Faculty of Chemical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi MARA

Chp. 8 :
Emergency Response
Planning
 Course Outcome
Identify the basic principles of process hazard analysis and
safety related to the chemical engineering / environmental issues
(A4).
Explain the issues and solutions in managing the chemical
engineering / environment using the basic principles of process
hazard analysis and safety (C6).
Present solutions related to the chemical engineering /
environmental issues using the basic principles of process
hazard analysis and safety in a report (C6).

2
Course Learning Outcome
The student should be able to :
Describe elements of emergency response
planning
Plan on-site emergency planning
Plan off-site emergency planning
 Emergency versus Disaster
Emergency
is an unexpected event requiring
prompt action which is beyond
the normal day to day activity in
order to ensure the safety of the
people, public, environment and
equipment. Normally it can be
managed at the local level.
Disaster
is a dangerous event that causes
significant human and economic
losses and demands a crisis
response beyond the scope of any
single agency or service.
 Types of Emergency/Disaster

Internal incident fire, explosion,

toxic release
External threat fire, explosion or
toxic release in an adjacent facility
or a transport accident
Natural disaster flood,
hurricane, earthquake, tsunami
Civil disorder bomb threat, riot
Malicious damage sabotage,
arson
 Emergency Management
An organised analysis, planning,
decision making and assignment
of available resources to:
i. mitigate,
ii. prepare for,
iii. respond to and
iv. recover from
the effects of all hazards.
The goals are:
To save lives
To prevent injuries
To protect property & environment
Phases of Emergency Management

The four key phases in emergency management are:

i. mitigation
ii. Planning and preparedness
iii. response
iv. recovery

Mitigation
Taking sustained action to reduces or eliminates long-term
risk to people, property and environments from hazards
and their effects.
Phases of Emergency Management

