System voltage & current.
These transformers have standard rating of secondary
windings.
CTs have secondary windings rated at 5A or 1A.
VTs have secondary voltage, 120 V line-to-line or
69.3 V line-to-neutral.
Types of Instrument Transformers
Instrument transformers are of two types
1. Current transformer (CT)
2. Voltage transformer (VT)
Along with the reduction of the primary current and
voltage, these devices also provide isolation from the
higher system voltages.
Thus, primary side of the transformer is connected into
or to the power system with insulation that is
compatible with that of the system.
The secondary side is connected with the measuring
instruments and relays.
Current Transformers (CTs)
Current transformer is used to step down the current of
power system to a lower level to make it safe to be
measured or sensed by ammeters or relays.
CTs are divided into two categories:
1. Metering CTs
2. Protective CTs
Metering CTs have current measuring meters connected
on their secondary winding. These CTs are designed to
produce very accurate replica of primary current on
their secondaries during normal operation of power
system.
Metering transformers may have very signicant errors
during fault conditions, when the currents may be
several times their normal value for a very short time.
Since metering functions are not required during faults,
this is not signicant.
Current transformers used for relaying are designed to
have small errors during faulted conditions, while their
performance during normal steady-state operation may
not be very accurate.
Difference between the design of metering CTs and
relaying CTs.
Metering CTs
Protective CTs
The ratings of the secondary winding of CTs have been
standardized.
This standard secondary current rating helps to achieve
the degree of interchangeability among different
manufacturers relays and meters.
In the USA and several other countries, current
transformer secondary windings are rated for 5 A, while
in Europe a second standard of 1 A secondary is also in
use.
In High Voltage substations, where distance b/w CTs and
connected equipment is large, CTs with 1 A secondary is
preferred.
Construction

1 = = = =
1
Where ni is known as CT Ratio
Construction
Construction
Construction
= =
1
60 60
= = = 60 = = = 30 = = = 20
1 2 2 3 3
= 60 = = 30 5 = 150 = 20 5 = 100
Equivalent Circuit of CT
1 1
= 2 2

