Question-1.) What is the necessity of brainstorming?

Briefly discuss the procedure of brainstorming

with a suitable example.
When youre marketing a business, creativity, fresh ideas and innovation can contribute greatly to
the success of your efforts. But creativity isnt easily controlled, and often fresh ideas are hard to
find. When youre trying to come up with effective marketing campaigns, advertisements or slogans,
brainstorming can help you get the creative juices flowing.

The Procedure:
1. Define the problem:

Ask for suggestions as to what is the most important problem;

No criticism (of anyone's suggestion) by anyone is allowed;
Write all the suggested problems on the board;
Group together any problems that are similar or related; then
Rearrange them and list them in priority (most important ones at the top).

2. Generate the Goal:

Reverse the definition of the problem (it's solution);

The solution to the problem defined above is the goal;
Define the goal as the solution to the problem;
Write the goal on the board; then
Remind the group that the goal is the one that they selected.

3. Define the Objective:

Explain the difference between a goal and an objective -- (an objective is measurable, finite, and
has a completion date).
Ask the group to suggest objectives;
Write all the suggested objectives on the board;
No criticism (of anyone's suggestion) by anyone is allowed;
Group together any objectives that are similar or related;
Rearrange them and list them in priority (most important at top); then
Remind the group that they generated the top objective(s).

4. Identify resources and constraints:

Ask the group to suggest resources and constraints;

Write all the suggested resources and constraints on the board;
No criticism (of anyone's suggestion) by anyone is allowed;
Group together any resources that are similar or related.
Rearrange them and list them in priority (most important at top).
Remind the group that they generated the list;
Group together any constraints that are similar or related.
Rearrange them and list them in priority (most important at top); then
Remind the group that they generated the list.

5. Identify a strategy:
 Ask the group to suggest strategies;
Write all the suggested strategies on the board;
No criticism (of anyone's suggestion) by anyone is allowed;
Group together any strategies that are similar or related;
Rearrange them and list them in priority (most important at top);
Remind the group that they generated the list; then
Choose the strategy that remains at the top of the list.

6. Summarize on the board the group decisions:

the problem;
the goal
the objectives;
the resources;
the constraints; and
the strategy.

Question-2.) What is Mind mapping? Discuss its components, procedure, advantages and applications.

A mind map is a graphical way to represent ideas and concepts. It is a visual

thinking tool that helps structuring information, helping you to better analyze,
comprehend, synthesize, recall and generate new ideas. Just as in every great
idea, its power lies in its simplicity. In a mind map, as opposed to traditional note taking
or a linear text, information is structured in a way that resembles much more
closely how your brain actually works. Since it is an activity that is both analytical
and artistic, it engages your brain in a much, much richer way, helping in all its
cognitive functions. And, best of all, it is fun!

ADVANTAGES:-
I think I already gave away the benefits of mind mapping and why mind maps work. Basically, mind
mapping avoids dull, linear thinking, jogging your creativity and making note taking fun again.

But what can we use mind maps for?

Note taking
Brainstorming (individually or in groups)
Problem solving
Studying and memorization
Planning
Researching and consolidating information from multiple sources
Presenting information
Gaining insight on complex subjects
Jogging your creativity
 PROCEDURE:-

Drawing a mind map is as simple as 1-2-3:

Start in the middle of a blank page, writing or drawing the idea you intend to
develop. I would suggest that you use the page in landscape orientation.
Develop the related subtopics around this central topic, connecting each of them to
the center with a line.
Repeat the same process for the subtopics, generating lower-level subtopics as you
see fit, connecting each of those to the corresponding subtopic.

Some more recommendations:

Use colors, drawings and symbols copiously. Be as visual as you can, and your brain will
thank you. Ive met many people who dont even try, with the excuse theyre "not
artists". Dont let that keep you from trying it out!.
Keep the topics labels as short as possible, keeping them to a single word or, better yet,
to only a picture. Especially in your first mind maps, the temptation to write a
complete phrase is enormous, but always look for opportunities to shorten it to a
single word or figure your mind map will be much more effective that way.
Vary text size, color and alignment. Vary the thickness and length of the lines. Provide as
many visual cues as you can to emphasize important points. Every little bit helps
engaging your brain.

