How Sounds are Produced on the Guitar ‘The sensation of sound is caused by sound waves striking the eardrum. Then the waves are transmitted to the brain. Three things must be present if a sound is to be heard. 1. The generator. This causes |) 2. The transmitting medium. the sound waves to be formed. ‘A sound wave consists of In order for the sound wave io reach the ear it must thicker and thinner vibrations travel through ait, water, or of molecules. The generator even a solid object like 2 can be the vocal cords (asin || wall. Sounds cannot travel the human voice), a reed (as || _—_in'a vacuum; the most violent on a clarinet or saxophone}, explosion in the vacuum of the player's lips (as on a outer space will not be heard ‘trumpet or trombone), a | atall because there is no stretched skin (as on a crum), ‘transmitting medium. or a string (as on a violin piano or guitar. Astana vats. creating sound wave v ¥ {hot sks the sacrum The receiver. In human beings and animals, this is the earcrum, a tightly stretched membrane inside the ear. When sound waves strike the eardrum, they cause itto vibrate. This vibration is converted to electrical impulses which stimulate the brain, and cause the sensation of sound. When a guitar string is plucked, it stars to vibrate, This vibration causes waves inthe ait. When these waves itto vibrate at the same rate as the guitar stringPitch Pitch is the word musicians use when they want to refer to how vibrates at 440 vibrations per vps. High notes can be heard up to tecond (wp) lepereenedy the || Teo00 oven 20,000 vp, Cota | hover asesuis Per” ersbetgurtanarou tat | ann esa Gosche eauecby viaion, raser | wtrieva2a0vp ond et” | ctnghs an evo ee rte Veschoncaee napisy, | farandoinasbcauear 0 || Tete om sng oa guar Soweaioncamntwer |v Metpeplecarieai | rr a8 Sup Nar pich Fororanple encbat | obstha nce acon 220 | 38s (On the guitar there are three ways to change the pitch of a string} 1. Turning the tuning or machine head causes the string to become tighter or looser. Tighter [ makes the piteh rise, Looser L makes the pitch drop, “ing ates ort tena ate otf ne ie 2. Placing a finger of the left hand on any fret of a string effectively shortens the length of that string, AAs the finger siides closer to the bridge, the string length gets snorter and the pitch rises. Shorter makes the pitch rise Longer makes the pitch drop. A Reeresehet Suny termdad A Figen ie, Soy a peruredan mas! fara me sere 3. Pushing or bonding a sting Oni = across the tngerboare increases the sting’ tension even more 1 and causes the pith to rse This bending effect is often used 1 by blues and rock players. Hl Appetit too Avie giepanedortet era gwenNotes of Aves Basie Guar etn ook Notes are the basic units of music. Written music uses various shapes to indicate the different types of notes: Open Note Open Notes with Stems _ Closed Notes with Stems Closed Notes with ‘Stems and Flags o oe i e f oe p Whole Note Half Notes Quarter Notes Eighth Notes Continue across Write examples Oy cy che Whole Notes of the above notes inthe spaces provided: | e e eo i | J e e Quarter Notes ppE DES ee Notes are placed on | jp a fiveriine staff Music for the guitar is written in the treble clet, The treble clef sign is placed before each five-tine staff. The treble clef sign looks like this: @ Itis derived from the Gothic letter G: Here's how to make it: First, draw kind of a long skinny J. Then add the rest of the sign; make sure the tail curls around the second line of the stat Continue across Bar lines are verical lines that divide the staff into measures. The measures show the basic pulse of the music and make reading music easier by dividing the notes into shorter groups, ao Mensur Measure Measure Mesure ee ——— ———| 7 t $ pouble bar shows” ‘ond of piece or Bar LinesAles Bac Gute ined Boot Naming the Notes In music, notes are named by using the letters A, 8, C, D, E, F and G. No other letters are used. Notes are placed on the five-line staff, either in the spaces or on the lines. the spaces F A c E Notes on the lines + ®. G B D Fr You can use these memory tricks to help you identity the notes: Notes in the soaces (from low to high) spell the word FACE. Notes on the lines: Every Good Boy Does Fine Identity the following notes and write their names in the spaces provided below each stati Notes in the spaces: Mixed examples: e Below the staff are note names; write the actual notes on the staff‘Ate’ Bast Gur eto Boa 7 Notes on the First String, Introducing . . . the E String ' ‘The notes E, F and G are played of the 1st sting White their names in the spaces provided below the staft e Using whole notes, write the notes on the staf! that are callee for below: iF E 6 F Do a similar exercise using half notes: E F ce 5 F s E E Do a similar exercise using quarter notes: BacRhythm Quarter, Half, Dotted Half and Whole Notes ‘As you have aleady soon, the | Now olay any open string onthe |) Dotted hal notes get tree beats pitch of nate how high orlow) | gutar once foreach beat, These | and look ike tis [sinaated by te postion on | Soten ar called quarter notes Po tho vein sa. The duration | and they ave wren Ike his oie Gharote thew long t sounds) is | ‘ inoiated by ts shape, a ote notes got teat ar look lke ths Imagine steady beat ke 2 clock | aly notes get two beats and aro ei tcking. Tap your foot to his beat. | Halt notes oe | | al Write the number of beats each of the following nates gets: (oo Time Signatures Each piece of muse sta wth ade, immediately flowed by atime signature ‘The upoer number tls you how many beats thre are each moasure the boom number tls you what kin of note pes one boat (4-quater ote). Atme signature of tes you there are fourbeatsin each measure ard a quarter not gels one baat | aa 64. eee eee a eae © ‘time signature of 3 tes you there are tee beats in each measute and « quarter nte gets