B12 Methlcobalamin

B12 METHLCOBALAMIN
Description
This section outlines the biological

function of Vitamin B12 and its therapeutic
effects.
Health Benefits of Vitamin B12
Aging and Life Extension
The bodys ability to absorb dietary

Vitamin B12 usually declines in tandem
with the progression of the Aging Process
(and daily supplements of 500 - 1,000
micrograms per day are recommended in
order to counteract this impaired
absorption in persons over the age of 60).
references
Cardiovascular System
Vitamin B12 (400 - 1,000 micrograms per

day) may help to prevent many types of
Cardiovascular Diseases (by lowering
elevated Homocysteine levels - excessive
Homocysteine is a risk factor for many
Cardiovascular Diseases):
- Vitamin B12 may help to prevent

Atherosclerosis (primarily through its
effect on reducing toxic levels of
Homocysteine that are implicated in
Atherosclerosis). references
- Vitamin B12 may help to prevent Heart
Attacks (by lowering elevated
Homocysteine levels). references
Vitamin B12 is required for the formation

of Red Blood Cells: references
- Macrocytic Anemia may occur as a

result of Vitamin B12 deficiency.
references
- Megaloblastic Anemia may occur as a
result of Vitamin B12 deficiency and
supplemental Vitamin B
12 alleviates Megaloblastic Anemia.
references
- Pernicious Anemia may occur as a
direct result of Vitamin B12 deficiency -
Pernicious Anemia can usually be totally
rectified by with (either oral or injected)
Vitamin B12 supplements: references
- This attribute of Vitamin B12 is well-

accepted even by conventional medical
practitioners.
- Note that although many medical texts
specify that Vitamin B12 therapy must
utilize Vitamin B12 injections, this is
incorrect; a study published in the USA
clearly shows that oral Vitamin B12
therapy produces reliable and effective
treatment of Vitamin B12 even in severe
cases of Pernicious Anemia.
Vitamin B12 may help to protect against

the after-effects of (ischemic) Stroke. In
addition, Vitamin B12 may help to prevent
Strokes (by helping to lower elevated
Cells
Vitamin B12 may be essential for the

integrity of Cell Membranes. [more info]
production of all Epithelial Cells. [more
info]
Vitamin B12 may help to prevent
damage to Chromosomes. [more info]
Optimal Vitamin B12 status during

Pregnancy helps to prevent Neural Tube
Defects in offspring (women with low
Vitamin B12 levels during their Pregnancy
have an increased risk of bearing children
with Neural Tube Defects). references
Digestive System
Many Celiac Disease patients are found to

be deficient in Vitamin B12 (indicating that
supplemental Vitamin B12 may benefit
Celiac Disease patients). references
Vitamin B12 deficiency is common in
Crohn's Disease patients - this does not
imply that Vitamin B12 alleviates Crohns
Disease but does imply that Crohns
Disease patients may need to supplement
with Vitamin B12 (administered by a
physician via injection) in order to avoid
Vitamin B12 deficiency - the sole
absorption site for Vitamin B12 is in the
Ileum (the same site that is most
commonly impaired by Crohns Disease).
references
Vitamin B12 may enhance the general

health of the Digestive System. [more
info]
Vitamin B12 deficiency may contribute
to Hypochlorhydria. [more info]
Pinworms impair the absorption of
Vitamin B12. Vitamin B12
supplementation may help to overcome
this impaired absorption. references
Ears/Hearing
Vitamin B12 deficiency may lead to Age-

Related Hearing Loss. references
Vitamin B12 may improve hearing in
some cases of (chronic) Noise-Induced
Hearing Loss (27% of people afflicted with
chronic Noise-Induced Hearing Loss exhibit
Vitamin B12 deficiency) - Vitamin B12 may
be of benefit due to its ability to enhance
the conduction of Nerve Impulses relating
to Hearing. references
Some cases of Tinnitus may be
attributable to Vitamin B12 deficiency
(47% of Tinnitus patients exhibit Vitamin
B12 deficiency) - Vitamin B12 may be of
benefit due to its ability to enhance the
conduction of Nerve Impulses relating to
Hearing. references
Eyes/Vision

Cataracts. references
Vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin form)
may help to prevent Glaucoma (by
inhibiting the toxicity of Glutamic Acid, a
suspected cause of Glaucoma; and by
preserving Myelin). references
Vitamin B12 deficiency may impair the
function of the Optic Nerve. references
Immune System
Vitamin B12 may facilitate the production

of Antibodies. references
Vitamin B12 may accelerate the
recovery from Bacterial & Viral Diseases:
references
- Many (up to 35% of) Acquired Immune

Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients are
found to be deficient in Vitamin B12
(indicating that Vitamin B12
supplementation would be beneficial for
these persons): references
- Vitamin B12 may reverse the decline in

Mental Function that occurs during the
progression of AIDS and supplemental
Vitamin B12 has been found to reverse
this decline in Mental Function in persons
with advanced AIDS.
- Vitamin B12 may inhibit the replication
of the HIV.
- Vitamin B12 deficiency may accelerate
the progression of HIV infection to full-
blown AIDS.
- Vitamin B12 deficiency increases the

susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori
infection. references
- Vitamin B12 (1 - 2 mg per day)
improves the condition of Viral Hepatitis
patients: references
- Vitamin B12 may be useful for the

treatment of Hepatitis C. references
Vitamin B12 may help to prevent Breast

Cancer. references
Cervical Cancer. references
Vitamin B12 may help to prevent Colon
Cancer. references
Fever (of unknown origin) is one of the

symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency.
references
Giardiasis may impair the absorption
of Vitamin B12. Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 may help to prevent Lung
Cancer: references
- One clinical study demonstrated that

10 mg Folic Acid combined with 500
micrograms Vitamin B12 per day reduced
the incidence of precancerous changes in
the Lungs of heavy Tobacco smokers.
Vitamin B12 (1 mg per day) may alleviate

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE):
references
- In one study, 100% of SLE patients

receiving 1mg of Vitamin B12 per day for
six weeks experienced complete clearance
of SLE lesions.
Vitamin B12 may optimize the ratios of the

various types of White Blood Cells and
may raises suppressed White Blood Cell
counts:
- Vitamin B12 deficiency may cause a

decline in the production of Helper T-Cells.
references
- Vitamin B12 may stimulate the bodys
production of Lymphocytes. references
decline in the production of NK
Lymphocytes. references
Metabolism
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) patients
often have abnormally low Vitamin B12
levels and supplemental Vitamin B12 (2.5
- 5 mg per day administered via injection
or 5 - 10 mg administered orally) may be
useful for the treatment of CFS.
references
Vitamin B12 (combined with Vitamin
B2) may reduce the risk of Alcohol
(ethanol)-induced Cirrhosis. references
Vitamin B12 may reduces the risk of

Cardiovascular Diseases (such as
Atherosclerosis) in Diabetes Mellitus Type
2 patients (by lowering elevated
Homocysteine levels in Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 patients). references
Vitamin B12 may increase Energy
levels. references
Vitamin B12 may alleviate the
tiredness associated with Fatigue - Fatigue
is one of the symptoms of Vitamin B12
deficiency. references
Vitamin B12 may help to prevent Fatty

Liver. references
Lethargy may occur as a result of
Vitamin B12 deficiency. references
Vitamin B12 (1 - 2 mg per day) may
improve the condition of Viral Hepatitis

Musculoskeletal System
Vitamin B12 (administered

intramuscularly) may alleviate the Pain
associated with Backache. references
Vitamin B12 (1 - 3 mg per day for at
least three weeks) may alleviate Bursitis
(in 92% of cases). references
Fibromyalgia patients often have
abnormally low Vitamin B12 levels
(indicating that supplemental Vitamin B12
may be useful for the treatment of
Fibromyalgia). references
Vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin form) may

retard the Nerve degeneration that occurs
in Muscular Dystrophy patients.
references
Vitamin B12 (20 micrograms of the
Cyanocobalamin form of Vitamin B12
combined with 6,400 micrograms Folic
Acid per day) may improve the grip
strength of Osteoarthritis patients with
equal efficacy as NSAIDs. references
Vitamin B12 deficiency may contribute to

Osteoporosis (due to the role of Vitamin
B12 in helping to lower elevated
Homocysteine levels. references
Vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin form:
10 - 20 mg per day consumed
sublingually) may protect against damage
to Peripheral Nerves in Polymyalgia
Rheumatica patients (but does not alter
the underlying cause of Polymyalgia
Rheumatica). [more info]
Many Psoriatic Arthritis patients are found

to have low serum Vitamin B12 levels.
references
Many Rheumatoid Arthritis patients are
found to be deficient in Vitamin B12.
references
Nervous System
Click Here to View Vitamin B12s Nervous
System Health Benefits
Oral Health
Angular Stomatosis (cracks in the corners

of the Mouth) may occur as a result of
Burning Mouth Syndrome may occur as
a result of Vitamin B12 deficiency.
references
Dry Mouth may occur as a result of
Vitamin B12 may alleviate Mouth Ulcers.