COMPONENTS:- While everyones output may vary, the maps are built using the
following ten basic elements:
1. Central topic: typically the key theme or title of your map
2. Main topic: main ideas that define the topic
3. Subtopic: details about the main topics
4. Callout topic: supplementary information about a specific topic
5. Floating topic: additional general information about the topic; sometimes used
as a parking lot for uncategorized ideas
6. Relationship arrows: visually link related topics
7. Boundaries: highlight branches within your map
8. Markers: Icon (and text) tags that allow you to code your map topics
9. Notes: store additional details about your central, main, or subtopic
10. Hyperlinks and attachments: link to web sites, other topics, and files directly
from your topics

Beyond the basic elements, there are many ways to personalize your maps
appearance.
APPLICATIONS:-

1. Organize Knowledge with Mind Map

The visual nature of mind map helps users to grasp knowledge points quickly; understand
relationship through lines and view the concepts as a whole.
2. Promote Comprehension through Mind Map
Visualize ideas with less text and more pictures to make them more intuitive and
understandable.
3. Simplify Note Taking in Mind Map
Taking note in mind map is inspiring, elegant and expressive. It is surely a concise and clear
way, saving both time and effort.
4. Enhance Writing by Mind Map
Combined with brainstorm, mind map can develop one's thoughts to help him find more
inspiration and writing materials.

5. Improve Public Speech Skills Using Mind Map

A mind map can structurize the speech contents to help speakers remember the main ideas and
details better. In this way, the speaker will be able to deliver the speech more fluently.

6. Promote Innovation and Creativity

The systematic and logical thinking will generate more creative ideas and thus promote
innovation.
7. Solve Problems by Means of Mind Map
Firstly, this tool lets people discover problem in time by visualization. By analyzing concepts in
detail, mind map can urge people to think more deeply. A deep and comprehensive
understanding of the issue will accelerate solving it.
8. Self-Analysis through Mind Map
Learning both merits and demerits of oneself. Make plans to achieve self-improvement.
9. Make Plans in Mind Map
Mind map offers an organized, clear and systematic way to make plans, showing the tasks, time
and place visually. At the same time, the builder can compare all missions and figure out
priority easily.
10. Set Goals with Mind Map
Set short-term or long-term goals clearly and aesthetically. Divide goals into smaller achievable
objectives. Make the measures to realized ambition more feasible.
11. Foster Education by Mind Map
Teachers can present knowledge by mind map in a well-organized way so that students will
understand better. Visualization can also engage learners better, arouse their curiosity and
strengthen their memory.

ILLUSTRATION:-

Question-4.)
//NECESSITY:-

Traditional arguing involves two or more parties opposing each other. Whatever one party
offers as an input to the discussion, the opponents will come forth with critique. There are
several reasons for this: discovering the truth, investigating certain subjects, defending
viewpoints, just winning an argument or coming to a synthesis of the various standpoints.

Even if we agree mostly with our discussion partners, we are still inclined to focus on the
details we disagree on. "Yes, BUT..." This habit doesn't do justice to the input as a whole.
We will overlook valuable points of consideration and lose a lot of time bickering over rights
and wrongs. Arguing isn't constructive nor creative. It may result in some improvements
but it won't lead to innovation. Arguing is simply not going to build you new roads...
De Bono's Six Thinking Hats offer us a simple yet powerful alternative to discussion. With
this method we investigate together the facts, the feelings, the pro's and cons, and the
creative solutions we can come up with. De Bono calls this parallel thinking. The result of
this is a sincere dialogue in which personal gains are set aside in favor of working together
to reach clarity.

Use the Six Thinking Hats to assess existing problems, innovative ideas, work processes,
study topics, possible decisions, solve disputes and much, much more. The method is
simple, but extraordinarily effective. This has lead to the situation that many prominent
organizations have implemented this technique in their daily businesses today.

Learning the methods and techniques of De Bono's Six Thinking Hats is easy. Yet it will
strongly affect your thinking. It is concrete, tangible, simple to use and changes all thinking
behaviors instantly.

//What are the ADVANTAGES of using Six Thinking Hats?

Following are the advantages of using Six Thinking Hats:

Adds structure to brainstorming process

Shorter and more productive thinking processes
Reduces conflict within a team
Motivates a clearer thinking process
Avoids potential threats to situation and helps avoid them
Inspires creative thinking

//How and Where/When to Apply:-

You can use the method in two ways:

Incidental
A particular hat is used in itself to emphasize a certain way of thinking or switch to a
different style. Before and after using the hat the conversation is a traditional
argument or discussion. Utilizing the hat this way can for example serve as a time-
out which helps to clear the thinking.