one beat éi J le J oiuod . Practice writing these two time signatures on the staffs provided below:Notes on the Second String, the B String Introducing . . . ‘The notes B, C and D are played on the 2nd string, Write their names in the spaces provided below the staff Write @ similar exercise using notes on the 1st and 2nd string b tH —— = - — — o Using quarter notes, draw the notes on the staff that are called for below: BS HCH Bed Rt uQh ves HDH vet uBrt DH eGR eG © Do a similar exercise using dotted half notes: (If the note is in a space, the dot goes directly to the right of the ote head. Ifthe note is on a line, the dot goes a litle above the line and to the right of the note heac.) e ce E 6 8 D F E Do a similar exercise using half notes and whole notes:More on 4 and i Time ‘As you have already learned, every measure oA must conan four beats. Complete the folowing measures, taking sure tat each one contains four beats. Use the notes called for aelow the stats. Pon all ote stems down Add only one note per measure we D 8 F E 3 Complete the folowing measures of 4 time making sure that each measure contains three beats: e 8 D F 6 eos 6 > “The otowing mescures of A tme ae decribed inthe spaces below te stl. White the music notation on the stat ee aHig D E F 6 F E D whole Halt Halt Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter Whole ‘Note elt miieric DB c Halt Halt Half Half Quarter Quarier Quarter Quarter. = Whole E F E D g Do a similar exercise in 4 time’ c D BF G F E D Half Quarter. Quarter Half Quarter Quarter. Quarter. —_—otted Halt wos © DOE F E D c Hal Quarter Quarter Halt Quarter Quarter. © Quarter. ~—_—Dotted HalfStemming ‘ ' \hen wating notes tat have stemis—quatrs, ha note ane dot Na notes—keep in ind wo things 1. Any note writen on middle ne Bo: higher gets a down st. Any note oer than midline & gets an up stem. * Zz —= = z += == Middle L Down-stems ———__1 _ up-stems Line B 2, To make your stems look more protessional, make sure they go straight up and down, and that they are approximately as long as three spaces and a line, or three lines and hala space. See below. Then write your own examples ‘Sepaces 3 lines and andaline halfaspace Add stems to these noteheads Nofes on the Third String, the G string ‘The notes G and A are played on the Sr¢ string Write their names in the spaces provided! s A Recognizing the Notes on the First Three Strings Write the names of the notes in the spaces provided:Recognizing the cao Three-String C Chord chord is a combination of two or more harmonious notes. ‘The staff below contains various chords. Write a In the space provided above the chords that are the three-string C chord Leave the chords you do not recognize blank. Arpeggios ‘An arpeggic (pronounced “ar-PED-jee-o") means that the notes of a chord are played one at a time rather than simultaneously. The word arpeggio is an Italian word that means “like a harp. ‘Some of the following arpeggios are based on a C chord. Others are not. Write a °C” above the ones you recognize. Arpeggios may be played trom the lowest note to the highest, or trom the highest note to the lowest, Broken Chords ‘Sometimes a chord is broken into a combination of single notes and two-note chords. In the spaces above the following broken chords, write a C over the broken chords based on the three-string C chord. Like arpeggios, broken chords may be played from the bottom up or from the top down.Recognizing the a7 Three-String G7 Chord eS ‘The staf below contains various chords. Write a Gin the space provided ‘above the chords that are three-string G? chords. Then start over and write '@C in the spaces above the three-string C chords, Leave the chords you do not recognize blank. ‘The following G” chords are each missing one or more notes. Filin the missing notes: Some of he folowing arpeggios are based on G7; some are based on ©. White the names above the staff: Some of he broken chords below are based on G”; some are based on C. Wie the names above the stat:Recognizing the Three-String G Chord The staff below contains various chords. In the spaces above the staff write only the ‘name of the G chords. You may then go back and write the names of the C and G” cchards you recognize, Leave the chords you do not recognize blank. Tne following G chords are each missing one or more notes. Fill n the missing notes. ‘Some of the following arpegaios are based on G: others are based on C or G7. Write in the names of the ‘chords that you recognize above the staff. The notes may be in any order and stil be a C, G’ or G chord,Use aeroage Reviewing the C, G7 and G Chords The staf below contain he C, Gand G cera, Wit thr names Inthe spaces provided above te las Name the broken chords notated on the staffs below: e ‘The following stafts combine chords, arpeggios, and broken chords. Name each chord in the spaces provided:Notes on the Fourth String, Introducing «- - the D String These notes are played on the 4th string, Write their names in the spaces provided. Recognizing the Notes on the First Four Strings ‘The following notes are played on the first 4 stings. Write their names in the spaces provided below the staffs Octaves ‘The word octave (pronounced ‘OC-tiv’) comes from the Latin word for eight (as in octet, octagon and octopus, which has eight arms). In music, an octave means two notes that are eight notes apart. This is important, because two notes an octave apart have the same letter name. The following examples show all the octaves you have learned so far. Write the names of the notes in the spaces provided:Recognizing Four-String Introducing . .. Chords (G & G7) 6 oe ‘The staffs below contain four-string G and G’ chords, three sting C, G? and G chords, and a few chords you won't recognize. Write the names ofall the chords you do recognize in the spaces provided! The following four-string G and GT chords