Upload Mathematics Part I For Class Xii Book

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Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

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MODEL SOLUTION OF M. S. BOARD BOOK
MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS (40)

PART I
STANDARD XII
(ARTS & SCIENCE)
BY
Prakash D. Wasankar
M. Sc. (Mathematics) B. Ed.
Price: 200 Rs.

3
Model Solution of M.S. Board Book
Mathematics and Statistics (40)
Part II
Standard XII
(Arts & science)
Publisher
All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever
without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review.
Published by
Mrs. Jyoti P. Wasankar
Sai Nagar Shegaon
Dist. Buldhana 444203
Mob 9422925819
E-mail jyotiwasankar@gmail.com

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Contents
Sr.No. Name of Chapter Page No.
1 Matrices 4
2 Mathematical Logic 28
3 Trigonometric Function 41
4 Pair of Straight Lines 101
5 Vectors 131
6 Three Dimensional Geometry 158
7 Line And Plane 166
8 Linear Programming 211

5
3 2 61 0 0
MATRICES 3 3 60 3 0
0 1 0 1 3 0
2 2 50 0 1
Inverse matrix:-
Let A be a non singular matrix then 2 2 40 2 0

0 0 10 2 1
exist
= =
1 1 2 0 1 0
0 1 0 = 1 3 0
0 0 1 0 2 1
Procedure for finding inverse matrix by using
Apply 1
elementary operation
Keep 1 in the place of

1 1 2 0 1 0
i.
0 1 0 = 1 3 0
ii.
0 0 1 0 2 1

iii.
Keep 1 in the place of Apply

iv.

v.
1 0 2 1 2 0
3 2 6
vi.
0 1 0 = 1 3 0
1. Find the inverse of = 1 1 2 by using
0 0 1 0 2 1
2 2 5
elementary transformation Apply 2
1 0 21 2 0
0 0 20 4 2
Solution:-
3 2 6 1 0 01 2 2
= 1 1 2
2 2 5 1 0 0 1 2 2
0 1 0 = 1 3

0
3 2 6 0 0 1 0 2 1
|| = 1 1 2
2 2 5 1 2 2
= 1 3 0
|| = 35 4 25 4 + 62 2 0 2 1
|| = 3 2 + 0 = 1 0 1 2 2
= 1 3 0
A is nonsingular matrix 0 2 1
exists 0 1 2
2. Find the inverse of = 1 2 3 by elementary
= 3 1 1
3 2 6 1 0 0
operation
1 1 2 = 0 1 0
2 2 5 0 0 1
Solution:-
0 1 2
Apply = 1 2 3
3 1 1
1 1 2 0 1 0
3 2 6 = 1 0 0 0 1 2
|| = 1 2 3
2 2 5 0 0 1
3 1 1
Apply 3
2
|| = 0 11 9 + 21 6

6
|| = 8 10 = 2 0 0 1 2 1 0 0
0 0 2 5 3 1
A is nonsingular matrix 0 1 0 4 3 1
exists 1 1 1
' *
1 0 0
&2 2 2)
= 0 1 0 = &4 3 1)
0 0 1 &5 3 1)
%2
0 1 2 1 0 0 2 2(
1 2 3 = 0 1 0
3 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
' *
&2 2 2)
Apply = &4 3 1)
&5 3 1)
1 2 3 0 1 0 % 2 2 2 (
0 1 2 = 1 0 0
3 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
' *
&2 2 2)
Apply 3 = &4 3 1)
&5 3 1)
3 1 1 0 0 1 % 2 2 2(
3 6 9 0 3 0
0 5 8 0 3 1 2 0 1
3. Find the inverse of the matrix = 5 1 0 by
1 2 3 0 1 0 0 1 3
0 1 2 = 1 0 0
0 5 8 0 3 1
elementary transformation
Apply 2
+ 5
Solution:-
2 0 1
1 2 3 0 1 0
= 5 1 0
0 2 42 0 0
0 1 3
1 0 12 1 0
2 0 1
0 5 80 3 1 || = 5 1 0
0 5 10 5 0 0
0 1 3
0 0 2 5 3 1
1 0 1 2 1 0 || = 23 0 0 15 0
0 1 2 = 1 0 0
|| = 6 5 = 1 0
0 0 2 5 3 1

A is nonsingular matrix

Apply
exists
2 1 0
1 0 1
1 0 0 =
0 1 2 =" 5 3 1#
0 0 1
2 2 2 2 0 1 1 0 0
5 1 0 = 0 1 0

Apply +
2 0 1 3 0 0 1
2 1 0 Apply 3
1 0 1
1
$
0 0
6 0 3 3 0 0
1 0 0

5 1 0 = 0 1 0
0 1 3 0 0 1

7
Apply 1 0 1
|| = 0 2 3
1 1 3 3 1 0 1 2 1
5 1 0 = 0 1 0

0 1 3 0 0 1 || = 12 6 0 + 10 2
Apply 5 || = 4 2 = 6 0
5 1 0 0 1 0
5 5 1515 5 0
0 6 1515 6 0 exists

1 1 3 3 1 0 =
0 6 15 = 15 6 0
0 1 3 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 2 3 = 0 1 0
Apply 5 1 2 1 0 0 1
0 6 15 15 6 0 Apply
0 5 15 0 0 5
0 1 0 15 6 5 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 2 3 = 0 1 0
1 1 3 3 1 0
0 2 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 = 15 6 5
0 1 3 0 0 1 Apply

Apply +

1 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 3 1 1 3 1
"0 1 # = " 0 0#
0 1 0 = 15 6 5 2 2
0 0 3 15 6 6 0 2 0 1 0 1

Apply 2

Apply
0 2 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 3 1 1
0 1 0 = 15 6 5 0 2 3 0 1 0
0 0 31 1 1
0 0 1 5 2 2
3 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
3 1

= 15 6 5 "0 1 # = " 0 0#
5 2 2 2 2
0 0 3 1 1 1
3 1 1
= 15 6 5 Apply

5 2 2
1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 ' 1 *
4. Find the inverse of = 0 2 3 by elementary 3 &0 0 )
"0 1 # = & 2 )
1 2 1 2
0 0 1 &1 1 1)
%3 (
3 3
transformation
Apply

Solution:-
1 0 1
= 0 2 3
1 2 1

8
1 0 0 =
1 0 1
1

0 0 1 2 3 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 5 = 0 1 0

2 4 7 0 0 1
0 0

0 1

Apply and 2

0 0

1 1 5 0 1 0
0 1 0 0

1 2 31 0 0
0 1 2 1 1 0
2 1 1
' * 2 4 7 0 0 1
1 0 0 & 3 3 3 )
2 4 62 0 0
1 1 )
0 1 0 = & 0 0 0 1 2 0 1
0 0 1 & 2 2 )
& 1 1 1) 1 2 3 1 0 0
% 3 (
3 3 0 1 2 = 1 1 0
0 0 1 2 0 1
2 1 1
' *
& 3 3 3 ) Apply 1
1 1 )

= & 0
& 2 2 ) 1 2 3 1 0 0
& 1 1 1) 0 1 2 = 1 1 0
% 3 ( 0 0 1 2 0 1
3 3
2 1 1 Apply 2
' *
& 3 3 3 )
1 2 31 0 0
1 1 )
= & 0 0 2 42 2 0
& 2 2 ) 1 0 71 2 0
& 1 1 1)
% 3 (
3 3 1 0 7 1 2 0
0 1 2 = 1 1 0
1 2 3 0 0 1 2 0 1
5. Find the inverse of 1 1 5 by using elementary
2 4 7 Apply 7
+ 2
1 0 7 1 2 0
transformation
0 0 7 14 0 7
1 0 0 13 2 7
Solution:-
1 2 3
,-. = 1 1 5 0 1 2 1 1 0
2 4 7 0 0 2 4 0 2
0 1 0 3 1 2
1 2 3
|| = 1 1 5 1 0 0 13 2 7
2 4 7 0 1 0 = 3 1 2
0 0 1 2 0 1
|| = 17 20 27 10 + 34 2
13 2 7
|| = 13 + 6 + 6 = 1 0 = 3 1 2
2 0 1
13 2 7
= 3 1 2
exists
2 0 1

9
cos 2 sin 2 0 sin 2 1

6. Find the inverse of the matrix sin 2 cos 2 0 1 0 0 0
" cos 2 # = " cos 2 #
0 0 1 0 1 0 sin 2 cos 2 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
Apply + 567 8
79: 8
By elementary operation
Solution:-
0 0

cos 2 sin 2 0 1 567 8 0
79: 8
567 8
Let = sin 2 cos 2 0
0 0 sin 2 0
79: 8 79:; 8
0 0 1 567 8 567 8
1 0 0 cos 2 sin 2 0
cos 2 sin 2 0
|| = sin 2 cos 2 0 1 0 0 cos 2 sin 2 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 = sin 2 cos 2 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
|| = cos 2 cos 2 0 + sin 2 sin 2 0 + 0
cos 2 sin 2 0
|| = cos 2 + sin 2 = 1 0
= sin 2 cos 2 0
0 0 1
cos 2 sin 2 0
= sin 2 cos 2 0
exists

0 0 1
= 2 3 3
7. Find the inverse of the matrix 2 2 3 by
cos 2 sin 2 0 1 0 0 3 2 2
sin 2 cos 2 0 = 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1

Solution:-
567 8
2 3 3
Apply
sin 2 1 <-. = 2 2 3
1 0 0 0
" cos 2 # = "cos 2 # 3 2 2
sin 2 cos 2 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 2 3 3
|| = 2 2 3
Apply sin 2 3 2 2
sin 2 cos 2 0 0 1 0 || = 24 + 6 + 34 9 + 34 6

0 567 8 0 0
79: 8
sin 2 + 567 8
79:; 8
|| = 20 15 30 = 25 0
0 0 567 8 1 0
79: 8
567 8
sin 2 1
'1 0* ' 0 0* exists

& cos 2 ) & cos 2 )
&0 1 = & sin 2
& 0)) & cos 2 1 0)) =
cos 2
%0 0 1( % 0 0 1( 2 3 3 1 0 0
2 2 3 = 0 1 0

567 8 3 2 2 0 0 1
Apply
Apply

10
3 2 2 0 0 1 0

2 2 3 = 0 1 0 0 1 1 $ $
0 0 1 $

2 3 3 1 0 0 $ $
0 1 0
Apply 0
$ $
1 1 1 1 0 1 2 3
2 2 3 = 0 1 0 ' 0 *
1 0 0 & 5 5 )
2 3 3 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 = & 0 )
Apply 2
2 0 0 1 & 5 5 )
& 2 1 2)
% 5 (
2 2 30 1 0 5 5
2 2 22 0 2 2 3 7
0 0 52 1 2 ' *
& 5 5 5)
2 3 31 0 0 1 1
= & 0 )
2 2 22 0 2 & 5 5 )
0 5 53 0 2 & 2 1 2)
% 5 (
5 5
1 1 1 1 0 1
0 0 5 = 2 1 2 2 3 7
0 5 5 3 0 2 ' *
& 5 5 5)
1 1
Apply = & 0 )
& 5 5 )
1 1 1 1 0 1 & 2 1 2)
% 5 (
0 5 5 = 3 0 2 5 5
0 0 5 2 1 2
1 3 2
8. Find the inverse of the matrix3 0 5by
$

2 5 0
Apply
1 0 1
1 1 1
3 2
0 1 1 = " 0 #
0 0 5 5 5
Solution:-
2 1 2 1 3 2
Let = 3 0 5
==,>
2 5 0
2 3 1 3 2
' 0 *
1 0 0 || = 3 0 5
& 5 5)
0 1 1 =& 3 2) 2 5 0
0 0 5 & 5 0 5)
% 2 1 2( || = 10 + 25 30 + 10 215 0
Apply $

|| = 25 30 + 30 = 25 0
2 3
' 0 *
1 0 0 & 5 5 )
exists
3 2 )
0 1 1 = & 0
0 0 1 & 5 5 ) =
& 2 1 2)
% 5 (
5 5 1 3 2 1 0 0
3 0 5 A = 0 1 0

==,> + 2 5 0 0 0 1

11
==,> + 3
2 2 0 1
0 1 4

A B
3 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 4 $ $ $
3 9 6 3 0 0 0 1 0 A
$ $ $
0 9 113 1 0
2 3
2 5 00 0 1 ' 1 *
& 5 5)
2 6 42 0 0 1 0 0 2 4 11 )
0 1 42 0 1 0 1 0 A = &
0 0 1 & 5 25 25 )
1 3 2 1 0 0 & 3 1 9 )
0 9 11 A = 3 1 0 % 5 25 25 (
0 1 4 2 0 1
2 3
' 1 *
Apply 5 5)
&
2 4 11
1 3 2 1 0 0 IA = & )
& 5 25 25 )
0 1 4 A = 2 0 1 & 3 1 9 )
0 9 11 3 1 0 % 5 25 25 (
Apply 1 2 3
' 1 *
1 3 2 1 0 0 & 5 5)
2 4 11 )
0 1 4 A = 2 0 1 A = &
0 9 11 3 1 0 & 5 25 25 )
& 3 1 9 )
==,> 3
9 % 5 25 25 (
1 3 2 1 0 0 2 0 1
0 3 12 6 0 3 9. Find the inverse of the matrix 5 1 0 by
1 0 10 5 0 3 0 1 3
0 9 11 3 1 0
0 9 36 18 0 9
0 0 25 15 1 9
Solution:-
2 0 1
1 0 10 5 0 3 Let = 5 1 0
0 1 4 A = 2 0 1 0 1 3
0 0 25 15 1 9
2 0 1
Apply $ || = 5 1 0

0 1 3
5 0 3
1 0 10 || = 23 0 0 15 0
2 0 1
0 1 4 A = " 3 1 9#
0 0 1 || = 6 5 = 1 0
5 25 25
==,> 10
+ 4 A is nonsingular matrix
5 0 3 exists
1 0 10
10 6 $ $
@
0 0 =
1 0 0 1
2 0 1 1 0 0
$ $
5 1 0 = 0 1 0
0 1 3 0 0 1

12
Apply 1 0 0 3 1 1
0 1 0 = 15 6 5
5 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 2 2
2 0 1 = 1 0 0

0 1 3 0 0 1 3 1 1
= 15 6 5
==,> 2 5 2 2
5 1 00 1 0 3 1 1
4 0 22 0 0
= 15 6 5
1 1 22 1 0 5 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 2
2 0 1 = 1 0 0 10. Find the inverse of matrix 0 2 1 by
0 1 3 0 0 1 1 3 0
Apply 2
elementary raw operation
2 0 11 0 0
Solution:-
2 2 44 2 0 1 2 2
0 2 55 2 0 Let = 0 2 1
1 3 0
1 1 2 2 1 0
0 2 5 = 5 2 0 1 2 2
0 1 3 0 0 1 || = 0 2 1
1 3 0
Apply
|| = 10 3 20 + 1 20 2
1 1 2 2 1 0
0 1 3 = 0 0 1 || = 3 2 + 4 = 1 0
0 2 5 5 2 0
==,>
+ 2
exists
1 1 2 2 1 0
0 1 3 0 0 1 =
1 0 12 1 1
1 2 2 1 0 0
0 2 55 2 0
0 2 1 = 0 1 0
0 2 60 0 2
1 3 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 5 2 2
1 0 1 2 1 1 +
0 1 3 = 0

0 1 1 2 2 1 0 0
0 0 1 5 2 2 0 2 1 = 0 1 0
==,> + and 3 0 5 2 1 0 1
Apply

1 0 12 1 1
0 0 1 5 2 2
1 0 0 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 0 0
1 1
0 1 3 0 0 1 "0 1 # = "0 0#
2 2
0 0 315 6 6 0 5 2 1 0 1
0 1 0 15 6 5
==,> 2 and 5

13
1 2 21 0 0 E E E
0 2 1 0 1 0
FGH . GI = E E E
1 0 11 1 0 E E E
0 5 2 1
$ 1 0 1 =
FGH . GI
0 5 ||
0 5/2 0
1 5/2 1
0 0 1 2 3