references
Glossitis (red, sore, smooth Tongue)
may occur as a result of Vitamin B12
Respiratory System
Vitamin B12 may alleviate Asthma.

references
Frequent (upper) Respiratory Tract
Infections are one of the initial symptoms
of Vitamin B12 deficiency. references
Sexual System
Female Infertility may occur as a result of

Male Impotence may occur as a result
increase Sperm counts in men afflicted
with Male Infertility. references
Menorrhagia (abnormally heavy bleeding

during Menstruation) may occur as a
Menorrhagia may accelerate the depletion
of the body's reserves of Vitamin B12.
[more info]
Miscarriage (by lowering elevated
Vitamin B12 deficiency during Pregnancy

may result in impaired development of
Myelin Sheaths in offspring. Vitamin B12
(consumed during Pregnancy) helps to
prevent most Neural Tube Defects
(especially Spina Bifida). references
Vitamin B12 concentrates in the
Seminiferous Tubules of the Testes of the
Testicles and Vitamin B12 deficiency may
cause atrophy (shrinkage) of the
Seminiferous Tubules. references
Skin/Nails

(chronic) Dermatitis. references
Vitamin B12 (1 mg per day) may
alleviate some (approximately 60% of)
cases of (atopic) Eczema. Vitamin B12
(cream applied topically) may also be an
effective treatment for (atopic) Eczema.
references

many (approximately 90% of cases of)
Hives. references
Excessively dry, overly-rounded and
overly-curved Nail ends and/or darkened
Nails may occur as a result of Vitamin B12
deficiency. [more info]
Vitamin B12 therapy may alleviate
some cases of Psoriasis. references
Seborrheic Dermatitis may occur as a

result of Vitamin B12 deficiency. [more
info]
Vitamin B12 may help to alleviate the
Pain associated with the (postherpetic)
Neuralgia associated with Shingles.
references
Vitiligo patients are often found to
have sub-optimal Vitamin B12 levels and
supplemental Vitamin B12 may help to
restore Skin pigmentation to normal in
Vitiligo patients. references
Impaired Abstract Reasoning may occur as
references
Aggressiveness may occur as a result
Vitamin B12 (3 mg per day of the
Methylcobalamin form) may increase
Alertness. references

Methylcobalamin form) may improve
Muscle function in Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis (ALS) patients. references
concurrently with Folic Acid) may alleviate
Anxiety.
may accelerate recovery from Bells Palsy.
references
Vitamin B12 may help to normalize

Circadian Rhythm (probably by facilitating
the endogenous production of Melatonin).
references
Methylcobalamin form) may improve
Concentration ability. references
Confusion may occur as a result of
Vitamin B12 may alleviate Delayed Sleep

Phase Disorder. references
Vitamin B12 deficiency may cause
Delirium.
Vitamin B12 may improve some
aspects (Frontal Lobe function and
language skills) of Dementia - Dementia
deficiency: references
- Vitamin B12 deficiency may contribute

to the development of Alzheimers
Disease: references
- Supplemental Vitamin B12

(administered intravenously via injection
by a physician) may improve various
aspects of Intelligence in Alzheimers
Disease patients.
Depression may occur as a result of

Vitamin B12 deficiency: references
- Vitamin B12 supplementation

alleviates many cases of Major Depression
(especially in elderly people). references
Vitamin B12 (1 mg consumed immediately

prior to falling asleep) may (in
approximately 50% of people) cause vivid,
brightly colored Dreams - note that
tolerance quickly develops to this effect.
references
Vitamin B12 may help to rectify some
of the underlying biochemical
disturbances associated with Downs
Syndrome - for this reason it is a
component of many innovative treatments
for Downs Syndrome. references
Vitamin B12 may alleviate Insomnia (by

increasing endogenous Melatonin levels
early in the night and reducing Melatonin
levels at then end of a nights Sleep).
references
Vitamin B12 may improve some
aspects of Intelligence.
Vitamin B12 may improve the rate of
Learning. references
Vitamin B12 deficiency may cause Mania.

references
Memory impairment may occur as a
result of Vitamin B12 deficiency (due to
Vitamin B12 acting as a cofactor in the
synthesis of endogenous Ribonucleic Acid
within the Neurons of the Brain).
references
Migraines and may reduce the severity
and duration of Migraines. references
Mood changes may occur as a result of

may improve some aspects of Multiple
Sclerosis: references
- Supplemental Vitamin B12 may

counteract the degeneration of the Myelin
Sheaths of the Central Nervous System
that occurs during the progression of
Multiple Sclerosis.
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients almost
always exhibit a Vitamin B12 deficiency.
- Supplementation with massive doses
of Vitamin B12 (oral administration of 60
mg of the Methylcobalamin form) may
improve visual and brainstem auditory-
evoked nerve potentials by up to 30% in
MS patients, but does NOT improve motor
function.
- Note that forms of Vitamin B12 other
than Methylcobalamin are unsuccessful for
the treatment of MS.
Nervousness is one of the initial symptoms

