TV Production Phases

TELEVISION PRODUCTION PROCESS

PRODUCTION MODEL
Effect-to-cause Model

Desired
Defined effect on
IDEA process Target
audience
message Feedback

Medium
requirements:
Production -Content
-People Actual process
-Equipment
message

Actual effect on target audience

TELEVISION PRODUCTION PROCESS
PRODUCTION MODEL
Effect-to-cause Model

-Starts with a basic idea.

-Then it moves to desired communication effect on the target
audience (program objective)

-When viewers watching the video and audio content of your

television program and attaching meaning to it, we called it the
process message.

-From desired effect, you will then think how to bring about
cause - this effect (Production)

-The closer the defined and actual process messages match, the
more successful the program.
Three Production Phases

1. Preproduction
The preparation of a show before the actual production
activities take place.
2. Production
All of the activities in which equipment and the crew
operating it create the actual program or program
segments.
3. Postproduction
Involves mostly video and audio editing.

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1.0 Preproduction Phase

In general, the preproduction phase encompasses all
aspects of preparation that are performed before the
camera starts to roll.
Happens in two stages:
1. From idea to script
2. From script to production
The designation of the necessary equipment, facilities,
and people to transform the script into a television
show.

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TELEVISION PRODUCTION PROCESS
Pre-production

IDEA EVALUATION

Is it worth doing?
Process
Idea Angle
message

Is it doable?

Idea -Basic idea /initial idea

Process message -Desired effect on target audience
Angle -Transform the idea into production
Is it worth doing -Should have positive influence on somebodys life
Is it doable -Necessary budget, time and facilities available to
proceed to production phase.
PREPARED BY FOOML
1.1 Aspects of preproduction

Some aspects of preproduction include:

Screenwriting Costume Design

Storyboarding Location Scouting
Budgeting Set Design
Assembling a crew Props
Casting Scheduling
 1.2 Storyboarding

A storyboard is a series of drawings intended to
represent how the film will be shot, including how
each frame will be composed and how subject and
camera motion will occur.

The storyboard articulates the mise-en-scene of the film.

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 1.3 Budgeting

Budgeting Costs 2 categories of budget:
Preproduction 1. Above the line
Production Creative cost, not machine/
Post-production technical devices.

2. Below the line

Include all technical expenses.
 Above the line & Below the line

Above the Line

All of the costs involved in a production before principle
photography begins. These are not necessarily all pre-
production costs, as some of these may relate to the shoot
itself.
Include things such as salaries for the producer, director, and
sometimes big name stars, producer's expenses in getting the
project up and running, and fees for screenwriters and any
underlying rights for the script.
Below the Line
Costs are basically everything else that doesn't come under
"Above the Line." This includes the cost of the crew, most
cast, shoot, catering, coffee, post-production etc.
 1.4 Assembling a Crew

A crew is the group of workers on a film set who are
responsible for facilitating production.
 Production Phase

The production phase refers to the period of time
when the film is actually being shot.

Some aspects of production include:

Direction
Camera operation
Lighting
Sound recording
Acting
 1.5 The Preproduction Crew

Producer
Develops program concept & program budget or funding.
Assigns programs director.
Works with writer on script.

Director
Marks script with camera shots & instruction.

Assistant Director
Responsible for scheduling the daily operations of crew.
Prepare call sheets or/and script breakdown form
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 1.5 The Preproduction Crew

Production Manager (PM)
Prepare script breakdown form
Prepare budget for the film

Director of Photography (DP) or Cinematographer

Production Designer (PD)

Determines the overall design approach of the film.

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 2.0 Production Phase

The production phase refers to the period of time
when the film is actually being shot.

Some aspects of production include:

Direction
Camera operation
Lighting
Sound recording
Acting
2.1 The Production Crew

During production, these roles are usually delegated to the
production departments:

Direction
Director (oversees all aspects of the production)
Assistant Director (works closely with the actors)

Camera
Cinematographer (oversees camera operation and
lighting plan)
Camera Operator (operates the camera)
Assistant Camera (loads camera, pulls focus)
2.1 The Production Crew

Lighting
Cinematographer (oversees camera operation and
lighting plan)
Gaffer (head electrician)
Grip (sets up lights)

Sound
Sound Mixer (records the sound)
Boom operator (positions the microphone)
Clapper (displays the clap slate for the camera)

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2.1 The Production Crew

Talent
Actors (perform before the camera)

Miscellaneous
Production Coordinator (scheduling)
Continuity script girl (watch for continuity errors)
Make-up Artist (apply make-up to actors)
Production Assistant (various jobs)
2.2 Four Stages in Production Phase

Four standard stages in the actual shooting of an EFP
production:

1. Setting up
Unloading the equipment and moving it to the first location.

2. Rehearsing
Blocking the scene
Placement of cameras, lights, audio equipment
Rehearsing the Actors
The technical run-through
Shooting publicity Still
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2.2 Four Stages in Production Phase

3. Shooting
Slate or Clapboard
Takes
Coverage
Audio pick ups

4. Striking
The equipment and set is usually removed and
the studio or location returned to its original
condition
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 3.0 Post-Production Phase

Activities
Post-production editing
Evaluation and feedback
Recordkeeping

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3.1 Getting from Rough Cut to Fine Cut

Editing is the arrangement of imagery and sounds
into a sequence that tells the story of the film.
An editor may arrange based on different aesthetic
styles depending upon the needs of the story.

3.2 Rough Cut to Fine Cut and
Final Audio Mix

Between the rough cut and the fine cut is where all of
the creative decisions are made.
Rough Cut: Places the film in rough sequence from
beginning to end according to the screenplay. Dialog is in
place, but sound effects, and music are incomplete.
(Offline Edit)
Fine Cut: All of the final editing decisions and the final
soundtrack mix are complete. The film is ready for
laboratory work (negative cutting, effects, married
printing).
(Online Edit)
 3.3 Post-production editing

Creative control
Selection of shots
Juxtaposition

Special effects and graphics

Computer technology: Non-linear editing

Audio
Enhancement and modification or addition
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Linear & Non-linear Editing

Non-Linear editing is working in a software
program where you can digitize the footage,
drag it and drop it where you want.

Linear editing is when you edit footage from

tape a to tape b by using in-and-out points,
which you mark, and then transfer.

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 3.4 Post-Production Crew
Producer

Approves final edited version.
Coordinates with station for promotion/publicity.
Handles social and legal aftermath of the production.

Director
Supervises editing.

Assistant Director (AD)

Sets up a schedule with the director for any planned
editing.
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