11. Find the inverse of the matrix 1 1 5 by adjoint
1 0 1 1 1 0 2 4 7
' 1* ' 1 *
&0 1 ) &0 0)
& 2) = & 2 )
method
& 1 ) & 5 )
%0 0
2 ( %1 2
1(
Solution:-
1 2 3
Apply 2 Let = 1 1 5
2 4 7
1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 || = 17 20 27 10 + 34 2
"0 1 # = "0 0#
2 2
0 0 1 2 5 2 || = 13 + 6 + 6 = 1 0
1
==,> +
+
2
exists
1 0 11 1 0
0 0 12 5 2 1 5
E = 1K L L = 17 20 = 13
1 0 03 6 2 4 7
0 1 0

0 1 5
E = 1K L L = 17 10 = 3
2 7
0 0 1 1
$
0 1

01

1 1
2 1 E = 1K L L = 14 2 = 2
2 4
1 0 0 3 6 2
0 1 0 = 1 2 2 3
1 E = 1K L L = 114 12 = 2
4 7
0 0 1 2 5 2
1 3
3 6 2 E = 1K L L = 17 6 = 1
= 1 2 2 7
1
2 5 2 1 2
E = 1K L L = 14 4 = 0
2 4
3 6 2
= 1 2 1 2 3
2 5 2 E = 1K L L = 110 3 = 7
1 5
1 3
E = 1K L L = 5 3 = 2
1 5
Inverse of square matrix by adjoint method
E E E 1 2
E = 1K L L = 11 2 = 1
The co-factor matrix of given matrix A is
E E E 1 1
E E E E E E
E
Co-factor matrix= E E
E E E J
E E E
E

FGH . GI = E E
E E E

14
13 3 2 0 1
E = 1K L L = 10 2 = 2
Co-factor matrix= 2 1 0 2 3
7 2 1
1 1
E = 1K L L = 3 0 = 3
13 3 2 J 0 3

FGH . GI = 2 1 0
1 0
7 2 1 E = 1K L L = 12 0 = 2
0 2
13 2 7 E E E

FGH . GI = 3 1 2 E E E
Co-factor matrix=
2 0 1 E E E
1
=
FGH . GI 4 3 2
|| Co-factor matrix= 2 0 2
2 3 2
1 13 2 7 13 2 7

= 3 1 2 = 3 1 2 4 3 2 J
1
2 0 1 2 0 1
FGH . GI = 2 0 2
13 2 7 2 3 2
= 3 1 2 4 2 2
2 0 1
FGH . GI = 3 0 3
1 0 1 2 2 2
12. Find the inverse of 0 2 3 by adjoint method 1
1 2 1 =
FGH . GI
||
1 4 2 2
=
Solution:-
1 0 1 3 0 3
6
Let = 0 2 3 2 2 2
1 2 1
1 4 2 2
= 3 0 3
|| = 12 6 0 + 10 2 6
2 2 2
|| = 4 2 = 6 0 1 2 3
A is nonsingular matrix 1 2 4
exists
adjoint method
2 3
E = 1K L L = 12 6 = 4
Solution:-
2 1 1 2 3
0 3 Let = 1 1 2
E = 1K L L = 10 3 = 3 1 2 4
1 1
0 2 || = 14 4 24 2 + 32 1
E = 1K L L = 10 2 = 2
1 2
|| = 0 + 12 9 = 3 0
0 1
E = 1K L L = 10 2 = 2
2 1 A is nonsingular matrix
1 1 exists
E = 1K L L = 11 1 = 0
1 1
1 0 1 2
E = 1K L L = 12 0 = 2 E = 1K L L = 14 4 = 0
1 2 2 4

15
1 2 || = 3 0
E = 1K L L = 14 2 = 6
1 4
1 1
E = 1K L L = 12 1 = 3
1 2 exists
2 3
E = 1K L L = 18 6 = 2 3 0
2 4 E = 1K L L = 13 0 = 3
2 1
1 3
E = 1K L L = 14 3 = 1 3 0
1 4 E = 1K L L = 13 0 = 3
5 1
1 2
E = 1K L L = 12 2 = 0 3 3
1 2 E = 1K L L = 16 15 = 9
5 2
2 3
E = 1K L L = 14 3 = 1 0 0
1 2 E = 1K L L = 10 0 = 0
2 1
1 3
E = 1K L L = 2 + 3 = 5 1 0
1 2 E = 1K L L = 11 0 = 1
5 1
1 2
E = 1K L L = 11 + 2 = 3 1 0
1 1 E = 1K L L = 12 0 = 2
5 2
E E E
E
Co-factor matrix= E E 0 0
E = 1K L L = 10 0 = 0
E E E 3 0
0 6 3 1 0
E = 1K L L = 0 0 = 0
1 5 3 1 0
E = 1K L L = 13 0 = 3
3 3
0 6 3 J

FGH . GI = 2 1 0 E E E
1 5 3 Co-factor matrix= E E E
E E E
0 2 1

FGH . GI = 6 1 5 3 3 9
3 0 3 Co-factor matrix= 0 1 2
0 0 3
1
=
FGH . GI
|| 3 3 9 J

FGH . GI = 0 1 2
1 0 2 1 0 0 3
= 6 1 5
3 3 0 0
3 0 3

FGH . GI = 3 1 0
1 0 0 9 2 3
14. Find the inverse of matrix 3 3 0 by adjoint
5 2 1 1
=
FGH . GI
method ||
1 3 0 0
= 3 1 0
Solution:-
1 0 0 3
9 2 3
Let = 3 3 0
5 2 1 1 3 0 0
= 3 1 0
3
|| = 13 0 0 + 0 9 2 3
16
1 2 3 10 10 2
15. Find the inverse of the matrix 0 2 4 by adjoint
FGH . GI = 0 5 4
0 0 5 0 0 2
1
=
FGH . GI
method
Solution:- ||
1 2 3 1 10 10 2
Let = 0 2 4 = 0 5 4
10
0 0 5 0 0 2
|| = 110 0 20 0 + 30 0 2 1 1

|| = 10 0 + 0 = 10 0 1 1 2
adjoint method
exists

Solution:-
2 1 1
2 4 Let = 1 2 1
E = 1K L L = 110 0 = 10 1 1 2
0 5
0 4 || = 24 1 + 12 + 1 + 11 2
E = 1K L L = 10 0 = 0
0 5
|| = 6 1 1 = 4 0
0 2
E = 1K L L = 10 0 = 0
0 0 A is nonsingular matrix
2 3
E = 1K L L = 110 0 = 10 exists
0 5
1 3 2 1
E = 1K L L = 15 0 = 5 E = 1K L L = 14 1 = 3
0 5 1 2
1 2 1 1
E = 1K L L = 10 0 = 0 E = 1K L L = 12 + 1 = 1
0 0 1 2
2 3 1 2
E = 1K L L = 18 6 = 2 E = 1K L L = 11 2 = 1
2 4 1 1
1 3 1 1
E = 1K L L = 4 0 = 4 E = 1K L L = 12 + 1 = 1
0 4 1 2
1 2 2 1
E = 1K L L = 12 0 = 2 E = 1K L L = 14 1 = 3
0 2 1 2
E E E 2 1
E = 1K L L = 12 + 1 = 1
Co-factor matrix= E E E 1 1
E E E
1 1
E = 1K L L = 11 2 = 1
10 0 0 2 1
2 4 2 E = 1K L L = 2 + 1 = 1
1 1
10 0 0 J 2 1

FGH . GI = 10 5 0 E = 1K L L = 14 1 = 3
1 2
2 4 2

17
E E E
Co-factor matrix= E E E
Solution:-
E E E The given equations are
3 1 1 M + 3> = 2 , 3M + 5> = 4
Co-factor matrix= 1 3 1
1 1 3 1 3 M 2
O PO P = O P
3 5 > 4
3 1 1 J

FGH . GI = 1 3 1 ==,> 3
1 1 3
3 5 4
3 1 1 3 96

FGH . GI = 1 3 1 0 42
1 1 3
1 3 M 2
1 O P O>P = O P
=
FGH . GI 0 4 2
||
M + 3> 2
Q R=O P
1 3 1 1 4> 2
= 1 3 1
4 1
1 1 3
M + 3> = 2 , 4> = 2 > =
2
3 3 1 1
Reduction method
17. Solve the equations 2M + > = 5 , 3M + 5> = 3 M+ =2M =2 M = M =

2 2 2 2
19. Solve the equations 3M > = 1 , 4M + > = 6 using

using method of reduction
Solution:- reduction method
The given equations are Solution:-
2M + > = 5 , 3M + 5> = 3 The given equations are
2 1 M 5 3M > = 1 , 4M + > = 6
O PO P = O P
3 5 > 3
3 1 M 1
O PO P = O P
==,> 2 3 4 1 > 6
6 10 6 ==,> 3 4
6 315
0 7 21 12 3 18
12 44
2 1 M 5 0 7 14
O PO P = O P
0 7 > 21
3 1 M 1
2M + > O PO P = O P
Q R=O
5
P 0 7 > 14
7> 21
3M > 1
Q R=O P
2M + > = 5 , 7> = 21 > = 3 7> 14
8 3M > = 1 , 7> = 14 > = 2

2M 3 = 5 2M = 8 M = M=4
2
3M 2 = 1 3M = 3 M = 1
18. Solve the equations M + 3> = 2 , 3M + 5> = 4 using
reduction method 20. Solve the equations 5M + 2> = 4 , 7M + 3> = 5
Using reduction method
18
reduction M + 3> + 3T = 12 , M + 4> + 4T = 15 ,

Solution:- 22. Solve the following equations by the method of
The given equations are and M + 3> + 4T = 13

5M + 2> = 4 , 7M + 3> = 5
5 2 M 4
Solution:-
O PO P = O P
7 3 > 5
The given equations are
==,> 5 7 M + 3> + 3T = 12 , M + 4> + 4T = 15 ,
35 15 25 M + 3> + 4T = 13
35 1428
0 1 3 1 3 3 M 12
>
1 4 4 U V = 15
5 2 M 4 1 3 4 T 13
O PO P = O P
0 1 > 3
==,>

5M + 2> 4
Q R=O P
> 3 1 3 3 M 12
0 1 1 U>V = 3
5M + 2> = 4 , > = 3 0 0 1 T 1
5M + 23 = 4 5M 6 = 4 5M = 10 M M + 3> + 3T 12
=2 >+T =3
T 1
21. Solve the equations 2M + 3> = 9 , > M = 2
M + 3> + 3T = 12
> + T = 3 , T=1
using reduction method
>+1=3> =31> =2
Solution:-
M + 3 2 + 3 1 = 12
The given equations
2M + 3> = 9 , > M = 2
M = 12 9 M = 3
2M + 3> = 9 , M > = 2
Required values are M = 3 , > = 2 , T = 1
2 3 M 9
O PO P = O P
1 1 > 2
M > T = 1 , 2M > = 1 and 3M 3> 4T = 2
23. Solve the following equation by method of reduction
==,> 2
2 2 4
2 39
Solution:-
0 55 The given equations are
2 3 M 9 M > T = 1 , 2M > + 0T = 1 , 3M 3> 4T = 2

O PO P = O P
0 5 > 5
1 1 1 M 1
2M + 3> 9 >
2 1 0 U V = 1
Q R=O P
5> 5 3 3 4 T 2
2M + 3> = 9 , 5> = 5 > = 1 ==,> 2
3
2M + 31 = 9 2M = 9 3 2M = 6 M = 3 2 1 0 1
2 2 22
0 1 21
19
3 3 4 2 1 2 3 M 8
3 3 3 3 0 5 5 U>V = 15
0 0 11 0 5 13 T 23
1 1 1 M 1
0 1 2 U>V = 1
0 0 1 T 1 0 5 1323
0 5 5 15
M>T 1 0 0 8 8
U > + 2T V = 1
T 1 1 2 3 M 8
0 5 5 U>V = 15
M>T =1 0 0 8 T 8
> + 2T = 1 , T = 1 T = 1 M + 2> + 3T 8
5> 5T = 15
> 2 = 1 > = 2 1 > = 1 8T 8
M11=1 M + 2> + 3T = 8 1
M =2+1M =3 5> 5T = 15 > + T = 3 2
Required values are M = 3 , > = 1 , T = 1 8T = 8 T = 1
24. Solve the equations 2M > + T = 1 , =X. H -YX.HG 2 > + 1 = 3 > = 2

M + 2> + 3T = 8 , 3M + > 4T = 1using reduction
Put in equation 1M + 2 2 + 3 1 = 8
M+4+3= 8M = 87 M = 1
method
25. Solve the equations M + > + T = 6 ,

Solution:-
3M > 3T = 10 , 5M 5> 4T = 3by method of

2M > + T = 1 , reduction
M + 2> + 3T = 8 , 3M + > 4T = 1 Solution:-
2 1 1 M 1
1 2 3 U>V = 8
3 1 4 T 1 M + > + T = 6 ,
Apply 3M > + 3T = 10 , 5M + 5> 4T = 3
1 2 3 M 8 1 1 1 M 6
2 1 1 U>V = 1 3 1 3 U>V = 10
3 1 4 T 1 5 5 4 T 3
==,> 2
3 ==,> 3
5
2 1 1 1 3 1 3 10
2 4 616 3 3 318
0 5 515 0 4 0 8
3 1 4 1 5 5 4 3
3 6 9 24 5 5 530
0 5 1323 0 0 927

20
1 1 1 M 6 M + 2> + T = 8 1
0 4 0 U>V = 8
0 0 9 T 27 > 3T = 5.........................2
M+>+T 6 16T = 16 T = 1
4> = 8
9T 27 =X. T = 1 > 3 1 = 5
M + > + T = 6 . .1
> 3 = 5 > = 3 5
4> = 8 > = 2
> = 2 > = 2
9T = 27 T = 3
M+22+1= 8M = 85 M = 3
M+2+3= 6M = 65 M = 1
27. Solve the equation M + 3> + 2T = 6
26. Solve the equations M + 2> + T = 8 , 3M 2> + 5T = 5 , 2M 3> + 6T = 7
2M + 3> T = 11 , 3M > 2T = 5by reduction Solution:-

method
M + 3> + 2T = 6
Solution:-
3M 2> + 5T = 5 , 2M 3> + 6T = 7
1 3 2 M 6
M + 2> + T = 8 , 3 2 5 U>V = 5
2 3 6 T 7
2M + 3> T = 11 , 3M > 2T = 5
==,> 3
2
1 2 1 M 8
2 3 1 U>V = 11 3 2 5 5
3 9 618
3 1 2 T 5
0 11 113
==,> 2
3
2 3 6 7
2 3 1 11 2 6 412
2 4 216 0 9 2 5
0 1 3 5 1 3 2 M 6
0 11 1 U>V = 13
3 1 2 5 0 9 2 T 5
3 6 324
0 7 519 ==,> 11 9
1 2 1 M 8 0 99 2255
>
0 1 3 U V = 5 0 99 9 117
0 7 5 T 19 0 0 31 62
==,> 7 1 3 2 M 6
0 11 1 U>V = 13
0 7 519 0 0 31 T 62
0 7 21 35 M + 3> + 2T 6
0 0 16 16 11> T = 13
31T 62
1 2 1 M 8
M + 3> + 2T = 6 . .1
0 1 3 U>V = 5
0 0 16 T 16 11> T = 13 .2

21
62 M+2+3= 6M = 65 M = 1
31T = 62 T = T=2
31 The three numbers are 1, 2, 3
Put T = 2 H -YX.HG 2
29. If three numbers are added the sum is 15. If the
11> 2 = 13 11> = 11
second number is subtracted from the sum of first
and third number then we get 5 and if twice the first
>=1
number is added to the second and the third
number is subtracted from the sum we get 4. Use
Put > = 1 , T = 2 H -YX.HG 2 matrices to find the numbers.
M+31+22=6M =67 Let M , >