Vitamin B12 may facilitate the
production of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
within Neurons and the Methylcobalamin
form of Vitamin B12 helps to prevent the
damage to Neurons caused by exposure to
excessive levels of Glutamic Acid:
references
- Vitamin B12 (especially the

Methylcobalamin form) may facilitate the
regeneration of damaged Axons.
references
- The (active coenzyme)
Adenosylcobalamin or Methylcobalamin
forms of Vitamin B12 help to maintain the
correct Fatty Acids environment in the
Myelin Sheaths that surround Neurons:
references
- Vitamin B12 deficiency during

Pregnancy may result in impaired
development of Myelin Sheaths in
offspring.
- Vitamin B12 (especially the

Methylcobalamin form) may facilitate the
regeneration of degenerated Presynaptic
Terminals. references
- Vitamin B12 may facilitate the
incorporation of the correct Amino Acids
(especially Leucine) into Schwann Cells.
references
Vitamin B12 may help to alleviate the Pain

associated with the (postherpetic)
references
Vitamin B12 may alleviate Neuropathy.
references
Numbness (of the hands and feet) may
occur as a result of Vitamin B12 deficiency.
references
Vitamin B12 deficiency may be the

underlying cause of some cases of
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
references
concurrently with Folic Acid) may help to
control Panic Disorder. [more info]
Paranoia may occur as a result of
Poor Reflexes may occur as a result of

Vitamin B12 (administered via
intramuscular injection) may reduce the
Pain associated with Sciatica. It is
speculated that oral Vitamin B12 may also
be effective. references
Vitamin B12 may improve the quality
of Sleep (by increasing endogenous
Melatonin levels early in the night and
reducing Melatonin levels at the end of a
nights Sleep). references
Vitamin B12 deficiency may results in

subacute degeneration of the Spinal Cord.
Persons with Spinal Cord injury are often
references
Impaired Sense of Touch may occur as
references
Vertigo (dizziness) may occur as a
result of Vitamin B12 deficiency
This section outlines the biological
function of Vitamin B12 and its therapeutic
effects.
Health Benefits of Vitamin B12
Aging and Life Extension
The bodys ability to absorb dietary

Vitamin B12 usually declines in tandem
with the progression of the Aging Process
(and daily supplements of 500 - 1,000
micrograms per day are recommended in
order to counteract this impaired
absorption in persons over the age of 60).
references
Cardiovascular System
Vitamin B12 (400 - 1,000 micrograms per

day) may help to prevent many types of
Cardiovascular Diseases (by lowering
elevated Homocysteine levels - excessive
Homocysteine is a risk factor for many
Cardiovascular Diseases):
- Vitamin B12 may help to prevent

Atherosclerosis (primarily through its
effect on reducing toxic levels of
Homocysteine that are implicated in
Atherosclerosis). references
- Vitamin B12 may help to prevent Heart
Attacks (by lowering elevated
Vitamin B12 is required for the formation

of Red Blood Cells: references
- Macrocytic Anemia may occur as a

result of Vitamin B12 deficiency.
references
- Megaloblastic Anemia may occur as a
supplemental Vitamin B12 alleviates
Megaloblastic Anemia. references
- Pernicious Anemia may occur as a
direct result of Vitamin B12 deficiency -
Pernicious Anemia can usually be totally
rectified by with (either oral or injected)
Vitamin B12 supplements: references
- This attribute of Vitamin B12 is well-
accepted even by conventional medical
practitioners.
- Note that although many medical texts
specify that Vitamin B12 therapy must
utilize Vitamin B12 injections, this is
incorrect; a study published in the USA
clearly shows that oral Vitamin B12
therapy produces reliable and effective
treatment of Vitamin B12 even in severe
cases of Pernicious Anemia.
Vitamin B12 may help to protect against

the after-effects of (ischemic) Stroke. In
addition, Vitamin B12 may help to prevent
Strokes (by helping to lower elevated
Cells

integrity of Cell Membranes. [more info]
production of all Epithelial Cells. [more
info]
damage to Chromosomes. [more info]
Optimal Vitamin B12 status during