are missing one or more notes. Fill them in: & (i In the following example, broken chords and arpeggios are combined. Name the chords in the spaces provided:Use ane pages 20 ae Notes on the Fifth String, Introducing . . « the A String Whon notes are witton above oF bolaw the fveine ‘The following notes are found on the Sth string staf eda shor lines callad Write their names in the spaces below the staf ledger lines are added A BC When adding ledger lines, make them about » inch long and space them the same as normal staff lines, Write the notes described on the staff below. All notes are played on the Sth string A 8 c 8 © a 8 c nN Half Quarter Dotted Half Quarter Notes Half Quarter Dotted Half ‘The following example uses all the octaves you have learned. Write their names below the staff in the spaces provided: The following example uses notes from the first 5 strings of the guitar. Write their names in the spaces below:18 use ate pag Incomplete Measures Sometimes the 1st measure of a piece will contain fess than the normal number of beats. This incomplet measure is called a pickup. Usually, ifthe ‘st measure isa pickup bar, the last bar is also incomplete. W the beats of the 1st and last measure are added together, however, they will alvays equal one full measu Answer the following questions about pickups in 4 time: The 1st measure has a one-beat pickup; how many beats does the last measure have? ___ ‘The 1st measure has a three-beat pickup; how many beats does the last measure have? —__ ‘The 1st measure has a two-beat pickup; how many boats does the last measure have? ‘These questions apply to # time: ‘The tst measure has a two-beat pickup; how many beats does the last measure have? ‘The ist moasure has a one-beat pickup: how many beats does the last measure have? Below are some examples of pickups. In each case, complete the last measure with the proper number of beats, using only one note:Notes on the Sixth String, pial EEE the Low E String ‘The following notes are found an the 6th string. Write their names in the spaces provided Wirite the notes described on the stati below. When writing stems on notes below B, extend the stems to the midale (3rd) line of the stat. E F s F 6 E F s E Hall Quarter Dotted Halt ‘Quarter Notes Half Quarter Dotted Halt The following example uses the notes below the staff. First, see if you can name them rapidly. Then write their names in the spaces provided: ‘The following example uses all the notes you have learned. See if you can name them rapidly. Then write thelr names in the spaces provided.20 Lie a age 0 Rests Rests in music ate very important, They give the melody a chance to “breathe” land help the music achieve a graceful flow. Rests can also be very dramatic after a turbulent passage. The quarter rest { has a value of one beat. In most cases itis centered on the staff between the 2nd and 4th lines. Practice writing a ssories of quarter rests on the staff below. 6 ee ‘The half rest = has a value of two beats. Its like a box that sits on the 3rd line ofthe staff. Practice writing it below: & e The whole rest = has a value ofthe numberof beats in a complete measure. That is in tt gets 4 boats; n time the whole rest gets 9 beats. The whole esti ike a box that hangs from the 4th line ofthe staf, Practice writing it below: 4 6 o Inthe folowing example some measures are missing beats, Complete them by insering the appropiate rests. Important: the hat rests only used in time; i ‘a two-boat rests required in time, 2 quarter ress are used,Ties Atos curved tne tat connects 2 oF more notes of the some psn. Whon 2 notes are ted, the 2nd one is not played separately, Rather, its value is added to the 1stnote. For example, a half note (2 beats) tied toa querer note (1 beats helsfor'3 beats Hare are some ? cam irra, rhea putecate Hola how long each note is held separately, then write the beats total number of beats hold Introducing Tied Notes Example: 2 + 1 = 3 beats + beats ae + __ = __ beats + beats + + + = __ beats + Drawing Ties Connect the following notes with ties. Remember, when the stems go down, the ties curve up. When the stems go up, the ties curve down. Ties are always placed at the note heads.Eighth Notes ious we Practice writing 8th notes on the staff below: = oes = Ge = © ae we vn groups o 2 or more, th tes are writen ike aut Cf robe boar conning the fps fe bots o the stems, Practice writing them below: . + Eighth notes are played twice as fast as quarter notes. How many beats do two Bth notes get? Four ath notes? _Six Bth notes? Eight Bth notes? _ Using only the note E in the examples below, fil in the missing beats with groups of 2, 4, 6 or 8 Bth notes. inf time the beam never goes aeross the midpoint ofthe measure ome fT) = met TTL Use only the note E. eS x = = © ‘Add 8th notes using the notes below the stats:Half Steps and Whole Steps Geechee ‘Analf step is the smallest difference in pitch that can be written in our system of musical notation. On the guitar, ¢ half step equals one fret. Itz note is played on the 1st string-ist fret, @ half step higher would be the 1st string-2nd fret; a half step lower would be the 1st string-open. ‘Make two dots on each of the following diagrame with the 1st dot showing where the written note is played anc the 2nd dot (use a diferent color) showing where a ‘note a hal step higher is played: Example: om on 1 om Do a similar exercise, but this time mark the place wher be played: Example: . — om of peat ‘Awhole step equals two half steps. On the guitar, a whole step equals two frets. Do a similar exercise to those above, marking the piace where the written note is ound: then (in differant color] mark the place where a whole step higher is found: Example: Continue similarly, marking where a Example: ns # 5 - : alSharps { and Naturals § “The symbol is used to indicate a sharp, When placed in front of a