T be the three numbers
Solution:-
M=1
M + > + T = 15 , M + T > = 5 , 2M + > T = 4
From the given condition
M + > + T = 15 , M > + T = 5 ,
2M + > T = 4
28. The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third
1 1 1 M 15
number by 3 and add it to the second number we
1 1 1 U>V = 5
get 11. By adding first and the third numbers we get
a number which is double the second number. Use 2 1 1 T 4
==,>
2
this information and find a system of linear
equations. Find the three numbers using matrices
1 1 1 5
Let M , >
T be the three numbers 1 1 115
Solution:-
0 2 0 10
M + > + T = 6 , > + 3T = 11 , M + T = 2>
2 1 1 4
M + > + T = 6 , 0M + > + 3T = 11 , 2 2 230
M 2> + T = 0 0 1 326
1 1 1 M 6
0 1 3 U>V = 11 1 1 1 M 15
1 2 1 T 0 0 2 0 U>V = 10
Apply 0 1 3 T 26
Apply

1 1 1 M 6
0 1 3 U>V = 11 0 1 326
0 3 0 T 6 0 1 0 5
Apply + 3 0 0 321
0 3 06 1 1 1 M 15
0 3 9 33 0 2 0 U>V = 10
0 0 9 27 0 0 3 T 21
1 1 1 M 6 M+>+T 6
0 1 3 U>V = 11 2> = 10
0 0 9 T 27 3T 21
M+>+T 6 M + > + T = 6 . .1
> + 3T = 11 2> = 10 > = 5
9T 27 3T = 21 T = 7
M + > + T = 6 . .1
Put > = 5 , T = 7 H -YX.HG 1
> + 3T = 11 .2
M + 5 + 7 = 15 M = 15 12 M = 3
27
9T = 27 T = T=3
9
The three numbers are 3, 5, 7
=X. H -YX.HG 2 > + 3 3 = 11
> = 11 9 > = 2
30. If three numbers are added their sum is 2. If two
Put > = 2 , T = 3 H -YX.HG 1

times the second number is subtracted from the sum
of first and third number we get 8 and if three times
the first number is added to the sum of second and
22
third number we get 4. Find the number using Cost of one dozen erasers = [. T
matrices.
Let M , >
T be the three numbers 4M + 3> + 2T = 60 , 2M + 4> + 6T = 90
Solution:-
6M + 2> + 3T = 70
M + > + T = 2 , M + T 2> = 8 , 3M + > + T = 4 4M + 3> + 2T = 60 , M + 2> + 3T = 45
M + > + T = 2 , M 2> + T = 8 , 6M + 2> + 3T = 70

3M + > + T = 4 4 3 2 M 60
1 1 1 M 2 >
1 2 3 U V = 45
>
1 2 1 U V = 8 6 2 3 T 70
3 1 1 T 4 ==,>
1 2 3 M 45
==,>
3 >
4 3 2 U V = 60
6 2 3 T 70
1 2 1 8
1 1 12 ==,> 4
6
0 3 0 6
4 3 2 60
3 1 1 4 4 8 12180
3 3 36 0 5 10120
0 2 22
6 2 3 70
1 1 1 M 2 6 12 18270
0 3 0 U>V = 6 0 10 15200
0 2 2 T 2
Apply 3 2 1 2 3 M 45
0 6 6 6 0 5 10 U>V = 120
0 6 0 12 0 10 15 T 200
0 0 618 Apply 2
1 1 1 M 2 0 10 15200
0 3 0 U>V = 6 0 10 20 240
0 0 6 T 18 0 0 5 40
M+>+T 2 1 2 3 M 45
3> = 6 0 5 10 U>V = 180
6T 18 0 0 5 T 40
M + > + T = 2 . .1 M + 2> + 3T 45
3> = 6 > = 2 5> 10T = 120
6T = 18 T = 3 5T 40
M + 2> + 3T = 45 . .1
Put > = 2 , T = 3 H -YX.HG 1
5> 10T = 120 > + 2T = 24 . .2
M2+3= 2M = 21 M = 1
5T = 40 T = 8
The three numbers are 1, 2 , 3
=X. T = 8 H -YX.HG 1 > + 2 8 = 24
> = 24 16 > = 8
31. The cost of 4 dozen pencils, 3 dozen pens and 2
=X. > = 8 , T = 8 H -YX.HG 1
dozen erasers is Rs. 60. The cost of 2 dozen pencils. 4
M + 2 8 + 3 8 = 45
dozen pens and 6 dozen erasers is Rs. 90 where as
the cost of 6 dozen pencils. 2 dozen pens and 3 M + 16 + 24 = 45 M + 40 = 45
dozen erasers is Rs. 70 find the cost of each item per M = 45 40 M = 5
dozen using matrices. Cost of one dozen pencils = [. 5
Solution:- Cost of one dozen pens = [. 8
Cost of one dozen erasers = [. 8
Cost of one dozen pencils = [. M
Let
Cost of one dozen pens = [. >

32. The total cost of 3 televisions and 2 V.C. R.s is Rs.
35000. The shop-keeper wants profit of Rs. 1000 per
23
Price of one pen = [. M

Price of one book = [. >
television and Rs. 500 per V. C. R. He can sell 2
televisions and 1 V. C. R. and he gets the total
2M + 5> = 110
6M + 8> = 190
revenue Rs. 21,500. Find the selling price of a From given conditions
2M + 5> = 110
3M + 4> = 95
television and a V. C. R.
2 5 M 110
O PO P = O P
Solution:-
Cost of one television = [. M 3 4 > 95

Let
==,> 2 3

Cost of one V. C. R. = [. > 6 8 190
6 15330
3M + 2> = 35000 0 7 140
From given condition
Selling price of one television = [. M + 1000 2 5 M 110

O PO P = O P
0 7 > 140
Selling price of one V. C. R.= [. > + 500
2M + 5> 110
Q R=O P
7> 140
2M + 1000 + > + 500 = 21500 2M + 5> = 110 . .1
From given condition
2M + 2000 + > + 500 = 21500 7> = 140 > = 20

2M + > = 21500 2500 =X. > = 35 H -YX.HG 1
2M + > = 19000 2M + 5 20 = 110
3 2 M 35000 2M + 100 = 110 2M = 10 M = 5
O PO P = O P
2 1 > 19000
Price of one pen = [. 5
==,> 3 2
6 3 57000 Price of one book = [. 20
6 4 70000
0 113000
34. The cost of 2 books and 6 note books is Rs. 34 and
3 2 M 35000
O PO P = O P
the cost of 3 books and 4 note books is Rs. 31. Using
0 1 > 13000
matrices, find the cost of one book and one note
3M + 2> 35000
Q R=O P
> 13000
book.
3M + 2> = 35000
Solution:-
> = 13000 > = 13000
3M + 2 13000 = 35000
Let
3M = 35000 26000 Cost of one book = [. M

9000 Cost of one note book = [. >
3M = 9000 M = M = 3000
3
2M + 6> = 34
3M + 4> = 31
From given conditions
= [. 3000 + 1000

Selling price of one television
M + 3> = 17
3M + 4> = 31
Selling price of one television= [. 4000 1 3 M 17
O PO P = O P
Selling price of one V.C.R.= [. 13000 + 500 3 4 > 31
Selling price of one V.C.R.= [. 13500 ==,> 3
3 4 31
3 951
33. Nina and Mina want to buy pens and books. Nina
0 520
1 3 M 17
wants 2 pens and 5 books while Mina wants 6 pens
O PO P = O P
0 5 > 20
and 8 books. They both go to shop and buy them.
M + 3> 17
Q R=O P
When the shop-keeper gives them the pens and the
5> 20
books Nina pays him Rs. 110 and Mina pays him Rs.
M + 3> = 17 . .1
190. Find the prices of one pen and one book using
5> = 20 > = 4
matrices
=X. > = 4 H -YX.HG 1
Solution:-
Let M + 3 4 = 17 M = 17 12

24
M=5 M 6 + 6
O>P = O P
Cost of one book = [. 5 43
Cost of one note book = [. 4 M 0
O>P = O P
1
35. Solve the equations M + 2> = 2
Method of inversion
M = 0 , > = 1
2M + 3> = 3by method of inversion
36. Solve the equations 2M + 5> = 1
3M + 2> = 7by method of inversion

Solution:-

Solution:-
M + 2> = 2
2M + 3> = 3
1 2 M 2
O PO P = O P 2M + 5> = 1
3M + 2> = 7
2 3 > 3
\ = ] .1 2 5 M 1
O P O> P = O P
3 2 7
1 2 2 M
Where = O P , ] = O P , \ = O>P \ = ] .1
2 3 3
2 5 1 M
Multiply equation 1 both sides from left by Where = O P , ] = O P , \ = O>P
3 2 7
\ = ]
Multiply equation 1 both sides from left by
\ = ]
\ = ]
\ = ] \ = ]
\ = ]
To find
\ = ] \ = ]
1 2
=O P To find
2 3
|| = 3 4 = 1 0 2 5
=O P
3 2
|| = 4 15 = 11 0
exists
E = 1K 3=3

exists
E = 1K 2 = 2
E = 1K 2 = 2
E = 1K 2 = 2
E = 1K 3 = 3
E = 1K 1 = 1
E = 1K 5 = 5
1 3 2 3 2
= O P = O P E = 1K 2 = 2
1 2 1 2 1
M 3 2 2 1 2 5
O>P = O PO P = O P
2 1 3 11 3 2

25
M 1 2 5 1 E = 1K 1 = 1
O>P = O PO P
11 3 2 7
1 1 1
M 1 2 35 = O P
O>P = O P 3 2 1
11 3 + 14
M 1 1 1 4
M 1 33 O>P = O PO P
O>P = O P 3 2 1 5
11 11
M 1 4 5
M 3 O>P = O P
O>P = O P 3 8 + 5
1
M 1 9
M = 3 , > = 1 O>P = O P
3 3
37. Solve the equations M + > = 4
M 3
O>P = O P
2M > = 5by method of inversion 1
Solution:- M = 3 , > = 1
38. Solve the equations 2M + 6> = 8
M + 3> = 5by method of inversion

M + > = 4
2M > = 5
1 1 M 4
O P O>P = O P
Solution:-
2 1 5 The given equations are
\ = ] .1 2M + 6> = 8
M + 3> = 5
1 1 4 M 2 6 M 8
Where = O P , ] = O P , \ = O>P O PO P = O P
2 1 5 1 3 > 5
Multiply equation 1 both sides from left by \ = ] .1
\ = ] 2 6 8 M

Where = O P , ] = O P , \ = O>P
1 3 5
\ = ]
\ = ] \ = ]

\ = ]

To find
\ = ]
1 1
=O P
2 1 \ = ] \ = ]
|| = 1 2 = 3 0 To find
2 6
=O P
1 3
exists
|| = 6 6 = 0
E = 1K 1 = 1
E = 1K 2 = 2
A is singular matrix
does not exists

E = 1K 1 = 1
The values of x and y does not exist

26
39. Solve the equations M + > + T = 1 , 1 1

E = 1K L L = 11 1 = 2
M > + T = 2
1 1
M + > T = 3by method of inversion 1 1
E = 1K L L = 11 1 = 0
1 1
1 1
E = 1K L L = 11 + 1 = 2
Solution:-
1 1
1 1
M + > + T = 1 , M > + T = 2
E = 1K L L = 1 1 = 0
1 1
M + > T = 3 1 1
E = 1K L L = 11 1 = 2
1 1
1 1 1 M 1
1 1 1 U>V = 2 E E E
1 1 1 T 3 Co-factor matrix= E E E
E E E
\ = ] .1
0 2 2
1 1 1 1 M Co-factor matrix= 2 2 0
Where = 1 1 1 , ] = 2 , \ = U>V 2 0 2
1 1 1 3 T
0 2 2 J

FGH . GI = 2 2 0
2 0 2
\ = ]
0 2 2
\ = ]

FGH . GI = 2 2 0
2 0 2
\ = ] \ = ]
1
=
FGH . GI
To find ||
1 1 1 1 0 2 2
|| = 1 1 1 = 2 2 0
4
1 1 1 2 0 2
|| = 11 1 11 1 + 11 + 1 M 1 0 2 2 1

U>V = 2 2 0 2
T 4
|| = 2 + 2 = 4 0 2 0 2 3
M 1 0+4+6
U>V = 2 4 + 0
T 4
2 + 0 6
exists
10
1 1 ' *
E = 1K L L = 11 1 = 0 M M & 4 )
1 1 1 10 6
U>V = 2 U>V = & )
1 1 T 4 T & 4)
E = 1K L L = 11 1 = 2 8
1 1 & 8)
% 4(
1 1
E = 1K L L = 11 + 1 = 2
1 1 5
M ' *
1 1 & 2 ) 5 3
E = 1K L L = 11 1 = 2 U>V = & 3) M = , > = , T = 2
1 1 2 2
T & 2)
% 2 (

27
40. Solve the equations 5M > + 4T = 5 5 4

E = 1K L L = 130 20 = 10
2M + 3> + 5T = 2
5 6
5M 2> + 6T = 1by method of inversion 5 1
E = 1K L L = 110 + 5 = 5
5 2
1 4
E = 1K L L = 15 12 = 17
Solution:-
The given equations are 3 5
5M > + 4T = 5 5 4
E = 1K L L = 25 8 = 17
2 5
2M + 3> + 5T = 2
5 1
5M 2> + 6T = 1 E = 1K L L = 115 + 2 = 17
2 3
5 1 4 M 5 E E E
2 3 5 U > V = 2 E
Co-factor matrix= E E
5 2 6 T 1 E E E
\ = ] .1 28 13 19
Co-factor matrix= 2 10 5
5 1 4 5 M 17 17 17
Where = 2 3 5 , ] = 2 , \ = U>V
5 2 6 1 T 28 13 19 J

FGH . GI = 2 10 5
Multiply equation 1 both sides from left by 17 17 17
\ = ] 28 13 17

FGH . GI = 2 10 17
\ = ] 19 5 17
1
\ = ] \ = ] =
FGH . GI
||
To find
1 28 2 17
5 1 4 = 13 10 17
51
|| = 2 3 5 19 5 17
5 2 6 M 1 28 2 17 5
U>V = 13 10 17 2
|| = 518 + 10 + 112 25 + 44 15 51
T 19 5 17 1
|| = 140 13 76 = 140 89 = 51 0 M 1 140 4 + 17
U>V = 65 + 20 + 17
T 51
A is nonsingular matrix 95 + 10 17
exists M 1 153 M 3
U>V = 102 U>V = 2
3 5 T 51 T
E = 1K L L = 118 + 10 = 28 102 2
2 6
M = 3 , > = 2 , T = 2
1K 2 5
E = L L = 112 25 = 13
5 6 41. Find the matrix X such that \ = ] where
2 3 1 2 0 1
E = 1K L L = 14 15 = 19 =O P
] = O P
5 2 1 3 2 4
1 4
E = 1K L L = 16 + 8 = 2
2 6
Solution:-

28
\ = ] 1 2 3 1
0 3 5 \ = 3
1 2 0 1 0 0 1 2
O P\ = O P
1 3 2 4

Apply +
Apply
1 2 3
1 2 0 1 5 1
O P\ = O P
0 5 2 5 "0 1 # \ = 1
3 2
0 0 1

$
Apply 2
Apply
0 1
1 2
O P \ = 2 1 2 3
0 1 1 ^ 1
5 0 2 2
Apply 2 1 0 1

0 1 1
1 2 A '1 0 *

0 2 $ 2 3) 1
&
1 0 A 1 &0 5 )\ = 1
& 1 2
$
3 )
%0 0 1 (
4
1
1 0
O P\ = " 5 # Apply +

$
0 1 2
1
5
1 0 1

4
1 0 0

\ = " 5 0

#

2 1 0
1
5 1
0 1
$

^
4
1 0 0
$
\=" 5
_
# 0 1 0
2
1
5 1
1 0 0 ' *
1 2 3 & 3)
42. Find X if \ = ] where = 1 1 2 and 0 1 0 \ = & 7 )
1 2 4 0 0 1 & 3)
1 % 2 (
] = 2
1
3 ' *
& 3)
\ = & 7)
& 3)
Solution:-
\ = ] % 2 (
1 2 3 1 1
' *
1 1 2 \ = 2 & 3)
1 2 4 3 \ = & 7)
& 3)
Apply +
% 2 (

29
4 5
43. If = O P then show that = B 5

2 1
MATHEMATICAL LOGIC
Logical Connectives:-
Solution:-
4 5
=O P
Sr. Connectives symbol
2 1