Pregnancy helps to prevent Neural Tube
Defects in offspring (women with low
Vitamin B12 levels during their Pregnancy
have an increased risk of bearing children
with Neural Tube Defects). references
Digestive System
Many Celiac Disease patients are found to

be deficient in Vitamin B12 (indicating that
supplemental Vitamin B12 may benefit
Celiac Disease patients). references
Vitamin B12 deficiency is common in
Crohn's Disease patients - this does not
imply that Vitamin B12 alleviates Crohns
Disease but does imply that Crohns
Disease patients may need to supplement
with Vitamin B12 (administered by a
physician via injection) in order to avoid
Vitamin B12 deficiency - the sole
absorption site for Vitamin B12 is in the
Ileum (the same site that is most
commonly impaired by Crohns Disease).
references
Vitamin B12 may enhance the general

health of the Digestive System. [more
info]
Vitamin B12 deficiency may contribute
to Hypochlorhydria. [more info]
Pinworms impair the absorption of
Vitamin B12. Vitamin B12
Ears/Hearing
Vitamin B12 deficiency may lead to Age-

Related Hearing Loss. references
Vitamin B12 may improve hearing in
some cases of (chronic) Noise-Induced
Hearing Loss (27% of people afflicted with
chronic Noise-Induced Hearing Loss exhibit
Vitamin B12 deficiency) - Vitamin B12 may
be of benefit due to its ability to enhance
the conduction of Nerve Impulses relating
to Hearing. references
Some cases of Tinnitus may be
attributable to Vitamin B12 deficiency
(47% of Tinnitus patients exhibit Vitamin
B12 deficiency) - Vitamin B12 may be of
benefit due to its ability to enhance the
conduction of Nerve Impulses relating to
Hearing. references
Eyes/Vision

Cataracts. references
may help to prevent Glaucoma (by
inhibiting the toxicity of Glutamic Acid, a
suspected cause of Glaucoma; and by
preserving Myelin). references
Vitamin B12 deficiency may impair the
function of the Optic Nerve. references
Immune System

of Antibodies. references
Vitamin B12 may accelerate the
recovery from Bacterial & Viral Diseases:
references
- Many (up to 35% of) Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients are
found to be deficient in Vitamin B12
(indicating that Vitamin B12
supplementation would be beneficial for
these persons): references
- Vitamin B12 may reverse the decline in

Mental Function that occurs during the
progression of AIDS and supplemental
Vitamin B12 has been found to reverse
this decline in Mental Function in persons
with advanced AIDS.
- Vitamin B12 may inhibit the replication
of the HIV.
- Vitamin B12 deficiency may accelerate
the progression of HIV infection to full-
blown AIDS.
- Vitamin B12 deficiency increases the

susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori
infection. references
- Vitamin B12 (1 - 2 mg per day)
improves the condition of Viral Hepatitis
Vitamin B12 may help to prevent Breast

Cancer. references
Cervical Cancer. references
Vitamin B12 may help to prevent Colon
Cancer. references
Fever (of unknown origin) is one of the

symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency.
references
Giardiasis may impair the absorption
of Vitamin B12. Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 may help to prevent Lung
Cancer: references
- One clinical study demonstrated that

10 mg Folic Acid combined with 500
micrograms Vitamin B12 per day reduced
the incidence of precancerous changes in
the Lungs of heavy Tobacco smokers.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE):
references
- In one study, 100% of SLE patients

receiving 1mg of Vitamin B12 per day for
six weeks experienced complete clearance
of SLE lesions.
Vitamin B12 may optimize the ratios of the

various types of White Blood Cells and
may raises suppressed White Blood Cell
counts:

decline in the production of Helper T-Cells.
references
- Vitamin B12 may stimulate the bodys
production of Lymphocytes. references
decline in the production of NK
Lymphocytes. references
Metabolism
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) patients

often have abnormally low Vitamin B12
levels and supplemental Vitamin B12 (2.5
- 5 mg per day administered via injection
or 5 - 10 mg administered orally) may be
useful for the treatment of CFS.
references
Vitamin B12 (combined with Vitamin
B2) may reduce the risk of Alcohol
(ethanol)-induced Cirrhosis. references
Vitamin B12 may reduces the risk of

Cardiovascular Diseases (such as
Atherosclerosis) in Diabetes Mellitus Type
2 patients (by lowering elevated
Homocysteine levels in Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 patients). references
Vitamin B12 may increase Energy
levels. references
Vitamin B12 may alleviate the
tiredness associated with Fatigue - Fatigue
is one of the symptoms of Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 may help to prevent Fatty