Planning and preparedness

Building the emergency management system to effectively
prepare for, mitigate against, respond to and recover from
hazards and their effects by planning, training and
exercising.
Response
Conducting emergency/rescue operations to save lives and
property by positioning emergency equipment and
supplies, evacuating victims, providing food, shelter and
medical care and restoring critical services.
Recovery
Recovery is the process of returning to normal
 Reasons to Plan for Emergency
Emergency will happen; it is only a question of time.
Proper implementation of an appropriate emergency
response plan could minimize loss and protect people,
property, and the environment.
How you plan to respond to situations can be the
difference between life and death or between minimal
damage and major damage.
It may be too late to plan when emergency occurs.
Lack of preplanning can turn an emergency into a
disaster.
Planning for emergency situations is part of the general
responsibility of the employer to protect employees and
the public.
 CIMAH Regulation 1996
Regulation 18: On-site Emergency Plan
1. A manufacturer who has control of an industrial activity to
which this Part applies shall, after consulting a Competent
Person, prepare and keep an up-to-date and adequate on-site
emergency plan detailing how major accidents are to be dealt
with on the site on which the industrial activity is carried on,
and the plan shall include the name of the person who is
responsible for safety on the site and the names of those who
are authorised to take action pursuant to the plan in the event
of an emergency.
2. The manufacturer shall ensure that the on-site emergency plan
prepared in pursuance of subregulation (1) is constantly updated
to take into account any material change made in the industrial
activity and that every person on the site who is affected by the
plan is informed of its relevant provisions.
 CIMAH Regulation 1996
Regulation 21: Off-site Emergency Plan
1. A manufacturer who has control of an industrial activity to
which this Part applies shall inform the local authority or
port authority of the area that his industrial activity is
considered capable of producing a major accident hazard
and of the need for the preparation of an off-site
emergency plan for the area surrounding his site which
may be likely to be affected by a major accident.
 On-Site Emergency Plan
An on-site emergency plan describes in detail an
organisations policy and procedures for coping with
an emergency situation on site.
These policies and procedures should define how the
organisation will protect people and property.
Developing the plan is the process of assigning
emergency related tasks to individuals in the
organization, and outlining protective actions to be
taken.
An on-site emergency plan should be consistent with
the local governments emergency operations plan.
Steps in Emergency Planning
Process
Establishing Policy and
Organisational Structure
Hazard Analysis and Risk
Assessment
Development of Emergency
Response and Action Plan
Testing the Plan Through
Training and Exercise
Reviewing the Plan.
 Establishing Policy and
Organisational Structure
Create a written emergency preparedness policy
statement.
Define the organisational structure, with a clearly
defined chain of command and designated roles and
responsibilities.
Begin documentation
 Hazard Analysis and Risk
Assessment
Conduct hazard identification and risk evaluation
(hazard identification, probability estimate, impact
analysis, risk evaluation rating).
Assess and inventory capabilities and resources.
Use mitigation planning to minimize risk.
 Development of Emergency
Response and Action Plan
Developing a Plan for Readiness
Appoint an Emergency Preparedness Coordinator and an
Emergency Response Team.
Designate an Emergency Command Center.
Establish emergency communication systems and methods.
Establish relationships with external agencies (fire dept,
police, hospital, etc.).
Establish a media relations plan.
Plan for life safety: establish evacuation plans and routes.
Gather information and identify resources for emergency
preparedness (phone numbers, helping agencies, supplies,
etc.)
 Development of Emergency
Response and Action Plan
Developing a Plan for Action
Establish policies and procedures to:
Activate the Emergency Command Center
Receive and process emergency calls and information
Alert and warn personnel
Engage the Emergency Preparedness Plan
Activate alarms
Evacuate, shelter, and account for personnel
Activate emergency communications
Close/shut down the plant, offices, facilities, etc.
Different procedures may be needed for different types
of emergency (e.g. chemical spill, fire)
 Development of Emergency
Response and Action Plan
Developing a Plan for Resuming Operations
Establish policies and procedures to:
Evaluate conditions prior to the re-entry
Conduct damage assessment
Activate recovery communications
Provide employee support
Testing the Plan Through
Training and Exercise
Conduct pre-training analysis and planning (to
prioritize what training is needed)
Establish policies and procedures for:
Employee Training
Training Schedules
Tests and Drills
Orientation and Education Sessions
Walk-Through Drills
Evacuation Drills
Full-Scale Exercises
Document test activities and results
Reviewing the Plan
Conduct a formal audit of the entire Plan from time
to time. The review should:
identify areas to update
determine completeness
assess chain of command
evaluate employee knowledge and awareness
assess trigger mechanisms
evaluate inventory resources
Reviewing the Plan
Update the Plan whenever there are:
new ERT team members
change of organisational structure
new operations, processes, materials, etc.
new or renovated sites or changes in layout
changes with outside agencies, new suppliers, vendors,
etc.
Some Common Problems in the
On-Site Emergency Response
Inadequate detection of release
Inadequate emergency alarm
Inadequate warning, e.g. PA anouncement did not
cover all areas
Lack of evacuation/mustering training
Inadequate protective equipment
Lack of leadership during emergency
No designated authority to give command at the
mustering station.
Lack of pre-planning
No clear escape procedures
Emergency Response Team (ERT)

Emergency Response Team (ERT) is a

special team that responds to general
and localised emergencies to facilitate
personnel evacuation and safety.
ERT shuts down building services and
utilities as needed.
ERT works with civil authorities to
protect and salvage company
property.
ERT evaluates areas of safety before
re-entry of personnel.
Off-Site Emergency Plan
Based on those events identified by the company
which would affect people and the environment
outside the premises.
Company is required to provide the necessary
information on the nature, extent and probable
effects of such incidents
The plan addresses public safety, lists the agencies to
be contacted and describes the actions to be taken,
such as evacuation of areas surrounding the facility
and co-ordination of external agencies with facility
personnel
Off-Site Emergency Plan
The local authority needs to be satisfied that the
information provided is sufficiently detailed,
unambiguous and comprehensive for the dangers to
be understood so that the necessary protective
measures can be provided.
The plan ensures co-ordination of existing services
and their readiness for the specific hazards and
problems which may arise in an incident