note, it means to play that note a halt step (one fret) higher than usual. The following examples have & hralural note followed by the sharped note. Mark their positions on the diagrams above the stall. Use a different color for the sharped note, exarpl sane ore aan — t i ‘Arnatural sign looks lke this: 4. When placed in front of a previously sharped note, it restores that note to is usual pitch. The following examples have a sharped note followed by the natural note, Mark their positions on the diagrams above the stat. Use black for the natural note and another color for the sharped note. Example: oe ==Flats b and Naturals 4 The symbol is used to indicate a flat. When placed in front of a note, it ‘means to play that note a haif step (ane fret) lower than usual. The following ‘examples have a natural note followed by the flatied note, Matk their positions fon the diagrams below. Use a different color forthe flatted nate. Example: The same natural sign that is used for sharps is also used to restore fatted notes to their original pitch. The following examples have a fated note followed by the natural note. Mark their positions on the diagrams above the stat, using a different color for the tatted notes: Example: frase oHHow to Flat Open Strings since an open string eannat be |) open sting. Lets take the high E |) deduce that E can aise pe found since a ren hater method | string as an example. Fil, tnd || on the 2nd sting Sth fet. Ty must be found. Unite the piano, | this same E on the 2nd sting |) this on your guitar. It itis tuned Te gutartsaninstument on | Since we know that Dis played on) property, out nea’ et ‘the 2nd hich itis possible to find the the 2nd string-31d fret, and since | sring-Sth fret sounds the same as aire note'n two of more places. | we also know that E is a whole | the "st sting-opon. ‘This glves us a clue on fating an || step (two frets) above D, we can E D E B (ist tring, (2nd String (2nd String, (2nd String, open) 0 ‘3rd ret) ‘th fet) ‘th fet) ‘once we know that E can be found on the 2nd sting-Sth fe, itis a simple matter fe fiat this note in he ordinary way. This means that Ebis found on the 2nd string iret. Using similar methods, igure out where to play the following lattes notes: e o o ab = = oI . be ving: Fret: _ [ Enharmonics Pethaps you've noticed that certain frets on the guitar can be named two diferent ‘ways. For example, 1s! sring-2nd fret can be called either For Ge. ath string- 1 ret iether Dé or E> These are called enharmonic tones or enharmonics. There are S ‘commonly used enharmonic tones: C#Db, DYED, F¥G, GEIAr, and AYB!. Less used But fil important are EXP, BEC, FE and Ov.The Four-String D7 Chord ‘Tho stati bolow contains various four-string chords. Write their names above the staft: ‘There are sharps missing in four different places in the following example. Write them in: bt G Gr © bt GpTg pt G Write and label examples of the four-string C and G chords. Use half notes: ‘Write and laivel examples of the four-string G? and D’ chords. Use quarter and half notes: Write some quarter-note arpeggios (see page 11) of the four-string G” and D” chords: ‘Write some examples of broken chords using the four-string C and G chords:se atte page 56, Building the C Major Scale When building the C major scale Te neo tow roca ———— + te dom te tay he ot hat names the scl) Se 2, Add 7 more notes going up stepwise without skipping or repeating any letters (D EF GAB C). Ityou've done this correcty, the last note will have the same name as the Keynote. 6 ae a = es o c c 8. Write down the names of all the intervals in the scale (whole steps and half steps) 6 = = = a = = > whole Whole Halt whole Whole. = Whole Halt ‘step ‘Step Stop Step Step Step Step 4, Check the intervals. They must occur in this order: whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, halt ince the intervals in the C scale above do occur in the proper order, we now know that the notes of a C major Seale are CDE F GAB and. Ifthe intervals did not occur in the proper order, we would still have @ scale, but it would not be a major scale. On the open staffs below, write the following: ‘An ascending C major scale in quarter notes—use proper stemming. GE ee ‘A descending C major scale in half notes—start with third space C: [A.C major scale in quarter notes that ascends from and descends back to low C. : SS Tetrachords [Atetrachord (tetra means four) is a group of 4 consecutive notes separated by 2 whole steps and a halt step CDEF isa tetrachord. GAB Cis also a telrachord. Major scales can be thought of as 2 tetrachords separated by a whole step. r First Tetrachord 1 c Second Tetrachord 1 SS ————=— = =29 ae Building the G Major Scale Use the same procedure as for the C major scale on the preceding page. 1. Write down the keynote (G). e a 2. Add 7 more notes going up stepwise without skipping or repeating any letters (AB G 0 E FG). 7 — aa =: = a 3. Write down the names of all the intervals in the scale (whole steps and hal! steps) Incorrect! a a a ———s = o- Whole Whole Halt Whole Whole Hatt Whole Step ‘Stop Step Step Step Step Step 4. Check the intervals. They must occur in this order: whole, whole, halt, whole, whole, whole, ha. Since they do not, some changes must be made. Notice that the first § intervals (G to A, A to B, B to C, C to D, and D to E) do correspond to the major scalo Saee are ext 2 intervals (E to F, and F to @) do not. E to F is only a half step; it should be a whole step. jityou have to dois sharp the F. This makes the intorval trom E to F#a whole step, which Is what t shuia be, "also means that the last interval in the scale is now Fé to G, a half step, and this is now correct, What this means is that to have a correct G major scale, you must sharp the F. Put another way, the correct @ ‘major scale consists of the notes GAB C DE Ftand G, f te 0 ts —= = — i © Whole Whole Hatt Whole Whole. = Whole Hatt ‘Step Step Stop Step Stop Step Step On the open staffs below, write the followin 1g: An ascending (one-octave) G major scale in quarter notes starting on low G. aes \Mwo-octave G major scale in half notes starting on low G and ending on high G. 6E ooge Gescendiing two-octave G major scale starting on high G and ending on low G. Use quarter notes. sese aor nage ss Building the F Major Scale Use the same procedure as for the C major and the G major scales on the preceding pages. 