Liver. references
Lethargy may occur as a result of
improve the condition of Viral Hepatitis

Musculoskeletal System

intramuscularly) may alleviate the Pain
associated with Backache. references
Vitamin B12 (1 - 3 mg per day for at
least three weeks) may alleviate Bursitis
(in 92% of cases). references
Fibromyalgia patients often have
abnormally low Vitamin B12 levels
(indicating that supplemental Vitamin B12
may be useful for the treatment of
Fibromyalgia). references
Vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin form) may

retard the Nerve degeneration that occurs
in Muscular Dystrophy patients.
references
Vitamin B12 (20 micrograms of the
Cyanocobalamin form of Vitamin B12
combined with 6,400 micrograms Folic
Acid per day) may improve the grip
strength of Osteoarthritis patients with
equal efficacy as NSAIDs. references
Vitamin B12 deficiency may contribute to

Osteoporosis (due to the role of Vitamin
B12 in helping to lower elevated
Homocysteine levels. references
Vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin form:
10 - 20 mg per day consumed
sublingually) may protect against damage
to Peripheral Nerves in Polymyalgia
Rheumatica patients (but does not alter
the underlying cause of Polymyalgia
Rheumatica). [more info]
Many Psoriatic Arthritis patients are found

to have low serum Vitamin B12 levels.
references
Many Rheumatoid Arthritis patients are
references
Nervous System
Click Here to View Vitamin B12s Nervous
System Health Benefits
Oral Health
Angular Stomatosis (cracks in the corners

of the Mouth) may occur as a result of
Burning Mouth Syndrome may occur as
references
Dry Mouth may occur as a result of
Vitamin B12 may alleviate Mouth Ulcers.

references
Glossitis (red, sore, smooth Tongue)
Respiratory System
Vitamin B12 may alleviate Asthma.

references
Frequent (upper) Respiratory Tract
Infections are one of the initial symptoms
Sexual System
Female Infertility may occur as a result of

Male Impotence may occur as a result
increase Sperm counts in men afflicted
with Male Infertility. references
Menorrhagia (abnormally heavy bleeding

during Menstruation) may occur as a
Menorrhagia may accelerate the depletion
of the body's reserves of Vitamin B12.
[more info]
Miscarriage (by lowering elevated
Vitamin B12 deficiency during Pregnancy

may result in impaired development of
Myelin Sheaths in offspring. Vitamin B12
(consumed during Pregnancy) helps to
prevent most Neural Tube Defects
(especially Spina Bifida). references
Vitamin B12 concentrates in the
Seminiferous Tubules of the Testes of the
Testicles and Vitamin B12 deficiency may
cause atrophy (shrinkage) of the
Seminiferous Tubules. references
Skin/Nails

(chronic) Dermatitis. references
Vitamin B12 (1 mg per day) may
alleviate some (approximately 60% of)
cases of (atopic) Eczema. Vitamin B12
(cream applied topically) may also be an
effective treatment for (atopic) Eczema.
references

many (approximately 90% of cases of)
Hives. references
Excessively dry, overly-rounded and
overly-curved Nail ends and/or darkened
Nails may occur as a result of Vitamin B12
deficiency. [more info]
Vitamin B12 therapy may alleviate
some cases of Psoriasis. references
Seborrheic Dermatitis may occur as a
result of Vitamin B12 deficiency. [more
info]
Vitamin B12 may help to alleviate the
Pain associated with the (postherpetic)
Vitiligo patients are often found to
have sub-optimal Vitamin B12 levels and
supplemental Vitamin B12 may help to
restore Skin pigmentation to normal in
Vitiligo patients.
Various nutrients and endogenous
chemicals whose function or production is
enhanced in the presence of Vitamin B12.
Vitamin B12 may Enhance the Function of

these Substances
Amino Acids
Vitamin B12 may facilitate the methylation

of Histidine within the body.
conversion of Homocysteine to
Methionine.
conversion of Methionine to Cysteine.
Vitamin B12 may facilitate the synthesis of

endogenous S-Adenosylmethionine
(SAMe). references
methylation of Serine within the body.
Carbohydrates
Vitamin B12 may improve the metabolism

of Carbohydrates.
Enzymes
Vitamin B12 is a cofactor for Methionine

Synthase (the enzyme that catalyzes the
conversion (remethylation) of
Homocysteine to Methionine). The
Methylcobalamin form of Vitamin B12 is
utilized for this purpose. references
Vitamin B12 is a cofactor for
Methylmalonyl CoA Mutase (the enzyme
that catalyzes the conversion of L-
Methylmalonyl CoA to Succinyl CoA (a step
required for the synthesis of some Fatty
Acids).
Growth Factors
Vitamin B12 is necessary for the optimal