No.
|| = L4 5L
1 And
2 1 ~
2 Or
3 Not
|| = 4 10 = 6 0
4 If .then
5 iff
A is nonsingular matrix Truth table for conjunction:-
exists = Y =Y
E = 1K 1 = 1

T T T
T F F
E = 1K 2 = 2
F T F
F F F
E = 1K 5 = 5
Truth table for disjunction:-
= Y =Y
E = 1K 4 = 4 T T T
1 1 5
= O P
T F T
6 2 4
F T T
1 1 5
F F F
<. `. a. = = O P1
6 2 4
Truth table for conditional:-
= Y =Y
1
. `. a. = 5
6
T T T
T F F
1 4 5 1 0
. `. a. = bO P 5O Pc
F T T
6 2 1 0 1
F F T
1 4 5 5 0
Truth table for Biconditional:-
. `. a. = bO PO Pc = Y =Y
6 2 1 0 5
1 1 5
T T T
. `. a. = O P . .2
6 2 4
T F F
F T F
F F T
From equation 1 and 2 Truth table for negation:-
<. `. a. = . `. a. = ~=
1
= 5
T F
6
F T
patternsg= Y Yh =
44. Prepare the truth table for the statement
Solution:-

30
= Y i ~Y = ~Y i=
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
= Y = Y = Y Y g= Y Yh =
56
T T T F T T T
T T T T T T T F F T F F
T F F F T T F T T T T T
F T T T F T F F T T F F
F F T F T F T T F F F T
patterns= Y ~=
45. Prepare the truth table for the statement F T F F F F T
F F T T T F F
F F F T T F F
Solution:-
= Y =Y ~= = Y ~=
= Y ~= ~Y
49. Using truth table prove that the logical equivalence
T T T F F
T F F F T
F T F T T Solution:-
F F F T T
patterns= Y ~= Y = Y =Y ~Y = ~Y ~= ~Y

46. Prepare the truth table for the statement 1 2 3 4 5 6
T T T F F T
Solution:- T F F T T F
F T F F T F
= Y =Y ~= ~= Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 F F F T T F
35 From the above truth table it is clear that all the
T T T F T T corresponding entries in columns 3 and 6 are
T F F F F T
identical
= Y ~= ~Y
F T T T T T
F F T T T T
patterns= i Y =
= Y = Y ~= ~Y
Solution:-
Solution:-
= Y i =i Y=
1 2 3 4 5 6
= Y = Y = Y ~= ~Y ~= ~Y 47
45 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T T T T T T
T T F F F F T T T T F F F T
T F T T F F T F F F F T F F
T F F F T F F T F F T F F F
F T T F T F F F T F T T T T
F T F T F F From the above truth table it is clear that all the
F F T F F F corresponding entries in columns 3 and 8 are
F F F T T T identical
= ~Y i = = Y = Y ~= ~Y

~= Y ~= ~Y
Solution:- 51. Using truth table prove that the logical equivalence
Solution:-

31
= Y = Y ~= Y ~= ~Y ~= ~Y = Y =Y =Y Y=
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6
45
T T T F F F F T T T T T T
T F F T F T T T F F F T F
F T F T T F T F T F T F F
F F F T T T T F F T T T T
From the above truth table it is clear that all the From the above truth table it is clear that all the
corresponding entries in columns 4 and 7are corresponding entries in columns 3 and 6 are
identical identical
~= Y ~= ~Y = Y = Y Y =
= Y ~= ~Y ~Y ~=

55. Using truth table prove the logical equivalence
~= Y ~= ~Y
Solution:-
= Y 12 ~= ~Y 1 5 ~6 2 4 ~8
Solution:- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
79
= Y = Y ~= Y ~= ~Y ~= ~Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 T T T F F F T F T T
T F F F T T F F T F
T T T F F F F F T F T F F T T F F
T F T F F T F F F T T T F T F T T
F T T F T F F From the above truth table it is clear that all the
F F F T T T T corresponding entries in columns 3 and 10 are
From the above truth table it is clear that all the identical
= Y ~= ~Y ~Y ~=

corresponding entries in columns 4 and 7are
identical
~= Y ~= ~Y
~= Y ~= Y ~=
= Y ~= Y ~Y ~=
53. Prove the following result
Solution:-
= Y = Y ~= Y ~= ~Y 52
Solution:- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
47
= Y = Y ~= ~Y ~= Y ~Y ~=
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 T T T F F F F F
T F T F F T F F
T T T F F T T F T T F T F T T
T F F F T F F F F F T T T F T
F T T T F T T From the above truth table it is clear that all the
F F T T T T T corresponding entries in columns 5 and 8 are
From the above truth table it is clear that all the identical
~= Y ~= Y ~=
corresponding entries in columns 3, 6 and 7are
identical
= Y ~= Y ~Y ~=
~= Y = Y ~=
= Y = Y Y =
54. Prove the following result
Solution:-
Solution:-

32
All the entries in the last column of the truth table of

given statement pattern are T. the given statement
= Y ~= ~= Y = Y = Y Y = is tautology
1 2 3 4 5 6
53
T T F F T F
g= Y ih g= Y ih is tautology

T F F F T F 60. Using truth table show that the statement pattern
F T T T T T
F F T F F F
From the above truth table it is clear that all the Solution:-
corresponding entries in columns 4 and 6 are
= Y i Y i = Y 14 53 67
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
identical
~= Y = Y ~= T T T T T T T T
T T F F T F F T
TAUTOLOGY:- All the entries in the last column of T F T T F T T T
the statement pattern are T it is called as tautology T F F T F T T T
CONTRADICTION:- All the entries in the last column F T T T F T T T
F T F F F T T T
of the statement pattern are F it is called as
F F T T F T T T
contradiction
F F F T F T T T
CONTANGENCY:- The entries in the last column of All the entries in the last column of the truth table of
statement pattern are T as well as F is called as given statement pattern are T. the given statement
g= Y ih g= Y ih is tautology

contingency
g= Y ~Yh ~= is tautology

58. Using truth table show that the statement pattern
Using truth table examine whether the following

Solution:- statement pattern are tautology, contradiction or
contingency.
= Y = Y ~= ~Y 35 61. = ~Y = Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
64
T T T F F F T Solution:-
T F F F T F T
= Y = Y ~Y = ~Y 53
F T T T F F T 1 2 3 4 5 6
F F T T T T T
All the entries in the last column of the truth table of T T T F F F
given statement pattern are T. the given statement T F F T T F
g= Y ~Yh ~=is tautology

F T T F F F
F F T T F F
= Y Y = is tautology
59. Using truth table show that the statement pattern given statement pattern are F. the given statement
= ~Y = Y is contradiction
62. ~= Y Y =
Solution:-
= Y =Y Y=
1 2 3 4 5
34 Solution:-
T T T T T
T F F T T
F T T F T
F F T T T

33
= Y Y= ~= ~= Y = Y i =Y =i
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
35 45
T T T F F F T T T T T T
T F T F F F T T F T T T
F T F T T F T F T T T T
F F T T F F T F F T T T
All the entries in the last column of the truth table of F T T T T T
given statement pattern are F. the given statement F T F T F F
~= Y Y = is contradiction
F F T F T F
F F F F F F
63. = Y = i
From the above truth table it is clear that the entries in
the last column are neither all T nor all F
Solution:- = Y = i is contingency
66. g= = Yh Y
= Y i =Y =i
1 2 3 4 5 6
45
T T T T T T Solution:-
T T F T F T
= Y =Y
T F T F T T 1 2 3 4 5
T F F F F F 13 42
F T T F F F T T T T T
F T F F F F T F F F T
F F T F F F F T T F T
F F F F F F F F T F T
From the above truth table it is clear that the entries in All the entries in the last column of the truth table of
the last column are neither all T nor all F given statement pattern are T. the given statement
= Y = iis contingency g= = Yh Y is tautology
64. g= Y ih g= Y ih 67. ~Y = Y
= Y i = Y 43 Y i 16 57
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Solution:-
= Y ~Y ~Y =
T T T T T T T T 1 2 3 4 5
T T F T T T T T 42
T F T T T T T T T T F F F
T F F T T F T T T F T T F
F T T T T T T T F T F F F
F T F T T T T T F F T F F
F F T F T T T T All the entries in the last column of the truth table of
F F F F F F F T given statement pattern are F. the given statement
~Y = Y is contradiction
g= Y ih g= Y ih is tautology 68. = Y ~=

65. = Y = i Solution:-
Solution:-

34
= Y =Y ~= = Y = ~= ~Y ~= = ~=
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Y Y ~Y ~Y
34 3678
T T T F F
T F T F F T T T F F F F F T
F T T T T T F F F T F T F T
F F F T F F T F T F T F F T
From the above truth table it is clear that the entries in F F F T T F F T T
the last column are neither all T nor all F All the entries in the last column of the truth table of
= Y ~= is contingency
= Y ~= Y = ~Y ~= ~Yis

69. = Y i tautology
= Y i = Y = i
72. Using truth table verify that
= Y i =Y
1 2 3 4 5
43
T T T T T Solution:-
T T F T F
= Y i Y i 14 = Y = i 67
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T F T F T
T F F F T
T T T T T T T T
F T T F T
T T F T T T F T
F T F F T
T F T T T F T T
F F T F T
T F F F F F F F
F F F F T
F T T T F F F F
From the above truth table it is clear that the entries in
F T F T F F F F
the last column are neither all T nor all F F F T T F F F F
= Y i is contingency
The entries in column number 5 and 8 are identical
F F F F F F F F
70. = Y = ~Y
= Y i = Y = i is verified
Solution:-
= Y i = Y = i
73. Using truth table verified that
= Y =Y ~Y = ~Y
1 2 3 4 5 6
35
Solution:-
T T T F F F
T F F T T F
= Y i Y i 14 = Y = i 67
F T T F F F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
F F T T F F
All the entries in the last column of the truth table of T T T T T T T T
given statement pattern are F. the given statement T T F F T T T T
= Y = ~Y is contradiction
T F T F T T T T
T F F F T T T T
71. = Y ~= Y = ~Y ~= ~Y

F T T T T T T T
F T F F F T F F
F F T F F F T F
The entries in column number 5 and 8 are identical

Solution:- F F F F F F F F
= Y i = Y = iis verified
NEGATION OF COMPOUND STATEMENT

35
~= Y = Y =Y ~= Y ~Y = ~Y
Negation of conjunction:- The negation of conjunction is 1 2 3 4 5 6
T T T F F F
~= Y ~= ~Y
Using truth table prove that T F F T T T
F T T F F F
Solution:- F F T F T F
The entries in column 4 and 6 are identical
= Y = Y ~= Y ~= ~Y ~= ~Y ~= Y = ~Yis verified

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
T T T F F F F
is ~= Y
Negation of Biconditional:- The negation of biconditional
T F F T F T T
F T F T T F T
F F F T T T T
Using truth table prove that
~= Y = ~Y Y ~=

From the above truth table it is clear that all the
corresponding entries in columns 4 and 7are
identical
~= Y ~= ~Y = Y =Y ~3 ~= ~Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
16 25 78
T T T F F F F F F
~= Y
Negation of disjunction:- The negation of disjunction is T F F T F T T F T
F T F T T F F T T
Using truth table verify that F F T F T T F F F
~= Y ~= ~Y
The entries in column 4 and 9 are identical
~= Y = ~Y Y ~=

Solution:-
~~=
Negation of negation:- The negation of negation is
= Y = Y ~= Y ~= ~Y ~= ~Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
T T T F F F F Using truth table prove that ~~= =

T F T F F T F
= ~= ~~=
F T T F T F F 1 2 3
F F F T T T T
From the above truth table it is clear that all the T F T
corresponding entries in columns 4 and 7are F T F
identical The entries in column 1 and 3 are identical
~= Y ~= ~Y ~~= =
Y ~i = Y giving justification

74. From the negation of the statement pattern
~= Y
Negation of implication:- The negation of implication is
Using truth table prove that ~= Y = ~Y Solution:-
Solution:- The negation of given statement pattern is
~gY ~i = Yh
= ~Y ~i ~= YNegation of conjunction

36
= g~Y ~~ih ~= ~Y Negation of disjunction Solution:-
= ~Y i ~= ~Y Negation of negation The negation given statement pattern is
~g= Y ih
= Y ~= igiving justification
= ~= ~Y i Negation of conjunction
= ~= g~Y ~ih Negation of disjunction

Solution:-
The negation given statement pattern is
~g= Y ~= ih = Y i giving justification

= = Y ~~= i Negation of implication Solution:-
= = Y g~~= ~ih Negation of disjunction The negation given statement pattern is
= = Y = ~i Negation of negation ~g= Y ih
= ~= Y ~i Negation of conjunction

= Y Y ~i giving justification
= = ~Y ~i Negation of implication

Solution:-
If p, q, r are statements with truth values T, F, T
The negation given statement pattern is respectively, determine the truth values of the
~g= Y Y ~ih
following
80. Y = ~i
= ~= Y ~Y ~i Negation of conjunction
= ~= ~Y g~Y ~~ih Negation of

Solution:-
disjunction p q r ~i = ~i Y = ~i
= ~= ~Y ~Y i Negation of negation

The truth value of Y = ~i is T
T F T F T T
~= Y = ~Y giving justification 81. ~i = ~Y

Solution:- Solution:-
The negation given statement pattern is p q r ~Y ~i ~i = ~i = ~Y
~g~= Y = ~Yh
The truth value of ~i = ~Y is T
T F T T F F T
= ~~= Y ~= ~Y Negation of disjunction 82. = Y i

= g~~= ~Yh g~= ~~Yh Negation of
Solution:-
conjunction p q r =Y = Y i
= = ~Y ~= Y Negation of negation The truth value of = Y i is T

T F T F T
83. i Y ~=
= Y i giving justification

37
Solution:- DUALITY
p q r ~= i Y i Y ~= Principle of duality:-
The truth values of i Y ~= is T

T F T F F T
Consider
84. = Y Y i ~= Y = ~= ~Y
Solution:- ~= Y = ~= ~Y
=Y Yi = Y Y i In the above statement pattern replace by or

by which are called as dual statement
p q r
The truth values of = Y Y i is T

T F T T T T
Let t is tautology, c is contradiction then t replace
by c and c replace by t
If p and q are true r and s are false statements, find
the truth values of the following statements. Write the dual of the following statement pattern
85. = Y i 89. = Y i
p q r =Y = Y i The dual of = Y i is = Y i
90. = Y i [
The statement = Y i is T
T T F T T
86. = i [
Solution:-
The dual of = Y i [ H[ = Y i [
91. = Y i = Y i
Solution:-
p r s rs = i [
Solution:-
The truth values of = i [ is T

T F F T T
The dual of the given statement pattern
= Y i = Y iis= Y i =
87. = [ Y i
Y i
92. = Y i = Y = i
Solution:-
p q r [ =[ Yi = [ Y i
Solution:-
The truth values = [ Y i is F

T T F F T F F
The dual of given statement pattern
= Y i = Y = iis
88. ~= ~i ~Y [
= Y i = Y = i
93. = Y E
Solution:-
p q r s ~Y ~i = ~i ~7 ~Y [
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
89 Solution:-
The truth values of ~= ~i ~Y [ is F

T T F F F T T F F F

38
The dual of given statement pattern = Y E is The symbol is called as existential quantifiers
=Y.
94. ~= Y E
Use quantifier to convert each of the following
open sentence defined on N into a true
statement
M+5=7
Solution:-
The dual of given statement pattern ~= Y E is

100.
~= Y .
solution:-
95. = . E ~Y M z such that M + 5 = 7
Solution:- This is a true M = 2 z satisfied M + 5 = 7
The dual of the given statement pattern 101. M = 25
= . E ~Yis= E . ~Y Solution:-
96. Vijay and Vinay cannot speak Hindi M z such that M = 25
Solution:- This is a true M = 5 z satisfied M = 25
The dual of the given statement pattern is 102. 2M + 3 < 15
Vijay or Vinay cannot speak Hindi Solution:-
M z Such that 2M + 3 < 15

97. Ravi or Avinash went to Chennnai
This is a true M = 1 Gi 2 Gi 3 Gi 4 Gi 5 z
Solution:-
The dual of the given statement pattern is satisfied
Ravi and Avinash went to Chennnai 2M + 3 < 15
M 3 = 11
98. Madhuri has curly hair and brown eyes
103.
Solution:-
Solution:-
M z such that M 3 = 11
The dual of the given statement pattern is
This is a true M = 14 z satisfied