1 ,
= 2 +
Burden Impedance
Equivalent Circuit of CT
Quantitatively this error is described as follow:
Per-Unit current Transformation Error :
1 2
= =
1 1
1
Where 1 =
and Ratio Correction Factor R:
1
=
1
Accuracy Classes of CTs
The performance accuracy classes of CTs are defined by
either of the two standards
1. ANSI/IEEE
2. IEC
ANSI/IEEE Standard Class Designations
There are two standard classes: class T, for which
performance is not easy to calculate, so manufacturers
test curves must be used, and class C, for which the
performance can be calculated.
These designations C or T are followed by a number,
indicating the secondary terminal voltage across the
standard burden at 20 times the rated secondary
current without exceeding the 10% error.
For relaying, the voltage classes are 100 , 200, 400, and
800, corresponding to standard burdens of B-1, B-2, B-
4, and B-8, respectively.
These burdens are at 0.5 power factor.
The lower-voltage classes of 10, 20, and 50 with
standard burdens of B-0.1, B-0.2, and B-0.5 at 0.9
power factor are primarily for metering CTs.
IEEE C57.13 relaying accuracy classes and burden data
IEC Standard Protection CT Accuracy Classes
IEC 61869-2 specifies the accuracy of CT as
15 VA, Class 10 P 20
Above CT is rated for continuous 15 VA burden.
P stands for protective CTs
number preceding letter P is accuracy class (the
maximum %age error).
number following the letter P is accuracy limit factor
(ALF), which indicates the multiples of rated secondary
current at which the accuracy class applies.
Steady-State Performance of CTs
Steady-state performance of CTs can be calculated from
their equivalent-circuit and defined by per-unit (or
%age) error and ratio-correction factor.
Per-Unit current Transformation Error :
1 2
= =
1 1
1
Where 1 =
and Ratio Correction Factor R:
1
=
1
Transient Performance of CTs
When faults occur, the current magnitudes could be
much larger, the fault current may have substantial
amounts of DC components as well.
These factors may lead to saturation of the CT core, and
cause signicant distortion of the secondary current
waveform.
Transient Performance of CTs
Polarity Markings on CT Windings
Polarity markings of transformer windings are means of
describing the relative directions in which the two
windings are wound on the transformer core.
It refers to the instantaneous direction of the primary
current with respect to the secondary current.
This polarity is marked on the CT
terminal by many ways, e.g., by using
letters H & X or U & V, by using dot,
by using direction arrows, etc.
According to the polarity markings, the primary current
flowing towards the marked end of the primary winding
will be in phase with the secondary current flowing
away from the marked end of the secondary winding.
Example
Special Connections of CTs
1. Auxiliary CT
As the CT windings rating has been standardized, the
turns ratios for CTs have also been standardized.
Auxiliary current transformers are used to provide an
adjustment to the overall current transformation ratio.
These auxiliary CTs are connected on the secondary side
of main CTs.
When CT ratio other than a standard ratio is required,
an auxiliary CT provides a convenient method of
achieving the desired ratio.
1. Auxiliary CT
Example:
2. Wye and Delta Connections
In three-phase circuits, the CT secondaries are
connected in wye or delta configuration to obtain
certain phase shifts and magnitude changes between
the CT secondary currents and line currents.
3. Flux-summing CT (Core-Balance CTs)
The Flux-summing/core-balance CT is normally of the
window type, through the center of which three phase
conductors are passed.
A ground fault relay, connected to the secondary
winding, is energized by (IA + IB + IC = IN).
Since this arrangement effectively sums the ux
produced by the three phase currents, the CT
secondary contains the true zero-sequence current.
3. Flux-summing CT (Core-Balance CTs)
Connections of CTs Secondaries
4. Residually Connected CTs
The Flux-summing arrangement is only possible in
low-voltage circuits, where the three phase conductors
may be passed through the CT core in close proximity
to each other.
Alternate to this method is
residually connected CTs.
Connections of CTs Secondaries
5. Zero-Sequence Current Shunts
Linear Couplers
Linear couplers are CTs without an iron core.
The magnetizing reactance of these transformers is
linear, and is very small compared to that of a steel-
cored CT.
The secondary windings have very limited ability to
deliver the current.
Therefore, the linear couplers are operated as a
current-to-voltage converter.
The main use of linear couplers is in applications where
saturation of the CT presents a major problem.
Electronic CTs
A number of electronic CTs have been developed, which
offer many advantages when compared to traditional
CTs.
Most of the practical electronic CTs are based upon the
relationship between the magnetizing eld produced by
a current-carrying conductor, and
the plane of polarization of polarized light passing
through a ber-optic block placed around the
conductor.
The angle through which the plane of polarization of
the light rotates is detected and converted to a voltage.
Electronic CTs
Electronic CTs
Voltage Transformers (VTs)
Voltage transformers (VTs) are normal transformers
with the primary winding connected directly to the high-
voltage apparatus, and secondary winding connected
with the relays or meters.
Main purpose of VTs is to produce replica of a system
voltage which can be used in metering and relaying
systems.
VTs may have one or more secondaries rated at the
standard voltage of 69.3 V for phase-to-neutral voltages
or 120 V for phase-to-phase voltages.
Construction
The construction of a voltage transformer takes into
account the following factors:
1. output seldom more than 200-300VA. Cooling is
rarely a problem
2. Insulation designed for the system impulse
voltage level. Insulation volume is often larger
than the winding volume
3. mechanical design not usually necessary to
withstand short-circuit currents. Must be small to
fit the space available within switchgear
Construction
Three-phase units are common up to 36kV but for
higher voltages single-phase units are usual.
Voltage transformers for medium voltage circuits will
have dry type insulation, but for high and extra high
voltage systems, oil-immersed units are general.
Construction
Construction
Working Principle
Working principle of a VT is same as the working
principle of a power transformer.
The output rating of these transformers is very small as
compared to power transformers.
VTs are designed to operate accurately at voltage higher
than the rated voltage level as well.
The upper limit of operating voltage is expressed in
terms of voltage factor of a VT.
Connection of Three-Phase VTs
Accuracy Class (IEC 60044-2)
Accuracy Class (IEC 60044-2)
IEEE VT Accuracy Class
Metering Accuracy Classes (% error)
0.3
Defined by IEEE C57.13
0.6
Applicable from 90% to 110%
rated voltage
1.2
0.15 Defined by IEEE C57.13.6

Metering Accuracy Class Burdens (IEEE C57.13)
Burden VA PF
W 12.5 0.10
X 25 0.70
M 35 0.20
Y 75 0.85
Z 200 0.85
ZZ 400 0.85
Standard Class Designation for VT
Accuracy Class + Burden Code
0.3 W
0.3 X
0.6 Z
1.2 ZZ
Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers
(CCVTs)
The coupling capacitor voltage transformer is the most
used voltage transformer for high voltages > 100 kV.
The CCVT consists of two parts,
1. the capacitive voltage divider CVD with the two
capacitances C1 and C2
2. the electromagnetic unit EMU.
Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers
(CCVTs)
The value of the capacitances C1 and C2 determines
the voltage ratio of the CVD.
The EMU contains an inductive voltage transformer, a
tuning reactance and a protection against ferro-
resonance.
The basic theory regarding accuracy classes, ratio and
phase errors etc., is the same for CCVTs as for VT.
END
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Power System Protection

0.15 Defined by IEEE C57.13.6

Accuracy Class + Burden Code

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