production of Epidermal Growth Factor
(EGF). references
Hormones

of Melatonin. references
Lipids
Vitamin B12 may improve the metabolism

of dietary Fats.
The Adenosylcobalamin coenzyme
form of Vitamin B12 may help to maintain
the correct Fatty Acids in the Myelin
Sheaths around Neurons.
Neurotransmitters

of Acetylcholine. references
Vitamin B12 may increase the body's
levels of Histamine.
Nucleic Compounds
Vitamin B12 is essential for the synthesis

of endogenous Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA). references
Vitamin B12 is essential for the
synthesis of endogenous Purines and
Pyrimidines.
Vitamin B12 increases the synthesis of
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) within the Brain's
Neurons. references
Vitamin B12 is an essential cofactor for

the synthesis of Nucleoproteins (including
the Nucleosomes - Chromosomes and
Ribosomes).
Proteins
Vitamin B12 may enhance the synthesis of

endogenous Proteins:
- Vitamin B12 facilitates the bodys
production of optimal levels of
Hemoglobin. references
Quinones
Vitamin B12 is an essential cofactor for

the endogenous synthesis of Coenzyme
Q10.
Vitamins
Vitamin B12 may enhance the function of

Biotin.
Vitamin B12 may counteract the
impairment in Learning ability associated
with insufficient Acetylcholine production
caused by Choline deficiency. references
Vitamin B12 may enhance the function
of Folic Acid: references
- Vitamin B12 is an essential cofactor for

the conversion of the Methyl
Tetrahydrofolate (Me-THF) form of Folic
Acid to the Tetrahydrofolate (THF) form of
Folic Acid (as required for the SAM Cycle).
- Vitamin B12 is essential for the
conversion of active Folic Acid
(Tetrahydrofolic Acid) to its storage form -
Methyl Folate; and the endogenous
Methylcobalamin form of Vitamin B12 is
responsible for the transfer of methyl
groups from Tetrahydrofolic Acid to
Homocysteine.
Vitamin B12 may enhance the function of

Vitamin A.
of Vitamin B1.
of Vitamin B3.
of Vitamin B6.
Dietary Sources of Vitamin B12 note
True Vegan Diets contain almost no

Vitamin B12 and Vegetarians are more
prone to Vitamin B12 deficiency than non-
vegetarians. references
(micrograms of Vitamin B12 per 100
grams)
Algae: Spirulina * 160

Dairy Products: Milk 3 Cheese -
Cheddar 1.5
Whey 2 Cheese - Edam 1.8
Cheese - Swiss 1.8 Cheese - Blue 1.4
Cheese - Cottage 1.0
Eggs: Egg Yolk 2
Herbs: Fenugreek
Meats: Kidneys 30 Liver - Beef 80
Liver - Lamb 104 Liver - Chicken 25
Lamb 2.1 Rabbit
Beef 1.8
Processed Foods: Miso Tempeh 5
Seafood: Clams 98 Cod 2
Mackerel 10 Herring
Oysters Haddock 1.3
Sardines 17 Trout 5
Salmon 4 Tuna 3
Haddock 1.3 Flounder 1.2
Scallops 1.2 Halibut1
Swordfish 1
Sea Vegetables: Kelp Kombu 27
Nori 55
Yeasts: Brewers Yeast
Forms of Vitamin B12
Adenosylcobalamin (also known as ado-

Cbl; Cobamamide; Coenzyme B12;
Deoxyadenosylcobalamin; Dibencozide;
Dimethyl Benzimidazole-
cobamide Coenzyme) is an active
endogenous coenzyme form of Vitamin
B12 that helps to maintain the correct
Fatty Acids in Myelin, the fatty sheath
surrounding Nerves. Adenosylcobalamin
is formed endogenously and its impaired
biosynthesis can lead to a condition known
as Methylmalonic Academia.
Approximately 70% of the Livers Vitamin
B12 reserves are in the form of
Adenosylcobalamin. Although some
manufacturers produce this form of
Vitamin B12 in supplemental form, it is
more expensive than Cyanocobalamin.
Most supplemental Cyanocobalamin is
converted within the Intestines to
Adenosylcobalamin.
Cobalamin (Cbl) is a general term for all