Madhuri has curly hair or brown eyes
99. Shweta is a doctor or Sheela is a teacher
Solution:- M 3 = 11
104. M + 1 5
The dual of the given statement pattern is
Solution:-
Shweta is a doctor and Sheela is a teacher
M z Such that M + 1 5
Universal quantifier:-
This is a true M = 1 Gi 2 z satisfied
The symbol is called as universal quantifier
M + 1 5
Existential quantifier:-
105. M 3M + 2 = 0

39
Solution:- M = 3 is an odd number
M z Such that M 3M + 2 = 0 The given sentence has truth values T
This is a true M = 2 z satisfied 112. M such that M 3
M 3M + 2 = 0 Solution:-
106. M+3<7 M = 4
6
8 satisfiesM 3
Solution:- The given sentence has truth values T
M z Such that M + 3 < 7 If = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 determine the truth values
This is a true M = 1 Gi 2 Gi 3 z satisfies

M [XE .. M + 3 = 10
of following statement
M+3<7
113.
M > 0
Solution:-
107.
M + 3 = 10
No number belongs to A satisfies equation
Solution:-
M z Such that M > 0

The given sentence has truth value F
M , M + 2 < 9
This is a true because the square is non- negative
If = 3, 4, 6, 8 determine the truth value of

114.
Solution:-
each of the following
M , [XE .. M + 4 = 7 M+2<9

All the number in set A satisfies the equation
108.
Solution:- The given sentence has truth values T

M = 3 , satisfiesM + 4 = 7 115. M such that M + 2 < 5
M , M + 4 < 10
The given open sentence has truth value T
109. Solution:-
Solution:- M = 2 satisfies equation M + 2 < 5
M = 6
8 do not satisfies the equation
M + 4 < 10
The given equation has truth value T
116. M , M + 6 9
The given sentence has truth value F
M , M + 5 13
Solution:-
M = 2 do not satisfies M + 6 9

110.
Solution:-
M = 3
4
6 do not satisfies M + 5 13
The given sentence has truth values F
If = 4, 5, 7, 9 determine the truth values of

The given sentence has truth value F each of the following quantified statement
111. M such that M is odd number 117. M [XE .. M + 2 = 7
40
M = 5 satisfiesM 2 7 Two switches are in parallel:-

parallel:
The given sentence has truth values T Two switches a

aa are connected in parallel in
M , M 3 | 10
the following circuit
118.
Solution:-
M = 7
9 do
do not satisfies the given
sentence
119. M [XE .. M 5 9
Solution:-
M = 4 satisfiesM 5 9
Represent the following circuit symbolically and
The given sentence has truth values T write the input-output
output of switching table
120. M such that M is an even number 122.
Solution:-
M = 4 is an even number
The given sentence has truth values T
121. M , 2M } 17
Solution:-
M = 9 do not satisfies 2M } 17
APPLICATION OF LOGIC
Solution:-
Let = = switch a is closed

Two switches in series:-
Two switches a
a are connected in series in
the following circuit Y = switcha is closed
~= switcha is closed
~Y switcha is closed
The symbolic form of the given circuit diagram is
= Y ~= ~Y
The switching table for the given circuit is as

follows

41
~= ~Y P q ~= ~Y
Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 124.
p q 56
1 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 1
123.
Solution:-
Let
= =switcha is closed
Y = switcha is closed
i = switch a is closed
closed
Solution:-
Let
= =switcha is closed
Y = switcha is closed
The symbolic form of the given circuit diagram is
= Y Y i ~=
i = switch a is closed
The switching table for the given circuit is as follows
~Y switcha is closed
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
p q r ~p 12 52 34 67
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
The symbolic form of the given circuit diagram is 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
g= Y ~= ~Yh i
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
The switching table for the given circuit is as 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
follows
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
p q r ~p ~q 12 45 67 83
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0

42
cos sin 2n + , n Z

TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTION

cos 0 for 2n + = 4n + 1
2 2
An equation which contain trigonometric function is
called as trigonometric equation
or = 2n + = 4n + 3 where n Z

Principal solution:
cos 0
unknown angle x, where 0 x < 2, are called
The solution of trigonometric equation of an
5 9
for , , , ,
2 2 2
as principal solution.
Or = , ,, ,
_
Theorem: The general solution of

sin 0 is n, n Z
cos 0
3 5 7 9
Proof:
= , , , , ,
2 2 2 2 2

We know that
sin 0 = 0 and sin 0 , 2n + 1

2
By periodicity of sin x
cos 0 is 2n + 1 , n Z
2
sin 0 = sin2n + 0 and
sin sin2n + , n Z
Theorem: The general solution of
tan = 0 is n, n Z
sin 0 for 2n
or = 2n + = 2n + 1 where n Z
Proof:
sin
tan = where cos 0
sin 0 cos
for 0, 2, 4, , 6, tan = 0 implies sin 0
Or = , 3, , 5, We know that
sin 0 is n, n Z sin 0 = 0 and sin 0
Theorem: The general solution of By periodicity of sin x
sin 0 = sin2n + 0 and

cos 0 is 2n + 1 , n Z
2
sin sin2n + , n Z
sin 0 for 2n
Proof:
or = 2n + = 2n + 1 where n Z
We know that
3
cos = 0 and cos =0 sin 0
2 2
By periodicity of sin x for 0, 2, 4, , 6,
Or = , 3, , 5,
cos = sin 2n + and
2 2
43
sin 0 is n, n Z cos cos 0
tan = 0 is n, n Z Apply
Theorem: The general of sin sin is cos C cos D
n 1: , n Z CD CD
2 sin sin
2 2
sin sin

2 sin sin =0
Proof:
sin sin 0 2 2

sin . sin =0
2 2
Apply
CD CD
sin C sin D 2 cos . sin
2 2 sin = 0 or sin =0
2 2

2 cos . sin =0 Apply
2 2
sin 0 is n , n Z

cos . sin =0
2 2 +
= n or = n , n Z
2 2

cos = 0 or sin =0
2 2 + = 2n or n, n Z
Apply = 2n or 2n + , n Z
= 2n , n Z
cos 0 is 2n + 1
2
Hence the general solution of cos cos is
sin 0 is n , n Z
2n , n Z
+
= 2n + 1 or = n , n Z
2 2 2 Theorem: If and are not multiple of then the

+ = 2n + 1 or 2n , n Z general solution of tan = tan is
= 2n + 1 or 2n + , n Z = n +
= n + 1: where n is odd integer Proof:
tan = tan
n 1: where n is even integer
or
sin sin

Hence the general solution of sin sin is cos cos
n 1: , n Z sin . cos cos . sin
Theorem: The general of cos cos is sin . cos cos . sin 0
2n , n Z sin 0
cos cos Apply

sin 0 is n , n Z
Proof:

44
= n , n Z 1 cos 2 = 2 sin
= n + , n Z 1 cos 2
sin
2
Theorem: The general of cos cos is

n , n Z 1 cos 2
Similarly
sin
2
cos cos
1 cos 2 1 cos 2
Proof:
=
We know that 2 2
cos 2 = 2 cos 1 1 cos 2 = 1 cos 2
1 + cos 2 = 2 cos cos 2 = cos 2
1 + cos 2 We know that the general of cos cos is

cos
2
2n , n Z

1 + cos 2 The general of cos2 = cos 2 is
Similarly
cos
2
2 = 2n 2 , n Z
1 + cos 2 1 + cos 2
= 2 = 2n , n Z
2 2
1 + cos 2 = 1 + cos 2 The general of sin sin is
cos 2 = cos 2 n , n Z
We know that the general of cos cos is Theorem: The general of tan = tan is
2n , n Z = n , n Z
The general of cos2 = cos 2 is Proof:
2 = 2n 2 , n Z tan = tan
2 = 2n , n Z We know that
The general of cos cos is 1 + tan = sec
n , n Z tan sec 1
Theorem: The general of sin sin is

tan = sec 1

Similarly
n , n Z
sec 1 = sec 1
sec sec
Proof:
sin sin

1 1

We know that cos cos

cos 2 = 1 2 sin cos cos

45
a b c
cos sin
a b a b a b
We know that
cos 2 = 2 cos 1
cos . cos sin . sin cos
1 + cos 2 = 2 cos
cos cos
1 + cos 2
cos
2 We know that the general of cos cos is
2n , n Z
1 + cos 2
Similarly
cos = 2n , n Z
2
1 + cos 2 1 + cos 2 = 2n + , n Z
=
2 2
Find the principal solution of cos x =

1 + cos 2 = 1 + cos 2
1.
cos 2 = cos 2
Solution: -
1
we know that
We know that the general of cos cos is EG[ =

3 2
EG[2 M = EG[ M
2n , n Z
=X. M =
3
The general of cos2 = cos 2 is
EG[ 2 = EG[
3 3
2 = 2n 2 , n Z 6
EG[ = EG[
3 3
2 = 2n , n Z 5 1
EG[ = EG[ =
The general of cos cos is 3 3 2
Where 0 < < 2
0 < < 2
$
n , n Z 5 1
cos = cos = = cos x
3 3 2
Theorem: The general of sin sin is
5
The required principle solution is
n , n Z M =
M =
3 3
cos x =

Theorem: The general solution of 2. Problem : Find the principal solution of
a cos b sin cis
2n + , n Z wherea, b, c R, 1
Solution: - we know that
EG[ =
3 2
a EG[ M = EG[ M
a 0, b 0, c 0, cos
a b EG[ + M = EG[ M

b c =X. M =
sin , cos 3
a b a b
EG[ = EG[
3 3
a cos b sin c
EG[ + = EG[
3 3
Proof:
Divided both sides by a b 3 1

EG[ =
3 2

46
3 + 1 Where 0 <
$
< 2
EG[ =
3 2
B
2 1 11
EG[ =
0< < 2
3 2 6
4 1
EG[ =
3 2 5 11
2 4 1 M=
M =
EG[ = EG[ = 6 6
3 3 2
4. Find the principal solution of sin x =

Where 0 < < 2

4
0< < 2 1
3 [H =
5 1 4 2
EG[ = EG[ = = EG[ M [H M = [H M
3 3 2

=X. M =
2 4 4
M=
M =
3 3 [H = [H
4 4
3. Find the principal solution of cot x = 3 4
[H = [H
4 4
EG. M = 3 3 1
Solution: - the given equation is
[H = [H =
1 4 4 2
. M =
Where 0 < A < 2

3
3
0< < 2
4
We know that
1
. =
6 3 3
M =
M =
. M = . M
4 4
Find the principal solution of sin x =

. 2 M = . M
5.
3
=X. M = [H =
6 3 2
[H M = [H M
. = .
6 6
=X. M =
3
. 2 = .
6 6 [H = [H
3 3
6 1 3
. =
[H = [H
6 3 3
3
2 3
12 1 [H = [H =
3 3 2
. =
6 3 Where 0 < < 2

5 1 0 < < 2
. =
3
6 3
11 1 2
. = M=
M =
6 3 3
3
6. Find the principal solution of sec x =

5 11 1
. = . =
6 6 3

47
2 3 EG. M = 3
[-E M = EG[ M = 1
3 2
. M =
3
3
we know that
EG[ =
6 2
We know that
1
EG[2 M = EG[ M . =
6 3
=X. M =
6
. + M = . M
EG[ 2 = EG[
6 6
12 =X. M =
EG[ = EG[ 6
6 6
11 3 . + = .
6 6
EG[ = EG[ = 6 + 1
6 6 2
. =
Where 0 < B < 2

6 3
7 1
0 < < 2 . =
6 6 3
11 3 7 1
EG[ = EG[ = . = . =
6 6 2 6 6 3
Where 0 < < 2

11
M=
M =
B
6 6
7. Find the principal solution of cosec x = 2 7
0< < 2
6
1
Solution: - The given equation is
EG[-E M = 2 =2 7
[H M M =
M =
1 6 6
[H M = 9. Find the principal solution of . M = 3
2
1 . M = 3
We know that Solution: - the given equation is
[H =
6 2
[H M = [H M
We know that

=X. M = . = 3
6 3

[H = [H . + M = . M
6 6
6
[H = [H
6 6 =X. M =
5 1 3
[H = [H =
6 6 2 . + = .
3 3
Where 0 < B < 2
3 +
$
. = 3
3
0 < < 2 4
6 . = 3
3
5 4
M=
M = . = . = 3
6 6 3 3
8. Find the principal solution of cot x = 3
Where 0 < < 2

Solution: -
Thegiven equation is

48
4
0< < 2 tan = tan and
3 3 3

tan 2 = tan
4 3 3
M =
M = 3
3 3 tan = 3 and
3
6
[H M =
tan = 3
10. Problem : Find the principal solution of
3
2
tan = 3 and
1 3
[H M = 5
2 tan = 3
3
1 2 5
tan = tan = 3
We know that
[H = 3 3
6 2
[H + M = [H M
Where 0 < < 2

[H 2 M = [H M

=X. M = 5
6 0< < 2
3
[H + = [H
6 6
2 5
[H 2 = [H x= and x =
6 6 3 3
6 + 12. Find the principal solution of tan x = 1
[H = [H
6 6
12
[H = [H tan x = 1
6 6
7
[H = [H
We know that
6 6
11 tan =1
[H = [H 4
6 6
7 11 1 tan x = tan x and
[H = [H =
6 6 2
Where 0 < B < 2
_ tan2 x = tan x
11
0< < 2 put x =
6 4

tan = tan and
7 11 4 4
M=
M =
6 6 tan 2 = tan
4 4
11. Find the principal solution of . M = 3 4
tan = 1 and
4
. M = 3 8
tan = 1
4
3
tan = 1 and
We know that
4
. = 3
3 7
tan = 1
4
. M = . M
3 7
tan = tan = 1
. 2 M = . M 4 4
Where 0 < < 2

=X. M = A
3
49
7 1
0< < 2 EG[ M =
4 2
3 7 1
The required principle solution is We know that
M=
M = EG[ =
4 4 4 2
13. Problem : Find the principal solution of 3EG[-E M + EG[ M = EG[ M
2=0 EG[ + M = EG[ M

=X. M =
3EG[-E M + 2 = 0 4

3EG[-E M = 2 EG[ = EG[
4 4
2
EG[-E M = EG[ + = EG[
3 4 4
1 2 4 1
= EG[ =
[H M 3 4 2
3 4 + 1
[H M = EG[ =
2 4 2
3 1
EG[ =
3 4 2
We know that
[H = 5 1
3 2 EG[ =
[H + M = [H M
4 2
[H 2 M = [H M 3 5 1
EG[ = EG[ =
4 4 2
=X. M =
3 Where 0 <

< 2
A
[H + = [H
5
3 3 0< < 2
4
[H 2 = [H
3 3
3 + 3 5
[H = [H
M=
M =
3 3 4 4
6 15. Find the principal solution of 3[-E M + 2 = 0
[H = [H
3 3
4
[H = [H
Solution:
3 3
3[-E M + 2 = 0
-The given equation is
5
[H = [H
3 3 3[-E M = 2
4 5 3 2
[H = [H = [-E M =
3 3 2 3
Where 0 < < 2
A 1 2
=
5 EG[ M 3
0< < 2 3
3 EG[ M =
2
4 5
M=
M = 3
We know that
3 3
EG[ =
14. Find the principal solution of 2EG[ M + 1 = 0 6 2
EG[ M = EG[ M
EG[ + M = EG[ M
2EG[ M + 1 = 0
Solution: -The given equation is

2EG[ M = 1 =X. M =
6

50
M = 2 ,
EG[ = EG[
6 6

EG[ + = EG[ 18. Find the general solution of sec x = 2
6 6
6 3 1
EG[ =
6 2 [-E M = 2 = 2
EG[ M
6 + 3 1
EG[ = EG[ M = EG[ M = EG[
6 2 2 4
5 3
EG[ =
6 2
We know that
7 3 The general of cos = cos is

EG[ =
6 2
= 2n , n Z
5 7 3
EG[ = EG[ =
6 6 2 The general of cos x = cos is

Where 0 < B < 2
$ A
7
0< < 2 M = 2 ,
6 4
.- - -i, [G,X.HG H[
5 7
x= and x =
6 6
M = 2 ,
16. Find the general solution of sin x =
4

3 EG[-E M = 2
Solution: -The given equation is 19. Find the general solution of
[H M = [H M = [H
2 3
Where 0 < < 2

Solution: -
1
The given equation is
EG[-E M = 2 = 2
[H M
We know that
The general of sin = sin is 1

[H M = [H M = [H
2 4
= n + 1: , n Z [H + M = [H M

The general of sin x = sin is
=X. M =
4

[H + = [H
M = + 1 , 4 4
3 4 +
[H = [H
4 4
17. Find the general solution of cos x = 1 5
[H = [H
4 4
EG[ M = 1 EG[ M = EG[ 0 5
[H M = [H
We know that 4
The general of cos = cos is

We know that
The general of sin = sin is

= 2n , n Z
2 = + 1 ,
The general of cos x = cos 0 is
The general of sin x = sin A
$
M = 2 0 ,

51
5
M = + 1 , . = .
4 6 6
5
20. Find the general solution of EG[ M =

. = .
6 6
1 5
EG[ M = EG[ M = EG[ . M = .