4. Write down the keynote (F) , 2. Add 7 more notes going up stepwise without skipping or repeating any letters (G AB CD EF). & So <= = 3, Write down the names of all the intervals in the scale (whole steps and half steps), a Incorrect! te a = oo = © whole Whole == Whole Hatt Whole Whole Hatt Step ‘Step Step Step ‘Stop ‘step Step 4, Check the intervals. They must occur in this order: whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, halt Sines they do not, some changes must be made. Notice that the frst 2 intervals (F to Gand G to A) are correct. The next interval (A to 8) should be a half step, at fis a whole step. To fix this, flat the B. This makes the 3rd interval (A to Bt) a halt step, and this is correct ‘Addtionaly the next step in the scale (former B to C, an incorrect half step) is now Bb to ©, @ whole step, which correct. The rest of the scale corresponds to the whole whole haif pattern and needs no further changes. What this means is that to have a correct F major scale, you must flat the B. Put another way, the correct F major scale consists of the notes F GAB» C DE F. p. r= SS 7 Whole Whole Hatt Whole Whole Whole Hatt Step Step Step step Step Step step (On the open staffs below, write the following: ‘Atwo-octave F major scale starting on low F. Use quarter notes.Key Signatures (On the previous pages, you have learned that the key of C requires no sharps of fais; the Key of G needs one ‘sharp, and that sharp is Fé; the key of F requires one flat, and that fat is Bs. Practice writing key and time signatures on the open staffs below. Here are some things to remember: +. Every line begins with a clet. 2. Every staff also must begin with @ key signature (unless itis in the Key of C) 8, Only the first stat! of a piace needs a time signature, 4, These three elements always go in the same order: clef, Key signature, time signature. Key of F in } time Key of G in { time BE Key of Fin 4 time Key of Gin { time - : 5+ or = #5 - Eighth Rests ieicowet Eighth rests mean to rest for the value of an &th note, one 4 half of beat. In the following examples, adc Bth rests in the ‘appropriate places s0 thal the measures are complete: The Dotted Quarter Note Dotted quarter notes receive one and a half boats; they are played the same as ‘a quarter note tied to an Bth nate. In the following measure, add th rests in the ‘appropriate places so that the measures become complete. Then, using 1 & 2 & write in the beats below the stat 1 & 28 39 & 4 & continue 1 & 2 & 3 & continueato Bane Gat ats Bok. The First Position Everything you've learned so far about the guitar les in what is called the first position ‘The fist postion includes the fist 4 frets on each of the 6 strings. An exception, however, is the high Aon the Sth fret ofthe 1st string which is usually considered part of the first position. The notes below can all be played in the frst position. In the spaces below the statis, describe where to find the notes: tring: 1 fe + aes string: oe Fret as sey ee be 6 —= : : =| © be z Z be string:Reviewing Four-String Chords ‘The 4 chord diagrams below represent chords that you should know. Write their names in the spaces above the diagrams. Then write the actual notes that the chords consist of on the stats below the diagrams i 9 XxO xx x ~- @ e164 1} 9 Ty I 4 93 f= ted na < oo = Using the chords above tho stats, wea chy gutar part in tine, Use 7 / tor repeated chords “ o c ” Using the 4 chord above, wrt an arpeagioaccampanimentin time et n° c . © SS34 Use after page Understanding Cut Time “The time signature ¢ stands for cut me. Also called by the ltalan name “alla breve" ("Aluh BRAY-vun’), it means that al note values get one half as mary beats as they do in time. The rhythms wil look the same 24 but the music 9oes by twice as fast. Cut ime is used for marches (The Stars and Stipes Forever. fast show tunes (ff They Could See Me Now). ragtime (Bil Bailey) and Dixieland jazz (When the Saints Go ‘Marching In if you tap your foot when you play, youll find it rather awkward when the tempo gets 10 fast. Since i's rat unusual for tunes to be played at a tempo of M.M. = 240", youl find it much easier to tap your foot in cut time, at a tempo of MIM. = 120. In the folowing examples, write the beats below the melody, frst in time, then in cut time inthe spaces provided. Bailey se - 2 at = oe - geet ite ee ee ee 7 z ee Se = eo Pane 238 4 1 2 2 qa2 8 1&8 When the Saints Go Marching InUnderstanding Repeat Signs Double repeat signs look like this: {| ‘The material between double repeat signs is played twice 'n the folowing example, the measures are played inthis order: 123.4123 4. 1 2 3 4 o Ii the repeat goes back to the beginning of the piece, the first dauble repeat sign is sometimes omitted. The next example is played exactly the same as the first example: 12341234. 1 2. A 4 First and second endings ate used when only some of the measures are repeated. 1. Play trom the beginning through the first ending (to the double repeat) 2. Play from the beginning a 2nd time. Skip the first ending and play the second ending instead. In the example below, the measures are played 123.41 235, Ai 3 D.C. al Fine stands for the Italian expression Da Capo al Fine (‘dah CAH-po al FEE-nay) which means to go back to the beginning of the piece and play through to the word “Fine,” which is always at a double bar. ‘The measures below are played 12345671234. 