Systematical
Decide on a topic you want to think about. Determine a sequence for using the hats:
your thinking agenda. Then use the different hats in turn.

The systematical approach is particularly useful when:

The thinkers have different opinions and dig in their heels leading to a dispute.

The discussion is becoming incoherent and leading nowhere.

There is little time available while a subject does deserve a thorough investigation.
The Six Thinking Hats method organizes the thinking, specifically when thinking in a group.
It can be applied in the following situations:

Meetings - more than 2 people

Both the incidental as the systematical application of the hats is useful during
meetings. Important is that all participants are always wearing the same hat!
The facilitator usually has the blue hat on and structures the dialogue. But everyone
can make blue hat suggestions.

Conversations - two people

The most common way to use the hats during a conversation between two people, is
incidental. Use the hats to guide the thinking and to ask for a different point of
viewing the topic.

Individual
Though the hats were originally 'designed' for interpersonal use, they can be used in
individual situations as well. They structure your thoughts and prevent people from
forgetting certain ways of thinking. It does take discipline!

Question-5.)

A.)

In his book, "Borrowing Brilliance: The Six Steps to Business Innovation by Building on
the Ideas of Others," David Murray states, "An idea is a solution to a problem..... A brilliant one
is a really, really creative one, one that's better than any other solution..."

Step One: Defining

Define the problem youre trying to solve. A creative idea is the solution to a problem.
How you define the problem will determine how you solve it. Mistakes result from
solving too narrow or too broad a problem. So, identify as many problems as possible
using tools like observation, and then sort problems from high level to low level.

Step Two: Borrowing

Borrow ideas from places with a similar problem. These are the construction materials
for your own solution. Start with your competitors, then look to another industry, and
finally look outside business to the sciences, arts or entertainment to see how they
solve that problem.

Step Three: Combining

Connect and combine these borrowed ideas. Making combinations is the essence of
creativity. So, using the borrowed materials from the last step, find an appropriate
metaphor to structure your new idea. In other words, use an existing idea to form the
framework for a new idea by establishing a metaphor, extending it, and then discarding
it if it no longer works.

Step Four: Incubating

Allow the combinations to incubate into a solution. The subconscious mind is better at
making combinations. To do this, give the subconscious time to work, and quiet your
conscious thought so you can listen to the subconscious speak. For instance: sleep on
it, pause, put it away, exercise or do physical work, or listen for misunderstandings. In
other words, often the most effective thinking is not thinking at all.

Step Five: Judging

Identify the strength and weakness of the solution. Judgment is the result of viewpoint.
Intuition is the result of judgment. Use positive and negative judgment to analyze your
solution and identify the strengths and weaknesses of the idea. This leads to creative
intuition: an idea that has these things (positives) but not those things (negatives).

Step Six: Enhancing

Eliminate the weak points while enhancing the strong ones. Ideas evolve through trial
and error. They self-organize. Return to the first five steps to make or adjust your idea:
re-define; re-borrow; re-combine; re-incubate and re-judge it all. The order you do these
things will be different with every idea as your creative process creates itself.

B.)

Description:
Provocation and Movement is an important lateral thinking technique.
It works by moving your thinking out of the established patterns that you use to solve problems.
We think by recognizing patterns and reacting to them. These reactions come from our past
experiences and logical extensions to those experiences. Often we do not think outside these
patterns. While we may know the answer as part of a different type of problem, the structure of
our brains makes it difficult for us to link this in. Provocation and Movement is one of the tools
we use to make links between these patterns. We use it by making deliberately stupid or
unusual statements (Provocations), in which something we take for granted about the situation
is not true. Statements need to be stupid to shock our minds out of existing ways of thinking.
Once we have made a provocative statement, we then suspend judgment and use that
statement to generate ideas. This is the Movement part of the technique. Provocations give us
original starting points for creative thinking (Movement).

As an example, we could make a statement that 'Houses should not have roofs'. Normally this
would not be a good idea! However this leads one to think of houses with opening roofs, or
houses with glass roofs. These would allow you to explore positive and useful sides of the basic
concept that has been challenged by the provocation. E.g. in houses with opening roofs you
could lie in bed and look up at the stars. Once you have made the Provocation, you can
continue to the Movement phase using the provocation in a number of different ways, by
examining:
The consequences of the statement
What the benefits would be
What special circumstances would make it a sensible solution
The principles needed to support it and make it work
How it would work moment-to-moment
What would happen if a sequence of events was changed
Etc.