2 4 6
The general solution of . 2 = . is

We know that
The general of EG[ 2 = EG[ is

2 = + ,
2 = 2 ,
The general solution of . M = . B is
$
The general of EG[ M = EG[ is

A
5
M = + ,
6
M = 2 ,
4
23. Find the general solution of [H M =

. M = 3
21. Find the general solution of
3
[H M = [H M = [H
2 3
Solution: -
[H + M = [H M
. M = 3
=X. M =
3
. M = .
3 [H + = [H
3 3
4
The general solution of . 2 = . is [H = [H
3 3
4
2 = + , [H M = [H
3
The general solution of . M = . is
We know that
The general of [H 2 = [H is
M = + ,
3
2 = + 1 ,
The general of [H M = [H
A
EG. M = 3

is
4
M = + 1 ,
Solution: -
3
EG. M = 3
1 24. Find the general solution of EG[ M =

. M =
3

Solution: -
. M = . 1
6
EG[ M = EG[ M = EG[

2 3
. M = . M EG[ M = EG[ M

=X. M =
=X. M = 3
6
EG[ = EG[
3 3
52
2
EG[ = EG[
3 3
We know that
2 The general of sin = sin is

cos x = cos
3
We know that = n + 1: , n Z
The general of sin2 x = sin is

The general of cos = cos is B
= 2n , n Z
2M = + 1 ,
6
The general of cos x = cos

M= + 1 ,

is
2 12
2
M = 2 ,
3
2M
. = 3
3
. M = 1
Solution: -
2M
. M = 1 . = 3
3
2M
. M = . . = .
4 3 3
. M = . M The general solution of tan = tan is

=X. M = 2 = + ,
4
The general solution of. = . is

. = .
4 4
2M
3 = + ,
. = . 3 3
4 4

3 2M = 3 + ,
. M = . 3
4
2M = 3 + ,
The general solution of tan = tan is
3
M= + ,
2 = + , 2 2
28. Find the general solution of cos 3x =

The general solution of . M = .

A
is
3 1
M = + ,
4 EG[3 M = EG[ 3M = EG[

2 4
26. Find the general solution of sin2 x =
We know that
Solution: - The general of cos = cos is
1 2 = 2 ,
[H 2M = [H 2M = [H
2 6
The general of EG[3 M = EG[ A is

Where 0 < B < 2


53

3M = 2 , =X. M =
4 3

2 EG[ = EG[
M= , 3 3
3 12 2
EG[ = EG[
3 3
2
cot4 x = 1 EG[ 3M = EG[
3
Solution: - We know that
cot 4x = 1 The general of cos = cos is

. 4 M = 1
2 = 2 ,

. 4M = . The general of EG[3 M = EG[

4
is
. M = . M 2
3M = 2 ,
3
=X. M =
4 2 2
M= ,
3 9
. = .
4 4
31. Find the general solution of EG[-E3 M =

3

. = .
4 4 2 1 2
EG[-E3 M = =
3 3 [H 3M 3
. 4M = .
4 3
[H 3M =
2
The general solution of tan = tan is
[H 3M = [H
3
2 = + , [H + M = [H M

The general solution of =X. M =
3

. 4 M = .
[H + = [H
A 3 3
4
is
3 [H = [H
3 3
4M = + , 4
4
[H 3M = [H
3
3
M = + ,
4 16
We know that

30. Find the general solution of sec3 x = 2
Solution: - 2 = + 1 ,
1 The general of [H 3 M = [H
A
[-E3 M = 2 = 2
EG[ 3M
is
1 4
EG[ 3M = 3M = + 1 ,
2 3

EG[ 3M = EG[ 4
3 M= + 1 ,
EG[ M = EG[ M 3 9

54
32. Find the general solution of [H M + $ = 0

The general solution of
5M
EG[ = 0 H[
2
[H M + = 0
5
5M
= 2 + 1 ,
2 2
We know that
2
M = 2 + 1 ,
[H 2 = 0 H[ 2 = , 5 2

M = 2 + 1 ,
5

[H M + = 0 = 0 H[ 35. Find the general solution of EG[2M = 0
5

M+ = ,
Solution: -
5
EG[2M = 0

M = ,
5
We know that
33. Find the general solution of [H = 0


EG[ 2 = 0 H[ 2 = 2 + 1 ,
2
3M
[H = 0
2 The general solution of
EG[2M = 0 H[
We know that

2M = 2 + 1 ,
[H 2 = 0 H[ 2 = , 2

M = 2 + 1 ,
4
3M
[H = 0 = 0 H[ 36. Find the general solution of sin 3x = 0
2
3M
Solution: -
= ,
2 [H 3M = 0
2
M= ,
We know that
34. Find the general solution of EG[ = 0

$
[H 2 = 0 H[ 2 = ,
5M
EG[ = 0
2 [H 3M = 0 H[
3M = ,
We know that

M= ,
cos = 0 is = 2n + 1 , n Z 3
2

55
37. Find the general solution of EG[ M + ^ = 0

. 3 M = 1
. 3M = 1
EG[ M + = 0
10
. 3M = .
We know that 4
The general solution of . M = . M

EG[ 2 = 0 H[ 2 = 2 + 1 , =X. M =
2 4

. = .
4 4

EG[ M + = 0 H[ 3
10
. = .
4 4

M+ = 2 + 1 ,
10 2 3
. 3M = .
4
M = 2 + 1 ,
2 10 The general solution of . 2 = . is
38. Find the general solution of cos2 x =

2 = + ,
The general solution of . 3 M = .

Solution: -
A
1
The given equation is is
EG[2 M = EG[ 2M = EG[ 3

2 3 3M = + ,
EG[ M = EG[ M 4

=X. M =
3 M= + ,
3 4
EG[ = EG[
3 3
40. Find the general solution of [H 4 M =

2
EG[ = EG[
3 3
2
3
EG[ 2M = EG[
3 [H 4M = [H 4 M = [H
2 3
Where 0 < < 2
We know that

The general of cos = cos is We know that
2 = 2 , The general of sin = sin is
The general of EG[2 M = EG[

2 = + 1 ,

is
The general of sin4 x = sin is

2
2M = 2 ,
3

4M = + 1 ,
2M = 2 , 3
3

M= + 1 ,
M = , 4 12
3
41. Find the general solution of the equation
56
4EG[ M = 1
tan x = 1
Solution: -
4EG[ M = 1
The given equation is Solution: -
1 . M = 1
EG[ M =
4 . M = 1
1 . M = 1
EG[ M =

2
. M = .
EG[ M = EG[
4
3
. M = .

EG[ M = EG[ 4
3 We know that
The general of . 2 = . is
We know that
The general solution of EG[ 2 = EG[ is

2 = ,
2 = ,
The general of . M = . A is

EG[ M = EG[ H[ M = ,
3 4

M = ,
3
EG[ 3M = EG[ 2M
4[H M 3 = 0
42. Find the general solution of the equation Solution: -
EG[ 3M = EG[ 2M
EG[ 3M EG[ 2M = 0
Solution: -
4[H M 3 = 0 3M + 2M 3M 2M
2 [H [H =0
4[H M = 3 2 2
3 5M M
[H M = 2 [H [H = 0
4 2 2
5M M
[H [H = 0

3
[H M =
2 2
2 5M M
[H = 0 Gi [H = 0
EG[ M = [H 2 2
3

[H M = [H
We know that

[H 2 = 0 H[ 2 = ,
We know that
2 = ,
5M M
[H = 0 Gi [H = 0
The general of [H M = [H is

2 2
5M M
is = Gi = ,
M = , 2 2
3 5M = 2 Gi M = 2 ,
2
M= Gi M = 2 ,
5
57
45. Find the general solution of the equation . M . M 3 = 0
4 [H M EG[ M + 2 [H M + 2 EG[ M + 1 = 0 . M = 0 Gi . M 3 = 0
Solution: -The given equation is . M = 0 Gi . M = 3
4 [H M EG[ M + 2 [H M + 2 EG[ M + 1 = 0 . M = 0 Gi . M = 3

2 [H M 2 EG[ M + 1 + 2 EG[ M + 1 = 0
. M = 0 Gi . M = .
2 EG[ M + 12 [H M + 1 = 0 3

2 EG[ M + 1 = 0 Gi 2 [H M + 1 = 0 . M = 0 Gi . M = .
3
2 EG[ M = 1 Gi 2 [H M = 1 The general solution is
1 1
EG[ M = Gi [H M = M = Gi M = , ,
2 2 3

EG[ M = EG[ Gi [H M = [H
3 6
[-E M = 1 . 2M
EG[ M = EG[ Gi [H M = [H
3 6

Solution: -
EG[ M = EG[ Gi
3
[-E 2M = 1 . 2M

[H M = [H +
6 1 + . 2M = 1 . 2M
2 7
EG[ M = EG[ Gi [H M = [H . 2M = . 2M
3 6
. 2M + . 2M = 0
. 2M . 2M + 1 = 0
EG[ 2 = EG[ Gi [H 2 = [H H[
. 2M = 0 Gi . 2M + 1 = 0
2 = 2 , Gi
. 2M = 0 Gi . 2M = 1
2 = + 1 ,
2
M = 2 , Gi . 2M = 0 Gi . 2M = .
3 4
7
M = + 1 , . 2M = 0 Gi . 2M = .
6 4
4
. 2M = 0 Gi . 2M = .
4
. M 3 . M = 0
3
. 2M = 0 Gi . 2M = .
Solution: - 4
The given equation is The general solution is
. M 3 . M = 0 3
2M = Gi 2M = + , ,
4
58
n m 3
x= or x = + , n, m Z
2 2 8
Solution: -
[H 2M + [H 4M + [H 6M = 0 [H M + [H 3M + [H 5M = 0
Solution: - [H M + [H 5M + [H 3M = 0
M + 5M M 5M
2 [H EG[ + [H 3M = 0
2 2
[H 2M + [H 4M + [H 6M = 0
[H 3M + 2 [H 3M EG[2M = 0
[H 4M + [H 2M + [H 6M = 0
[H 3M + 2 [H 3M EG[ 2M = 0
2M + 6M 2M 6M
[H 4M + 2 [H EG[ =0 [H 3M 1 + 2 EG[ 2M = 0
2 2
[H 4M + 2 [H 4M EG[2M = 0 [H 3M = 0 Gi 1 + 2 EG[ 2M = 0
[H 4M + 2 [H 4M EG[ 2M = 0 [H 3M = 0 Gi 2 EG[ 2M = 1
[H 4M 1 + 2 EG[ 2M = 0 1
[H 3M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M =
2
[H 4M = 0 Gi 1 + 2 EG[ 2M = 0

[H 3M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M = EG[
[H 4M = 0 Gi 2 EG[ 2M = 1 3

1 [H 3M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M = EG[
[H 4M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M = 3
2
3
[H 3M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M = EG[
[H 4M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M = EG[ 3
3
2
[H 4M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M = EG[ [H 3M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M = EG[
3 3
3
[H 4M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M = EG[
3
2
3M = Gi 2M = 2 , ,
2 3
[H 4M = 0 Gi EG[ 2M = EG[
3
M= Gi 2M = 2 , ,
3 3

2 M= Gi M = , ,
4M = Gi 2M = 2 , , 3 3
3

M= Gi 2M = 2 , , [H M . M = . M [H M + 1
4 3

M= Gi M = , ,
4 3
Solution: -
[H M + [H 3M + [H 5M = 0 [H M . M = . M [H M + 1
[H M . M + [H M = . M + 1

59
[H M. M + 1 = . M + 1
[H M. M + 1 . M + 1 = 0
The general solution is

. M + 1[H M 1 = 0 M = Gi M = 2 + 1 , ,
2
. M + 1 = 0 Gi [H M 1 = 0
. M = 1 Gi [H M = 1

. M = . Gi [H M = [H
OR
4 2

. M = . Gi
4 cos x + sin x = 1

[H M = [H
2
4
. M = . Gi
4

[H M = [H
2 2
3
. M = . Gi
1
4

[H M = [H
2
1
The general solution of is
2 = + Gi 2 = + 1
HH
-
G. [H
-[ > 2
, 1 1 1
EG[ M + [H M =
2 2 2
3 1
M = + Gi M = + 1 EG[ EG[ M + [H [H M =
4 2 4 4 2

, EG[ M = EG[
4 4
The general of cos = cos is

EG[ M + [H M = 1
2 = 2 ,
The general of EG[ M A = EG[ A is

Solution: -

EG[ M + [H M = 1 M = 2 ,
4 4
[YXiH G. [H
-[
M = 2 + ,
4 4
EG[ M + [H M = 1

M = 2 + + Gi M = 2 +
[H M + EG[ M + 2 [H M EG[ M = 1
4 4 4 4
1 + 2 [H M EG[ M = 1 2
M = 2 + Gi M = 2
4
2 [H M EG[ M = 0
M = 2 + Gi M = 2 ,
2
[H M EG[ M = 0
EG[ M [H M = 1
[H M = 0 Gi EG[ M = 0
Solution: -

60
EG[ M [H M = 1
3 2
1 2
1
HH
-
G. [H
-[ > 2

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > 2 3 1 1
EG[ M [H M =
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
EG[ M [H M = EG[ EG[ M [H [H M =
2 2 2 6 6 2
1
EG[ EG[ M [H [H M = EG[ M + = EG[
4 4 2 6 3

EG[ M + = EG[ The general of EG[ 2 = EG[ is
4 4
The general of EG[ 2 = EG[ is 2 = 2 ,
2 = 2 , The general of EG[ M + B = EG[ is

The general of EG[ M + A = EG[ A is

M+ = 2 ,
6 3

M+ = 2 ,
4 4 M = 2 ,
3 6

M = 2 , 2
4 4 M = 2 ,
6 6

M = 2 + Gi M = 2 2 2
4 4 4 4 M = 2 + Gi M = 2
6 6 6 6
2
M = 2 Gi M = 2
4 x = 2n + or x = 2n , n Z
6 2
M = 2 Gi M = 2 ,
2
2 . M EG. M + 1 = 0
3EG[ M [H M = 1
Solution: -
Solution: -The given equation is The given equation is
3cos x sin x = 1 2 . M EG. M + 1 = 0

1
2 . M +1=0
. M
2. M 1 + . M = 0

61
2. M 2 . M . M 1 0
2. M. M 1 . M 1 0 EG[ 5M [H 3M
. M 12 . M 1 0
. M + 1 0 Gi 2 . M 1 0
Solution: -
. M 1 Gi 2 . M 1 EG[ 5M [H 3M
1
. M . Gi . M EG[ 5M EG[ 3M
4 2 2

. M . Gi The general of cos cos is
4
1
. M . .
2 2 ,
2
3
. M . Gi The general of
4
1 EG[ 5M EG[ 3M H[
. M . . 2
2