2 5 6 7, D.alFine Fine D.S. al Fine stands for the Italian expression Daf Segno al Fine ("dal SENG-yo al FEE-nay’). It means go back lo the sign that looks like §§ and play the material through to the word “Fine.” The measures below are played 123456794, = 4 Fine © 6. 7, DS.al Fine36 D.C. al Coda means to go back to the beginning and piay through to the coda sign that looks: like @. Then skip directly tothe coda sign near the end of the piace. The 2nd coda sign also has the word Coda next tot. The measures below are played 12945612378. Cole @ 2. 3 4. code 5. 6 DC. al Coda . 8 e e D.S. al Goda means to go back to the sign SX and play throuah to the coda sign-@. Then skip directly to the coda cign near the end of the piece. These measures are played 1 234567694569 10. % tn 2 3. 4. 5. Code-Q DS.atCoda —°, 10. ‘ =F —— == z= = = a = Accent mark—pay he note ale se ‘The sign % means ‘repeat the previous measure,” In the ‘example below, the measures are played 173 3. 1 a 3 4a iy e 2 “The sign Zmeans * ‘epeat the previous two measures.” In this example the measures are played 12125656 As 2 ss 24 5 6 z 28 e The sign / means “repeat the previous quarter note chord.” GEE seve The sign / can be mocified to show other rhythmsan skip the ouder. 133. 5656. seater age The Key of C Major ioces that are written in the key of C major: 1. have no key signature (no sharps or tats). 2. fr the most part, make use of nates from the C major scale: C, D, E, F.G,A,B, C. Notes that are not in the C major scale are called accidentals. They are used occasionally, bt the majority of the notes will come from the C major scale, 3. usually end on a C major chord. The Three Principal Chords in the Key of C Major ‘The principal chords in a key are the three chords that are the ‘most used. With them you can ‘accompany thousands of folk, blues, country and rock songs such as Oh, Susanna, Worried ‘Man Blues, Wabash Cannonball, Blue Suede Shoes, and even an Cop & FG 2 aos ccasional Christmas caro ike Silent Night ‘The thee principal chords in any key ae often referred to by using Roman numerals |, IV and \V’. The easiest way to determine what the |, IV and V" chords A Bo ¢ De 6 7 8 9 1 27 | are in any key is to star with a two-octave major scale that belongs to the key. For example, to determine the three principal chords in the key of C, start with the two-octave C major scale: oa 2 FauUG eat aBtHa nN 2 13 4 45 o 8 &® 7 @ The L, IV and V7 Chords in the Key of C Major ‘The | chord starts on the 1st ‘scale tone, C. It contains 2 additional notes, which can be found by going up the scale and ‘skipping a tone between each cchord tone. Start with C (skip O), E (skip F), G. The I chord in the key of C major is aC major chord, Which consists of he notes CE G. L c ‘The IV chord starts on the 4th scale tone, Fit contains 2 addtional notes, which can be found by going up the scale and ‘skipping a tone between each ‘chord tone. Start with F (skip G), ‘(skip B), C. The IV chord in the key of C major is an F major chord, | which consists of the notes F AC. wv wr ‘The V? chord starts on the Sth soale tone. It contains 3 additional otes which can be found using the same method as beiore G (skip A), B (skip C), D (skip E), F. ‘The V7 chord in the key of C major 2 G? chord which consists of the notes GBD F w or Notes in a chord can appear in any order, and any note can appear more than once.36 Use ater page & The Key of G Major Pieces that are written in the key of G major: 4. have akey signature of 1 sharp. That sharp is F and means that all F's are played as Fi, unless preceded by a natural, 2. for the most part, make use of notes trom the G major scale: G, A, B,C, D, E, Fi, G, 3. usually end on a G major chord. The I, IV and V7 Chords in the Key of G Major Start with the two-octave G major scale. ee os = Plssea eeeeer ae cateeee’ Seve dastat Steet Pees’ letstsl eeeest ess easeel ieee (as J biatster setae josie? Sisteet“petec beeeay Jateeet Seren Jett ( betere\ wees. demas) Teseesc Jere J oe 8 ® 8 © Mm & ‘The I chord starts on the 1st | The IV chord starts on the 4th ‘The V7 chord starts on the 5th scale tone, G. It contains 2 scale tone, C. It contains 2 scale tone, D. It contains 3 additional notes, which can be adcitional notes, which can be additional notes, which can be found by going up the scale and || found by going up the scale and || found by using the same method skipping a tone between each skipping a tone between each as before. Start with D (skip E), ‘chord tone. Start with G (skip A), | chord tone. Start with C (skip D), || F# (skip G), A (skip B), C. The V7 B (skip ©), D. The I chord in the |) E (skip Ft), G. The IV chord in the || chord in the key of G major is a key of G major is @.G major chord, || key of G major is a C major chord, || D” chord, which consists of the Which consists of the notes G BD. | which consists of the notes C EG. || notes D FEAC.seded @) sth be ethod 28) ice the Alternate Fingerings [As you learned when flating open strings (page 26), there is more than one place on the guitar where a note ‘can be found. This makes it possible to flat the open strings, and is also useful when choosing a fingering for certain passages. For example, the folowing figure is awkward to play when the open € string is used. When the same passage is played using E on the 2nd string-Sth fret, the figure is not only easier to play, but also sounds smoother as itis now played on ane string ——SS When figuring out alternate fingerings, tis useful to remember that every step in the C scale (C DEF GAB. ©) is awhole step, except for E to F and B to C, which are half steps. From this you can see that i D is played Con the 2nd string-Srd fret, E must be a whole step or 2 frets higher, on the 2nd string-5th fret. Find the alternate ‘ingerings of the following notes and write down the fret number where they are located Use a "6" for open strings. 