You can use this list as a checklist. Edward de Bono has developed and popularized use of
Provocation and Movement by using the word 'Po'. 'Po' stands for 'Provocative operation'. As
well as laying out how to use Provocation effectively, he suggests that when we make a
Provocative statement in public, Then we label it as such with 'Po' (e.g. 'Po: the earth is flat').
This does rely on all members of your audience knowing about Provocation! As with other
lateral thinking techniques, Provocation and Movement does not always produce good or
relevant ideas. Often, though, it does. Ideas generated using Provocation and Movement are
likely to be fresh and original.

Example:
The owner of a video-hire shop is looking at new ideas for business to compete with the
Internet. She starts with the provocation 'Customers should not pay to borrow videos'.She then
examines the provocation:
Consequences:
The shop would get no rental revenue and therefore would need alternative sources of cash. It
would be cheaper to borrow the video from the shop than to download the film or order it from a
catalogue.
Benefits:
Many more people would come to borrow videos. More people would pass through the shop.
The shop would spoil the market for other video shops in the area.
Circumstances:
The shop would need other revenue. Perhaps the owner could sell advertising in the shop, or
sell popcorn, sweets, bottles of wine or pizzas to people borrowing films. This would make her
shop a one-stop 'Night at home' shop. Perhaps it would only lend videos to people who had
absorbed a 30-second commercial, or completed a market research questionnaire.
After using the Provocation, the owner of the video shop decides to run an experiment for
several months. She will allow customers to borrow the top ten videos free (but naturally will fine
them for late returns). She puts the videos at the back of the shop. In front of them she places
displays of bottles of wine, soft drinks, popcorn and sweets so that customershave to walk past
them to get to the videos. Next to the film return counter she sells merchandise from the top ten
films being hired. If the approach is a success she will open a pizza stand inside the shop
C.)

A fishbone diagram, also called a cause and effect diagram or Ishikawa diagram, is a
visualization tool for categorizing the potential causes of a problem in order to identify its
root causes.

Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa, a Japanese quality control expert, is credited with inventing the
fishbone diagram to help employees avoid solutions that merely address the symptoms
of a much larger problem.

A fishbone diagram is useful in brainstorming sessions to focus conversation. After the

group has brainstormed all the possible causes for a problem, the facilitator helps the
group to rate the potential causes according to their level of importance and diagram a
hierarchy. The design of the diagram looks much like a skeleton of a fish. Fishbone
diagrams are typically worked right to left, with each large "bone" of the fish branching
out to include smaller bones containing more detail.

Fishbone diagrams are used in the "analyze" phase of SixSigma's DMAIC (define,
measure, analyze, improve, control) approach to problem solving.

How to create a fish diagram:

Create a head, which lists the problem or issue to be studied.

Create a backbone for the fish (straight line which leads to the head).

Identify at least four causes that contribute to the problem. Connect these four
causes with arrows to the spine. These will create the first bones of the fish.

Brainstorm around each cause to document those things that contributed to the
cause. Use the 5 Whys or another questioning process such as the 4Ps
(Policies, Procedures, People and Plant) to keep the conversation focused.

Continue breaking down each cause until the root causes have been identified.
This example illustrates how a group might begin a fish diagram to identify all the
possible reasons a web site went down in order to discover the root cause.

Question-6.)

Making Connections
The primary thing to remember with Da Vinci is his observation and belief that "everything
connects". Making connections between disparate things is perhaps the number 1 creative
thinking skill, so you should definitely make it a practice to think of ways that different
things relate to each other, and how different things could be combined to make something
completely different.

Multiple Intelligences
Leonardo Da Vinci was fascinated with all branches of learning and, in those times, there
wasn't the same push to specialise. He didn't differentiate so much between subjects
because he believed that they were all inter-related. The learning and discoveries made in
one area affect your understanding and knowledge of another subject of study. This is the
central idea of becoming a Renaissance man or woman.