5M 2 3M ,
2
The general solution of is
3 1
M = + Gi M . 5M 2 3M Gi 5M
4 2 2

, 2 3M
2

5M 2 3M Gi 5M
3 2 3M
2 2
. M + EG. M = 2 EG[-E M
5M 3M 2 Gi 5M 3M 2
2 2

Solution:-
. M + EG. M = 2 EG[-E M 8M 2 Gi
Gi 2M 2
2 2
[H M EG[ M 1
+ =2 M Gi M ,
EG[ M [H M [H M 4 18 4
[H M EG[ M 1
2
[H M EG[ M [H M
SINE RULE
Theorem:- In ABC , with usual notation prove that

1 a b c
2 =

EG[ M sin A sin B sin C
1
EG[ M In ABC B is acute then we use the following three
Proof:-
2

EG[ M EG[ C is acute
cases for the proof of the sine rule
3
i.
The general of EG[ 2 = EG[ is
2 = 2 ,

M 2 ,
3

62
ADBis a right angle triangle sin A sin B

5
AD a b
sin B
AB
AD a b c
From equation 4 and 5
sin B
c sin A sin B sin C
AD c sin B . .1 Theorem:- In any ABC prove that
C is obtuse a b c 2bc cos A
b c a 2ca cos B
ii. I.
c a b 2ab cos C
II.
III.
Proof:-
a b + c 2bc cos A
I. To prove that
ADCis a right angle triangle

C = C
AD
sin C
AC
AD
sin C
b
AD b sin C . .2
iii. C is right angle
AD = AC
AD
=1
AC
AD
= sin
Draw triangle ABC by taking vertex A in standard position
AC 2

C C
From figure
2 2 lBC a , lAC b , lAB c

AD
sin C
b A 0,0 , B
0 c, 0
AD b sin C . .3
By definition of trigonometry
c sin B b sin C
From equation 1, 2 and 3 we get
C b cos A , b sin A
sin B sin C
.4
b c In ABC
1) A is acute
Similarly

63
2) A is obtuse Draw triangle ABC by taking vertex B in standard

position
L. H. S. = a
From figure
L. H. S. glBCh lBC a , lAC b , lAB c
Using distance formula B 0,0 , C

a, 0

L. H. S. Ob cos A c b sin A 0 P
A c cos B , c sin B
b cos A c b sin A 0
In ABC
b cos A 2bc cos A c b sin A
3) B is acute
b cos A sin A 2bc cos A c
4) B is obtuse
a b c 2bc cos A L. H. S. = b
L. H. S. glACh
h
Also
2bc cos A b c a

Using distance formula

cos B a c sin B 0 P
L. H. S. Oc
b c a

cos A
2bc c cos B a c sin B 0
c cos B 2ac
ac cos B a c sin B
II. To prove that
b c a 2ca
ca cos B
c cos B sin B 2ac cos B a
b a c 2ac
ac cos B
Also
2ac cos B a c b
a c b
cos B
2ac
III. To prove that
c a b 2ab cos C

64
a cos C sin C 2ab cos C b
c a b 2ab
ab cos C
Also
2ab cos C a b c
a b c
cos C
2ab
Projection Rule
Theorem:- In ABC prove that
a c cos B b cos C
b a cos C c cos A
i.
c a cos B b cos A
ii.
iii.
Proof:-
To prove that
i. a c cos B b cos C
R. H. S. c cos B b cos C
Draw triangle ABC by taking vertex B in standard
position We know that
a c b
cos B
From figure
2ac
lBC a , lAC b , lAB c
a b c
C 0,0 , A b, 0 cos C
2ab
a c b a b c
R. H. S. c b
B a cos C , a sin C 2ac 2ab
In ABC a c b a b c

2a 2a
1) C is acute
a c b a b c
2) C is obtuse
2a
L. H. S. = c
L. H. S. = glABh 2a

2a
R. H. S. a
Using distance formula

L. H. S. = Oa cos C b a sin C 0 P
R. H. S. L. H. S.
a cos C b a sin C 0 a c cos B b cos C
a cos C 2ab cos C b a sin c To prove that

65
ii. b = a cos C c cos A R. H. S. = L. H. S.
R. H. S. = a cos C c cos A c = a cos B + b cos A

57. In ABC prove that
BC bc A
sin = cos
We know that
2 a 2
b + c a
cos A =
2bc Solution:-
a b c bc A
cos C R. H. S. = cos
2ab a 2
a + b c b + c a
R. H. S. = a +c
2ab 2bc
Using sine rule
a b c
= = = k say
a +b c

b +c a

sin A sin B sin C
= + a b c
2b 2b = k , = k , =k
sin A sin B sin C
a + b c + b + c a a = k sin A , b = ksin B , c = k sin C
=
2b
k sinB k sin C A
2b R. H. S. = cos
= k sin A 2
2b
sinB sin C A
R. H. S. = b R. H. S. = cos
sin A 2
R. H. S. = L. H. S B+C BC
2 cos 2 sin 2 A
= cos
b = a cos C c cos A A A
2 sin 2 cos 2 2
c = a cos B + b cos A
B+C BC
iii.
R. H. S. = a cos B + b cos A cos 2 sin 2

=
A
We know that sin 2
b + c a In ABC
cos A =
2bc
A+B+C=
a +c b

cos B =
2ac
Divided both sides by 2
a + c b b + c a A+B+C
R. H. S. = a +b =
2ac 2bc 2 2
A B+C
a + c b b + c a + =
= + 2 2 2
2c 2c
B+C A
a + c b + b + c a =
= 2 2 2
2c
A BC
cos 2 2 sin 2
2c R. H. S. =
= A
2c sin 2
R. H. S = c
66
A BC C AB
sin sin sin cos
R. H. S. = 2 2 R. H. S. = 2 2 2
A C
sin 2 cos 2
BC C AB
R. H. S. = sin = L. H. S. cos 2 cos 2
2 R. H. S. =
C
cos
58. ABC prove that 2
AB a+b C AB
cos = sin R. H. S. = cos = L. H. S.
2 c 2 2
59. In any ABC. If a , b , c are in A.P. then prove

that cotA , cotB , cotC are in A.P.
Solution:-
a+b C
R. H. S. = sin
c 2 Solution:-
Using sine rule To prove that
a b c cotA , cotB , cotCare in A.P.

= = = k say
sin A sin B sin C
a b c
= k , = k , =k
sin A sin B sin C
It has common difference
a = k sin A , b = ksin B , c = k sin C That is to prove that
k sinA + k sin B C cotB cotA = cotC cotB

R. H. S. = sin
k sin C 2
sinA + sin B C
That to prove that
R. H. S. = sin
sin C 2 2 cot B = cot A + cot C
A+B AB It is given that a , b , c are in A.P. then

2 sin 2 cos 2 C
= sin
C C 2 b a = c b
2 sin 2 cos 2
A+B AB b = a + c b
sin 2 cos 2
= Divided both sides by 2ac
C
cos
2
b a + c b
In ABC =
2ac 2ac
A+B+C= By using cosine rule for angle B
a + c b
cos B =
A+B+C 2ac
=
2 2 Using sine rule
A+B C a b c
+ = = = = k say
2 2 2 sin A sin B sin C
A+B C a b c
= = k , = k , =k
2 2 2 sin A sin B sin C
a = k sin A , b = ksin B , c = k sin C

67
k sin B k sin B 3
= cos B =
2k sin Ak sin C ksin C 2
k sin B sin B 3
= cos B = .1
2 k sin A sin C sin C 2
sin B
= cos B
2 sin A sin C
The angles A, B, C are in A.P. then
BA=CB
Divided both sides by sin B
2B = A + C
sin B cos B
=
2 sin A sin C sin B In ABC
In ABC
A+B+C=
A+B+C= A+C=B
B = A + C 2B = B
sing A + Ch
= cot B 3B = B =
2 sin A sin C 3
sin = sin 180^
B = B = 60^
3
sinA + C
= 2 cot B
sin A sin C Put in equation 1
sin A cos C + cos A sin C
= 2 cot B sin 60 3
sin A sin C =
sin C 2
sin A cos C cos A sin C
+ = 2 cot B 3
sin A sin C sin A sin C
2 = 3
cot C + cot A = 2 cot B sin C 2
cotA , cotB , cotCare in A.P. 1 1

=
2 sin C 2
1 2
b: c = 3: 2 then find A, B, C
60. The angles of a triangle ABC are in A.P. and
=
sin C 2

1 2 1
Solution:-
= = 2
b: c = 3: 2 sin C 2 sin C
b 3 1
= sin C =
c 2 2
a b c sin C = sin 45^

= = = k say
sin A sin B sin C
a b c C = 45^
= k , = k , =k
sin A sin B sin C
a = k sin A , b = ksin B , c = k sin C A + B + C = 180^

68
A + 60^ + 45^ = 180^ To find B
A = 180^ 105^ Using sine rule
A = 75^ a b
=
sin A sin B
61. In ABC , if A = 30^ and b: c = 2: 3 find B a 2a
=
sin 30^ sin B
1 2
=
1 sin B
Solution:-
We know that cosine rule for A 2

2 = 2 sin B
b + c a sin B = 1
cos A = 1
2bc sin B = sin 90^ B = 90^
B = 90^
b: c = 2: 3
62. In ABC , if A = 45^ , B = 60^ then find the
b: c = 2: 3 ratio of its sides
b 2
= = k say
c 3
Solution:-
b c Let a, b, c are the sides of ABC

= = k
2 3 To find a: b: c
b c
= k and = k In ABC
2 3
A + B + C = 180^
b = 2k and c = 3k
45^ + 60^ + C = 180^
A = 30^
C = 180^ 105^
C = 75^
Put in equation 1

2k + 3k a
cos 30^ =
22k3k
Using sine rule
a b c
3 4k + 3k a = =
= sin A sin B sin C
2 43k
a b b c
= and =
7k a sin A sin B sin B sin C
3 =
23k a sin A b sinB
= and =
6k = 7k a b sinB c sinC
k = a k = a a: b: c = sin A : sin B : sin C
k = a as a > 0 a: b: c = sin 45^ : sin 60^ : sin 75^
k=a 1 3
a: b: c = : : sin 75^
2 2
b = 2a and c = 3 a
To find sin 75^

69
sin 75^ = sin30^ + 45^ L. H. S. = a + c

a + b c
sin 75 = sin 30 cos 45 + cos 30 sin 45
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
2b
1 1 3 1 b + c a

+
sin 75^ = + 2b
2 2 2 2
1 + 3 a + b c + b + c a
sin 75 = L. H. S. = a + c
2b
^
22
2b
L. H. S. = a + c
2b
The required ratio of sides is
1 3 1 + 3 L. H. S. = a + c b
a: b: c = : :
2 2 22
L. H. S. = R. H. S.
C A 64. In ABCprove that

63. With the usual notation prove that
2 a sin + c sin = a + c b
2 2 ab cos C c cos B = b c
C A L. H. S. = ab cos C c cos B

L. H. S. = 2 a sin + c sin
2 2
Using cosine rule for angle B and C
a + b c
Use half angle formula
1 cos cos C =
cos = 1 2 sin sin = 2ab
2 2 2
a + c b
C 1 cos C cos B =
sin = 2ac
2 2
a + b c
A 1 cos A L. H. S. = a b
sin = 2ab
2 2
a + c b
1 cos C 1 cos A c
L. H. S. = 2 a + c 2ac
2 2
a + b c a + c b
L. H. S. = a a cos C + c c cos A L. H. S. = a U V
2a 2a
b + c a
cos A = a + b c a c + b
2bc L. H. S. = a
a + b c 2a
cos C =
2ab
2b 2c
L. H. S. =
a + b c 2
L. H. S. = a a +c
2ab
2b c
b + c a L. H. S =
c 2
2bc
L. H. S = b c
a +b c

b +c a

L. H. S. = a +c L. H. S. = R. H. S
2b 2b

70
65. In ABC, if cos A = sin B cos C then Solution:-
cos A cos B
=
a b
It is a right angle triangle
Solution:-
To show that ABC is a right angle triangle

We know that
a b
= = k say
i.e. To show that sin A sin B
A or B or C = 90^ a b
= k and = k
sin A sin B
cos A = sin B cos C
a = k sin A and b = k sin B
cos A + cos C = sin B
cos A cos B cos A cos B
= =
A+C AC B B k sin A k sin B sin A sin B
2 cos cos = 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
cos A sin B = sin A cos B
A+B+C=A+B=C
sin A cos B cos A sin B = 0
sinA B = sin 0
A+B+C A+C B
= + = A B = 0 A = B
2 2 2 2 2
A+C B ABC is an isosceles triangle
=
2 2 2
67. In ABC if sin A + sin B = sin C
B AC B B
2 cos cos = 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2 2 Then show that it is right angle triangle
B AC B B
sin cos = sin cos
2 2 2 2
Solution:-
sin A + sin B = sin C

AC B
cos = cos a b c
2 2
= = = k say
sin A sin B sin C
AC B a b c
= A C = B A = B + C1 = k , = k , =k
2 2 sin A sin B sin C
sin A 1 sin B 1 sin C 1
In ABC = , = , =
a k b k c k
a b c
A + B + C = 180^ sin A = , sin B = , sin C =
k k k
Using equation 1
A + A = 180^ 2A = 180^ a b c a + b c
+ = =
k k k k k
180^ a + b = c 1
A= A = 90^
2 a, b, c are the sides of the triangle ABC
ABC is a right angle triangle

theorem is satisfied in ABC
From equation 1 it is clear that the Pythagoras
ABC is a right angle triangle

66. In ABC if
567 567
=

then show that it is an
68. With usual notation , show that
isosceles triangle

71
2bc cos A + ac cos B + ab cos C C C

c = a + b 2ab cos sin
= a + b + c 2 2
C C
c = a + b 1 2ab cos + 2ab sin
2 2
Solution:-
L. H. S. = 2bc cos A + ac cos B + ab cos C

Using first fundamental identities
C C
We know that the cosine rule
cos + sin = 1
b +c a
2 2
cos A =
2bc C C
c = a + b cos + sin
a + c b 2 2
cos B = C C
2ac 2ab cos + 2ab sin
2 2
a + b c C C
cos C = c = a cos + sin
2ab 2 2
C C
b + c a + b cos + sin
L. H. S. = 2 Ubc 2 2
2bc C C
a + c b 2ab cos + 2ab sin

+ ac 2 2
2ac
C C C
a + b c c = a cos + a sin +b cos
+ ab V 2 2 2
2ab C
+ b sin

2
b + c a a + c b C C
L. H. S. = 2 U + 2ab cos + 2ab sin
2 2 2 2
a + b c
+ R C C C
2 c = a cos 2ab cos + b cos
2 2 2
b + c a + a + c b + a + b c
= 2 C C C
2 + a sin + 2ab sin + b sin
2 2 2
L. H. S. = a + b + c C
c = a 2ab + b cos
2
L. H. S. = R. H. S.
C
69. In ABC prove that +a + 2ab + b sin
2
C C C C
a b cos + a + b sin = c c = a b cos + a + b sin
2 2 2 2
Solution:- 70. In ABC prove that
cos A cos B cos C a + b + c

+ + =
We know that the cosine rule for angle C
a b c 2abc
a + b c
cos C =
2ab Solution:-
2abcos C = a + b c cos A cos B cos C

L. H. S. = + +
a b c
c = a + b 2ab cos C

72
a + c b b c + a
L. H. S. =
2
b + c a
cos A = 2a 2b
2bc L. H. S. =
2
a + c b
cos B = 2a b
2ac L. H. S. =
2
a + b c
cos C = L. H. S. = a b
2ab
b + c a a + c b L. H. S. = R. H. S.
L. H. S. = 2bc + 2ac
a b 72. In ABC prove that
a + b c
2ab AB
+ a b tan 2
c =
a + b tan A + B
b + c a a + c b a + b c 2
= + +
2abc 2abc 2abc
Solution:-
b +c a +a +c b +a +b c

= ab
2abc L. H. S. =
a+b
a + b + c
L. H. S. = a b c
2abc = = = k say
sin A sin B sin C
L. H. S. = R. H. S. a b c
= k , = k , =k
sin A sin B sin C
71. In ABC prove that a = k sin A , b = ksin B , c = k sin C
ac cos B bc cos A = a b k sin A ksin B