3rd String 2nd String ath Sting sth String 234 String 4th String = = Sth String sth String 1 String 2nd String and String rd String Alternate fingerings also allow us to play 2 notes together when the lower SARGEE ‘ote seems to be on the same string. For example, when playing D and B together (see chart to the right) Dis played on the 2nd string-Srd fret, ———t-+~ Ordinarily B is also played on the 2nd string. Since itis impossible to play both notes on the same string, the B must be found on the next lower string. We already know that the alternate fingering for B is 3rd sting- 4th fret, and this makes it easy to play the D and B together. = Sant. a et a Sth a. Sh ret ttt ste fret str. fret str. frat trot st trot ot fret40 The Key of A Minor Pieces that are written in the key of A minor: 4. ave no key signature (no sharps or flats). However, an accidentals often used to raise the 7th tone up @ halfstep—in this case, Gt, 2. for the most part, make use of notes from the A minor scale: A, B, C, D, D F, Gt. A, 3, usually end on an A minor chord. The Three Principal Chords in the Key of A Minor Use ater page 18 Minor keys are similar to major IV chords are minor chords; the || Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho, keys in that the three principal Vi chord is the same as in major || St. James Infirmary and Hava chords are I, IV and V" chords. keys. With the 3 principal chords |) Nagila. Minor chords are always However, as you will discover inminor Keys you can accompany || writen in lower case: i, iv below, in minor keys both the | and || folk and blues songs such as The i, iv and V7 Chords in the Key of A Minor Start with the two-octave A minor scale. Sa Ble ic oe eR Gh a ee Derr tar ee eg eae pee et ere ete eee Oe ae meg eae oo 8 ® © Oo mM & ‘The ichord starts on the 1st_ || The Iv chord starts on the 4th_—_|| The V7 chord starts on the 5th deals tone, A. Using the usual || scale tone, D. Using the usual scale tone. E. Using the usual Mrathod (eee pages 37 and 38), || method, we get D (skip E), F (skip || method, we get E (skip F), wwe got A (skip B). C (skip D). Gi), A. The iv chord in the key of | G# (skip A), B (skip C), D.. The E, The i chord in the key of A ‘Aminor is a D minor chord which || V7 chord in the key of A minor is minor is an A minor chord which | consists of the notes D F A. fan E? chord which consists of the consists of the notes AC E. notes E G#B D. i wv§ Time The upper nue ene te Sonate moans tht Tree ects each measure The lower mur miner each eign note ges 1 bent Prasie writing the § time signature on the staff to the right: in§ time, the 6 eighth notes are written in 2 groups of 3. Study the correct and incorrect examples below. (Notice that in the correct examples, the ‘st and 4th beats are clearly shown. Correct e Incorrect 223456 123456 123456 123456 time is commonly heard in folk songs (Greensleeves, Drink to Me Only with Thine Eves), Irish jigs Wesherwoman, Pacaywaok); Christmas carols (The Wassail Song, Silent Night) and many other types of music. Many early rock tunes were wrt in time, which i ike two measures of time (Sonny anc Cher's I've Got You, Babe, for example). However, is hardy ever used in jazz or country music Music in § time, which is slow to moderately fast, should be played “in six,” counting 6 beats to the measure: Drink to Me Only with Thine Eyes Gee = So 129456 129456 123458 123456 Sweet Betsy from Pike Sy 6 1239456 123456 123486 12346 When § time is played ata aster tempo it shouldbe counted “in two," that is, 2 beats per measure Remember tha! each beat will now contain three elghth notes o: ther equivalent. Here are two examples from familia tunes. The Farmer in the Dell e 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Row, Row, Row Your-BoatThe Key of D Major Pieces that are writen in the key of D major: 1. have a key signature of 2 sharps, These sharps are F and O, which means that all F's and C's are played 1s F# and Ct, unless preceded by a natural 2. for the most part, use notes from the D major scale: DE Ft GAB 020. 2, usually end on a D major chord. Cn the staff below, practice weting the key signature of D major @. and. Rememoer thatthe key signature precedes the time signature, the F# always precedes the Ct. The am root! root: wih various tim signatures such as Sgratura, Whan sting the wo-sharp key © The 1, 1V and V7 Chords in the Key of D Major Start with the two-actave O major scale. 2 : aeoea 2 et = x = > poe FR OG A B Cf OD hog A B ct OD qieteai tiardetaden eee amine fo on 2 45 fu} aw © @ Mm & ‘The | chord starts on the fest method (see pages 37 and 28), we get D (skip E), Fé (skip G), A. The major chord, which consists of the notes 0 Ft ee \ ° Questions to Answer Name the I IV and V7 chords in the folowing Keys: KEY 1CHORD IVCHORD V7 CHORD ¢ major A minor G major D mgior ‘The IV chore starts on he 4th scale fone, D. Using the usual |) scale tone, G. Using the usual | rothod, we get isk A), BB (skip CH), D. The IV chord in the Fchor in the key of majors 2 0 | key of D major is a mater chord wafich consists ofthe notes G BD. |) chord, which consists of the | 6 | The V7 chord starts on the Sih || scale tone, A. Continue as usual with A (skip B). C# (skip D), E (skip F2},G. The V7 chord in the key of D major is an A” notes ACHE G, On the statt bolow, write the key signatures called for: ¢ major A minor =se ator page 26 Finding the Root Bass ‘The root of a chord is the note that names the chord. For example, the root of aC major chord is C: the toot of a D? chord is D, and so on. | The following chord diagrams show the fingering of every chord you have learned. On each diagram, | circle the root of the chord. xx ~ Dm xXxOoO ooDotted Notes ‘Ado ust othe right ofthe Nead_ | is dotted, it gets 1 beat plus a half tf any note adds halt its value to | of 1 beat (an 8th note), for a total the original note. For example. @ half note gets 2 beats; a dotted half note adds half of 2 (1) to the original 2 beats, to make a total of 8 beats. When a quarter note | each beat as containing 4 16th | notes. Since an ath note equals of 11 beats. 