Ways of Stimulating Your Mind's Creativity

Leonardo Da Vinci had specific techniques that he used to stimulate his intelligence and
heightened creative thinking. He was ambidextrous and could write and paint with both
hands at the same time. You can stimulate your mind by writing with your non-dominant
hand for 10 mins a day. You could also learn to juggle (yes, Leonardo was great at juggling
too!).
//Contributions towards Mankind

The first parachute had been imagined and sketched by Leonardo Da Vinci in the 15th
century. Its hard to believe something as modern as a parachute could be invented over 500
years ago. Leonardos parachute design consists of sealed linen cloth held open by a pyramid of
wooden poles, about seven metres long. The invention would allow any man to throw himself
down from any great height without suffering any injury, da Vinci said. Still, because his ideas
were way ahead of his time, the technology was not able to sustain his ideas, thus nobody
invented a practical parachute until 1783.

THE MONALISA:- Without a doubt, the most famous painting in the world, Mona Lisa (or
Gioconda) has fascinated people for centuries and for good reason. It is said that just the lips
took 10 years to make! Also, it has fueled an impressive amount of theories, due to its
mysterious smile and implicit (for some) sexual hint, but also because of the fact that it also has
some man traits, despite also having pregnant features. Still, it was worth every second, because
the entire picture especially the enigmatic smile is the crowning of a genius.

ANATOMY STUDIES:- Leonardos formal training in the anatomy of the human body began
with his apprenticeship to Andrea del Verrocchio, his teacher insisting that all his pupils learn
anatomy. As an artist, he grew fond of topographic anatomy, drawing many studies of muscles,
tendons and other visible anatomical features.

ENGINEERING:- During his lifetime and even after that, Leonardo was valued as an engineer.
Still, with his imagination, it was hard to remain practical all the time, so some of his inventions
were not devisable (at least not at that time). In 2001, a vision of his was resurrected by some
engineers who built a small bridge based on his ideas. For much of his life, Leonardo was
fascinated by the phenomenon of flight, producing many studies of the flight of birds, including
his c. 1505 Codex on the Flight of Birds.

//7 Principles of innovations

1. Curiosity. It's the birthright of creativity, Gelb says. The most creative people
"maintain passion and creativity throughout their adult lives." As for those whose
curiosity and sense of wonder at the world got lost somewhere along the way, it is
entirely possible to "experience a renaissance of that birth-right. One practical way is to
keep a notebook or journal. Record your thoughts, musings, questions and creative
doodles."

2. Learn from experience. Limiting ourselves to one point of view or position keeps us
stuck, Gelb says."Learn to consider important issues from multiple perspectives. Truly
examine these perspectives before making your mind up on an idea... [and] discipline
yourself to really look at different perspectives."

3. Sharpen your senses. This is critically important for creativity on every level. "Be more
mindful, a better listener and savour your senses." Gelb says he lives by the motto la
dolce vita, meaning 'the sweet life', but just to be on the safe side of savouring your
senses he recommends putting a little more dolce in your vita.

4. Embrace ambiguity and change. The ability to adapt and accept new ideas is the "most
distinguishing feature" of genius, Gelb says. It's an ability that can be cultivated but
"first you have to recognise how important it is." After that, it is applying practical
methods, like meditation, for managing the natural anxiety many feel when venturing
into the unknown.

5. Whole-brain thinking. Systematic, left-brain thinking stifles new ideas and creative
thought, Gelb says. Rather, perspective and possiblity come through an integration of
logic and imagination. "Leonardo was a scientific mastermind as well as one of the
greatest painters in the world," he says. One way Gelb teaches people to do this is with
mind-mapping, starting at the centre of the page with an image and radiating out from
that with key words or ideas. Traditionally, we plan in a logical, linear way creating a list
and then trying to generate ideas. "It's illogical," Gelb says. "[Mind maps] literally let
you see the big picture and are a way of producing more ideas in less time."

6. Balance body and mind. There's an illusion that genius is just mental. It's not. A fit
body facilitates a sharp and fertile mind, because brilliance requires "tremendous
energy," Gelb explains. "Da Vinci was an incredible physical specimen. He was a great
athlete and renowned as the strongest man in Florence."

7. Connections. Humans seek connection, Gelb says. "Physically, we seek health (the
word health comes from the Old English root hal, meaning "whole"), affection, and the
ecstasy of sexual union. Emotionally, we yearn for a sense of belonging, intimacy, and
love. Intellectually, we look for patterns and relationships, seeking to understand
systems. And spiritually, we pray for Oneness with the Divine". To enhance our sense of
connection, he suggests looking at the relationships, patterns and connections in our
lives. "Make a master mind map of your life... check that what you're doing every day is
in line with your values, vision and goals.

Question-7.)

Ppt downloaded in PC