Vitamin B12-like compounds (i.e.
compounds that contain the
Dimethylbenzimidazolylcobamide nucleus
that characterizes Vitamin B12).
Cyanocobalamin (also known as
Cytamen) is a complex of Cyanide and
Cobalamin.This form of Vitamin B12 is the
form most commonly found in Vitamin B
12 supplements. It must be converted to
either of the active Coenzyme forms
within the body in order to exert
therapeutic effects. It is not as effective
as the Adenosylcobalamin,
Methylcobalamin or Hydroxocobalamin
forms of supplemental Vitamin B12 but is
more stable than the Hydroxocobalamin
form. The Liver converts approximately
1% of Cyanocobalamin to the
Methylcobalamin form of Vitamin B12.
Most supplemental Cyanocobalamin is
converted within the Intestines to
Adenosylcobalamin.
Hydroxocobalamin (also known as

Hydroxocobemine; Hydroxycobalamin;
Vitamin B12b) is the ideal form of
supplemental Vitamin B12 (due to it
remaining in circulation for longer than
other forms of Vitamin B12). This form is
only administered via intramuscular (IM)
injection. Hydroxocobalamin differs from
Cyanocobalamin by the presence of a
Hydroxyl Ion in place of the Cyanide Ion.
Mecobalamin is a form of Vitamin B12
that is suitable for intravenous injection
(by a physician).
Methylcobalamin (also known as met-Cbl;

MeCbl; Methyl-B12) is an active
endogenous Coenzyme form of Vitamin
B12 that transfers a Methyl group from an
inactive form of Folic Acid to
Homocysteine forming Methionine. This is
the only active endogenous coenzyme
form of Vitamin B12 that is available as a
supplement (in tablet form).
Methylcobalamin accounts for
approximately 70% of the total Blood
Plasma Vitamin B12 reserves. Clinical
trials have shown that supplemental
Methylcobalamin is greatly superior to
other forms of Vitamin B12 supplements in
terms of its ability to enhance human
health. The Liver converts approximately
1% of the Cyanocobalamin form of Vitamin
B12 to Methylcobalamin.

B12 Methlcobalamin

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B12 METHLCOBALAMIN

This section outlines the biological

Health Benefits of Vitamin B12

Aging and Life Extension

The bodys ability to absorb dietary

Vitamin B12 (400 - 1,000 micrograms per

- Vitamin B12 may help to prevent

Vitamin B12 is required for the formation

- Macrocytic Anemia may occur as a

- This attribute of Vitamin B12 is well-

Vitamin B12 may help to protect against

Vitamin B12 may be essential for the

Optimal Vitamin B12 status during

Many Celiac Disease patients are found to

Vitamin B12 may enhance the general

Vitamin B12 deficiency may lead to Age-

Vitamin B12 may help to prevent

Vitamin B12 may facilitate the production

- Many (up to 35% of) Acquired Immune

- Vitamin B12 may reverse the decline in

- Vitamin B12 deficiency increases the

- Vitamin B12 may be useful for the

Vitamin B12 may help to prevent Breast

Fever (of unknown origin) is one of the

- One clinical study demonstrated that

Vitamin B12 (1 mg per day) may alleviate

- In one study, 100% of SLE patients

Vitamin B12 may optimize the ratios of the

- Vitamin B12 deficiency may cause a

Vitamin B12 may reduces the risk of

Vitamin B12 may help to prevent Fatty

- Vitamin B12 may be useful for the

Vitamin B12 (administered

Vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin form) may

Vitamin B12 deficiency may contribute to

Many Psoriatic Arthritis patients are found

Angular Stomatosis (cracks in the corners

Vitamin B12 may alleviate Mouth Ulcers.

Vitamin B12 may alleviate Asthma.

Female Infertility may occur as a result of

Menorrhagia (abnormally heavy bleeding

Vitamin B12 deficiency during Pregnancy

Vitamin B12 (1 mg per day) may alleviate

Vitamin B12 (1 mg per day) may alleviate

Seborrheic Dermatitis may occur as a

Vitamin B12 (25 mg per day of the

Vitamin B12 may help to normalize

Vitamin B12 may alleviate Delayed Sleep

- Vitamin B12 deficiency may contribute

- Supplemental Vitamin B12

Depression may occur as a result of

- Vitamin B12 supplementation

Vitamin B12 (1 mg consumed immediately

Vitamin B12 may alleviate Insomnia (by

Vitamin B12 deficiency may cause Mania.

Mood changes may occur as a result of

- Supplemental Vitamin B12 may

Nervousness is one of the initial symptoms

- Vitamin B12 (especially the

- Vitamin B12 deficiency during

- Vitamin B12 (especially the

Vitamin B12 may help to alleviate the Pain

Vitamin B12 deficiency may be the