2 16th notes, a dotted 8th note equals 3 16th notes. Study the next 3 statis for examples of how [ pay dated notes. Dotted haif note = half note + quarter note. Or, think 3 quarter notes tied. Taka taga take In§ time the 8th note gets 1 beat. This means that a dotted 8th note gets 1% beats, just tke a dotes quarer in. Here are 2 examples of wel-krown meiodies in § that make use of the dotted th note. Write the numbered beats below the stats Silent Night 9 Ss = — GreensleevesAlternating Bass Notes ‘of a chord can substitute for In 4, this might be Root-chord- | low note that is part of the chord, the full chord when creating an ABN-chord. In ftime, assuming | other than the root. TimbnteReotsecate” | paan'ngeran secrets” | Bother andte sh can be chord or Root-chord-Root-chord. I chord, ABN-chord-chord. | ihe 5th more covaient - Inf time, the pattem might be _|| Aternating bass notes are used to Root-chord-chord, | enrich the accompaniment when | his chart tells you what alternate | bass notes are available for each the harmony remains the same | oF the chords you have learned 1 ns can be made hese patie | for several consecutive measures. more interesting by using Chord Root 3rd 5th 7th* ¢ Major c E | 6 F Major F A c G Major G B D D A A c E D Minor D F A o 6 B D © D7 D Fe A (c) a A ct E @) e E @ B ) Go back to page 43 and, using the diagrams printed there, mark where the alternate bass notes of each chord canbe found. You can use “ABN” to indicate the alternate bass notes.Triplets “Three 8th notes beamed together with the number 3 placed either above or below the group are called an eighth-note triplet. This means that 3 Bths are played in the same time as 2 8th notes: in other words, in 1 beat. The Bih- note triplet is comman in all types of music, especially early rock 'n roll doo-wop ballads, where the || On the staffs below add a triplet was used almost exclusively |) “3° where a triplet is desired. as the accompaniment pattern. (Ordinarily, the 3 is placed near Triplets can be counted by saying | the beam.) Then complete the “one-trip-let” "wo-tnp-let” et. count below the sialls || making sure, however, that each syllable is equal to every | ter one | ttt ee et x oe Ie ae : —_—— . 5 5 1 2 tip-let 34 triplet ote, Complete the measures below by adding 1 or more éth-note triplets where appropriate. Use notes of your own choosing oe = e ‘Atypical doo-wop accompaniment pattern: Slowly Em ptUse ter page 36 The Key of E Minor Pigoes that are written in the key of E minor: 1. have a key signature of one sharp, the same as its relative Key of G major. That sharp is Fé, and this means that every F in the piece is played as Fé, unless preceded by a natural. However, an accidental is offen used to raise the 7th tone up a haif-step—in this case, Di, for the most part, make use of notes from the E minor scale: E F#G AB C DFE, usually end on an E minor chord. The i, iv and V7 Chords in the Key of E Minor Start with the two-octave E minor scale, s geseie| sees teeea icetd Satie ssi eae toes Jule tea) Bee 4.5 6 7 8 8 MH 2 8B 4M 5 oF? 8 © © © Mm @ The i chord starts on the 1st. _|/ The lvchord starts on the 4th || The V7 chord saris on the Sth scale tone, E. Using the usual soale tone, A. Proceeding as scale tone. Proceeding as usual method (see pages 37 and 98), | usual we get A (skip 8), we get B (skip C), Dt (skip E), we get E (skip FF), G (skip A), (skip Di), E. The iv chord in Fé (skip G), A. The V? chord in B. The i chord in the key of the key of E minor is an/A minor |. the key of E minor is B”, which minor is an E minor chord, which || chord, which consists of the consisis of the notes B Dz FEA. consists of the notes E G B. notes AC E. i weine ney orr major Pieces that are writen in the key of F major 4. have a key signature oft flat, and that flat is B>. This means that all B's are played as B, unless preceded by a natural, 2. for the most part, make use of notes from the F major scale: F G ABC DE F, 3, usually end on an F major chord, Practice writing the Key signature of F major on the staff below. Notice the placement ofthe fat, directly on the middle tne B. & The I, 1V and V7 Chords in the Key of F Major Start with the two-octave F major scale & === o> == ll = a 3 #2 d/ 4 a o 2 CO eee Guriartter cero aie tiie 5 7 8 9 0 NM 2 1 4 15 oem 8 8 mM w& ‘The | chord starts on the {st scale The IV chord siaris on the sth The V! chord starts on the 5th tore. itcontains 2 additional | scale tone, 8. Using the same | scale tone, C. Continue as usval: rotes, which can be found by ‘method as for the | chord, you get |) C (skip D), € (skip F), G (skip A), ‘p0ing up the scale and skipging |B (skip ©), D (skip), The IV |) B». The V7 chord in the key of atone between each chord one. | chord inthe key of F major is a__| F major is a C7 chord, which Siart with F (skip G), A (skip 6), |B major chord, which consists of | consists of the notes CE GB The | chord ihe key of F the notes BO F | | | | | traps an male chor, when v | « SS | be : oF . consists of the nates FAC, & o Questions to Answer |What are the three principal chords in the key of F major? Name the notes in a 8% major chord. What are the notes in a C7 chord? What are the notes in an F major chord? Name three ways you can tell fa piece is in the key of F major: ‘This completes the theory for Aitoa’s Basic Guitar Method, Books 1 and 2. After completing those two 800K and this one, you will be ‘eaay forthe exciting wort of more savanead guitar aaying 1. thas a key signature of 2. Itgets most ofits notes from the scale. 3. Itueually end on an chord.