L. H. S. =
k sin A + ksin B
ksin A sin B
Solution:-
L. H. S. =
L. H. S. = ac cos B bc cos A ksin A sin B
sin A sin B
L. H. S. =
sin A + sin B
b + c a
cos A = A+B AB
2bc 2 cos 2 sin 2
L. H. S. =
A+B AB
a + c b 2 sin 2 cos 2
cos B =
2ac
A+B AB
a + c b cos 2 sin 2
L. H. S. = ac L. H. S. =
2ac A+B AB
sin 2 cos 2
b + c a
bc
2bc
a + c b b + c a
L. H. S. =
2 2

73
AB cos B
sin
2 L. H. S. =
cos C
AB
cos
L. H. S. = 2 L. H. S. = R. H. S.
A+B
sin 2
A+B 74. In ABC prove that
cos
2
a sin A b sin B = c sinA B
AB
tan
L. H. S. = 2
A+B
Solution:-
tan
2 R. H. S. = a sin A b sin B
L. H. S. = R. H. S. a b c
= = = k say
73. In ABC prove that sin A sin B sin C
a b c
= k , = k , =k
c b cos A cos B sin A sin B sin C
= a = k sin A , b = ksin B , c = k sin C
b c cos A cos C
Solution:- L. H. S. = k sin A sin A k sin B sin B
c b cos A L. H. S. = ksin A sin B

L. H. S. =
b c cos A
R. H. S. = ksin A sin Bsin A + sin B
A+B AB A+B AB
= k Q2 cos sin R Q2 sin cos R
b + c a 2 2 2 2
cos A =
2bc AB AB A+B A+B
= k Q2 sin cos R Q2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
b + c a
cb
2bc AB A+B
L. H. S. = = k sin 2 sin2
b + c a 2 2
b c
2bc
= k sinA B sinA + B
b + c a
c 2c
L. H. S. = In ABC
b + c a
b
2b A+B+C=A+B=
2c b c + a = k sinA B sin
L. H. S. = 2c
2b b c + a = k sin C sinA B
2b
= c sinA B = R. H. S.
a + c b
L. H. S. = 2c 75. In ABC prove that
a + b c
2b cos 2A cos 2B 1 1
=
Divided numerator and denominator by a a b a b
a + c b Solution:-
L. H. S. = 2ac cos 2A cos 2B
a + b c L. H. S. =
2ab a b

74
1 2 sin A 1 2 sin B b c a
L. H. S. = cos A
a b 2bc
1 sin A 1 sin B a c b
L. H. S. = 2 2 1 cos B
a a b b 2ac
a a c b b b c a
L. H. S.
c 2ac
2 c 2bc
We know that
a b sin A sin B
= =
sin A sin B a b a c b b c a
L. H. S.
2c 2c
a c b b c a
Squaring both sides
sin A sin B L. H. S.
= 2c
a b
2a 2b 2a b
L. H. S.
2c 2c
Put in equation 1
1 sin B 1 sin B Since ABC is a right angle triangle

L. H. S. = 2 2
a b b b
1 1
L. H. S. = = R. H. S.
a b
76. In ABC , if C prove that

a b
sinA B
a b
a b
Solution:-
L. H. S. sinA B L. H. S. from ig c a b
a b
L. H. S. sin A cos B cos A sin B 77. In ABC , prove that
B C
b c tan 2 tan 2

We know that the sine rule
a b c a B C
tan 2 tan 2
sin A sin B sin C

C bc
2
Solution:-
L. H. S.
a
a b c

sin A sin B sin
2
We know that the sine rule
a b sin A sin B 1 a b c
c k say
sin A sin B a b c sin A sin B sin C
a b a b c
sin A , sin B k , k , k
c c sin A sin B sin C
a k sin A , b ksin B , c k sin C
a b k sin B k sin C
L. H. S. cos B cos A
c c L. H. S.
k sin A
75
ksin B sin C sin B sin C a b c

L. H. S. = = = k say
k sin A sin A sin A sin B sin C
BC BC a b c
2 cos 2 sin 2 = k , = k , =k
L. H. S. sin A sin B sin C
sin A a = k sin A , b = ksin B , c = k sin C
A B C A B C
BC BC R. H. S. = k sin B k sin C sin A
2 cos 2 sin 2
L. H. S. =
sing B + Ch R. H. S. = k sin B sin C sin A
BC BC
2 cos 2 sin 2
L. H. S. = R. H. S. = k sin B + sin Csin B sin C sin A
sinB C
BC BC B+C BC
2 cos sin
L. H. S. 2 2 = k Q2 sin
2
cos
2
R
BC BC
2 sin
2 cos 2 B+C BC
BC B C Q2 cos sin R sin A
sin 2 sin 2 2 2 2
L. H. S.
BC B C
sin sin 2 B+C B+C
2 2 = k Q2 sin cos R
B C B C 2 2
sin 2 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2
L. H. S. BC BC
B C B C
sin 2 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 Q2 sin
2
cos
2
R sin A
B C = k sinB + C sinB C sin A

Divided numerator and denominator by
cos cos
2 2 A+B+C= B+C=A
B C B C
B C = k sin A sinB C sin A
cos 2 cos 2
L. H. S.
B C B C = k sin A sin A sinB C
B C
cos 2 cos 2 = k sin A sinB C
B C B C
sin 2 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 R. H. S. = a sinB C = L. H. S.
B C B C
cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
L. H. S.
B C B C
79. With the usual notation show that
sin 2 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 c a b tan A = a b + c tan B
B C B C
cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
= b c + a tan C
B C
tan 2 tan 2
L. H. S. R. H. S.
B C
tan 2 tan 2
Solution:-
78. In ABC , prove that We know that
a b c
a sinB C = b c sin A = = = k say
sin A sin B sin C
a b c
= k , = k , =k
sin A sin B sin C
Solution:-
R. H. S. = b c sin A a = k sin A , b = ksin B , c = k sin C
We know that the sine rule Consider

76
sin A b c + a tan C

c a + b tan A = c a + b
cos A 2abck
= b c + a
b c + a
b c + a tan C = 2abck . .3

But
b + c a
cos A = and sin A = ak
2bc From equation 1, 2 and 3
c a + b tan A c a + b tan A = a b + c tan B

ak
= c a + b = b c + a tan C
b + c a
2bc
80. In ABC Prove that
c a + b tan A
2abck A
= c a + b acos C cos B = 2b c cos
c a + b 2
c a + b tan A = 2abck . .1 Solution:-
Consider We know that the projection theorem
sin B b = a cos C + c cos A 1

a b + c tan B = a b + c
cos B c = a cos B + b cos A . .2
b c = a cos C + c cos A
Equation 1 Equation 2
We know that
a + c b a cos B + b cos A
cos B = b c = a cos C + c cos A acos B b cos A
2ac
b c = acos C cos B b c cos A
a b + c tan B b c + b c cos A = acos C cos B
bk b c1 + cos A = acos C cos B
= a b + c
a + c b A
2ac 1 + cos A = 2 cos
2
A
a b + c tan B 2b c cos = acos C cos B
2abck 2
= a b + c A
a b + c acos C cos B = 2b c cos
2
a b + c tan B = 2abck .2 APPLICATION OF SINE RULE, COSINE RULE, AND
PROJUCTION RULE
Consider
Theorem:- In any ABC , if a + b + c = 2s then we
HALF ANGLE FORMULAE
sin C
b c + a tan C = b c + a
cos C
have
sin =
775
5
i.
We know that
sin =
757
a + b c 5
cos C =
ii.
2ab
sin =
77

b c + a tan C
iii.
kc
= b c + a
a + b c
Proof :-
2ab We know that the half angle formula

77
A A
cos A = 1 2 sin sin >0
2 2
A
2 sin = 1 cos A A s bs c
2 sin =
2 bc
Using cosine rule
b + c a
To prove that
cos A =
2bc B s cs a
sin =
A b + c a 2 ac
2 sin =1
2 2bc
A 2bc b + c a
We know that the half angle formula
2 sin = B
2 2bc cos B = 1 2 sin
2
A 2bc b c + a
2 sin = B
2 2bc 2 sin = 1 cos B
2
A a b 2bc + c
2 sin =
2 2bc
Using cosine rule
A a b c a c b
2 sin
= cos B =
2 2bc 2ac
A a b + ca + b c B a c b
2 sin
= 2 sin =1
2 2bc 2 2ac
A a + b 2b + ca + b + c 2c B 2ac a c b

2 sin = 2 sin =
2 2bc 2 2ac
A a + b + c 2ba + b + c 2c B 2ac a c b

2 sin = 2 sin =
2 2bc 2 2ac
a + b + c = 2s B b a 2ac c
2 sin =
2 2ac
A 2s 2b2s 2c
2 sin =
2 2bc B b a c
2 sin =
2 2ac
A 2s b2s c
2 sin =
2 2bc B b a cb a c
2 sin =
2 2ac
A s bs c
sin =
2 bc B a b c 2aa b c 2c
2 sin =
2 2ac
a b c = 2s
Taking square root of both sides
A s bs c
sin = B 2s 2a2s 2c
2 bc 2 sin =
2 2ac
is an acute angle
B 2s a2s c
2 sin =
2 2ac

78
B s as c C a b c 2aa b c 2b

sin = 2 sin =
2 ac 2 2ab
Taking square root of both sides a b c = 2s
C 2s 2a2s 2b

B s as c 2 sin =
sin = 2 2ab
2 ac
C 2s a2s b
2 sin =

2 2ab

C s as b
is an acute angle
B sin =
sin >0 2 ab
2
B s as c
sin =
Taking square root of both sides
2 ac C s as b
sin =
2 ab
To prove that
is an acute angle

C s as b
sin =
2 ab C
sin > 0
2
C s as b
C sin =
cos C 1 2 sin
2 ab
2
C Theorem:- In any ABC , if a + b + c = 2s then we
2 sin = 1 cos C
2 have
cos =
77
5
Using cosine rule i.
a b c cos =
77
cos C
2ab 5
ii.
cos =
775
C a b c
2 sin = 1

iii.
2 2ab
C 2ab a b c
Proof:-
2 sin =
2 2ab We know that the half angle formula
C 2ab a b c A
2 sin = cos A = 2 cos 1
2 2ab 2
C c a 2ab b A
2 sin = 2 cos = 1 cos A
2 2ab 2
C c a b
2 sin =
2 2ab
Using cosine rule
b c a
cos A =
C c a bc a b 2bc
2 sin =
2 2ab

79
A b c a a c b
2 cos
=1 cos B =
2 2bc 2ac
A 2bc b c a B a c b
2 cos = 2 cos =1
2 2bc 2 2ac
A b c a B 2ac a c b
2 cos = 2 cos =
2 2bc 2 2ac
A b c ab c a B a c b
2 cos = 2 cos =
2 2bc 2 2ac
A a b c 2aa b c B a c ba c b
2 cos = 2 cos =
2 2bc 2 2ac
a b c = 2s B a b c 2ba b c
2 cos =
2 2ac
A 2s 2a2s
2 cos =
2 2bc a b c = 2s
A 2s a2s B 2s 2b2s

2 cos = 2 cos =
2 2bc 2 2bc
A s as B 2s b2s
cos = 2 cos =
2 bc 2 2ac
B s bs
A ss a cos =
cos = 2 ac
2 bc
B ss b
is an acute angle cos =

2 ac
A
cos >0 is an acute angle

2
B
A ss a cos >0
cos = 2
2 bc
B ss b
cos =
2 ac
To prove that
B ss b
cos =
2 ac
To prove that
C ss c
cos =
2 ab
B
cos B = 2 cos 1
2 We know that the half angle formula
B C
2 cos = 1 cos B cos C 2 cos 1
2 2
Using cosine rule

80
C
2 cos = 1 cos C
77
tan =
2 775
iii.
Using cosine rule Proof:-
a b c A
cos C A sin
2ab L. H. S. = tan = 2
2 A
cos
C a b c 2
2 cos =1
2 2ab
C 2ab a b c
We know that
2 cos =
2 2ab A s bs c
sin =
2 bc
C a b c
2 cos =
2 2ab
A ss a
C a b ca b c cos =
2 cos = 2 bc
2 2ab
C a b c 2ca b c s bs c
2 cos = bc
2 2ab L. H. S. =
ss a
a b c = 2s bc
C 2s 2c2s
2 cos = s bs c bc
2 2ab L. H. S. =
bc ss a
C 2s c2s
2 cos =
2 2ab s bs c
L. H. S. = = R. H. S.
C s cs ss a
cos =
2 ab
C ss c
To prove that
cos =
2 ab tan
B
=
s as c
2 ss b
is an acute angle

B
B sin 2
L. H. S. = tan =
C 2 B
cos 2
cos > 0
2
B s as c
C ss c sin =
cos = 2 ac
2 ab
Theorem:- In any ABC , if a + b + c = 2s then we B ss b

cos =
have 2 ac
775
tan =
s as c
77
i.
ac

tan =
775 L. H. S. =
ss b
77
ii.
ac
81
s as c ac
L. H. S. =
ac s b
ss
s as c
L. H. S. = = R. H. S.
ss b
To prove that
C s as b
tan = ADCis
2 ss c
is a right angle triangle
let C C
C
C sin
L. H. S. = tan = 2 AD AD
2 C sin C sin C
cos AC b
2
AD b sin C .1
C s as b
sin =
2 ab ii. C is obtuse
C ss c
cos =
2 ab
s as b
ab
L. H. S. =
ss c
ab
s as b ab
L. H. S. =
is a right angle triangle
In above fig.ADCis
ab ss
s c let C = C
AD AD
s as b sin C sin C
L. H. S. = = R.. H. S. AC b
ss c AD b sin C . .2
iii. C is right angle
Area of triangle
area of a ABC is given by

Theorem:- Prove that with the usual notations, the
AABC )= ab sin C = bc sin A =

ac sin B

Proof:-
cases of C
For the proof of this theorem we consider three
From above fig.
i. C is acute CD
AC = AD AD
= AC 1

82

AD AC sin C = ss as bs c
2 2 AABC = ab
a b
AD = b sin C
1 ss as bs c

AABC = lBC lAD AABC = ab
2 ab
1 AABC = ss as bs c

AABC = a b sin C
2
81. In ABC if a = 18 , b = 24 and c = 30 then find
Similarly
A A A
the values of
1 1 cos A , sin , cos , tan , AABC , sin A ,
AABC = bc sin A = ac sin B 2 2 2
2 2 tan A
Heros Formula
Solution:-
b + c a
Theorem:- if a, b, c are the length of the sides BC, CA
and AB of ABC and a + b + c = 2s then cos A =
2bc
AABC = ss as bs c a = 18 , b = 24 and c = 30
24 + 30 18

cos A =
Proof :-
2 24 30
576 + 900 324
We know that
1 cos A =
AABC = a b sin C 2 24 30
2
1152 576
cos A = =
Use half angle formula 2 24 30 24 30
C C 576
sin C = 2 sin cos logcos A = log
2 2 24 30
1 C C logcos A = log 576 log 24 + log 30
AABC = a b 2 sin cos
2 2 2
logcos A = 2.7604 1.3802 + 1.4771
C C
AABC = ab sin cos
2 2 logcos A = 2.7604 2.8573
C s as b logcos A = 1. 9031

sin =
2 ab cos A = antilog 1. 9031
C ss c cos A = 0.8

cos =
2 ab
To find sin
s as b ss c
AABC = ab A s bs c
ab ab sin =
2 bc
Where 2s = a + b + c

83
a+b+c 18 + 24 + 30
s= s= A 12 6 A 1
2 2 tan = tan =
2 36 18 2 3
72
s= = 36
2 To find AABC
A 36 2436 30

sin =
Formula for finding area of triangle is
2 24 30
AABC = ss as bs c
A 12 6 A 1 Where 2s = a + b + c
sin = sin =
2 24 30 2 10
a+b+c 18 + 24 + 30
s= s=
2 2
To find cos

72
s= = 36
2
A ss a
cos =
2 bc AABC = 3636 1836 2436 30
Where 2s = a + b + c AABC = 618 12 6
a+b+c 18 + 24 + 30 AABC = 61296 = 6 36 = 216 sq. units

s= s=
2 2
To find sin A
72
s= = 36
2 A A
sin A = 2 sin cos
2 2
A 3636 18 A 36 18
cos = cos =
2 24 30 2 24 30 s bs c ss a
sin A = 2
bc bc
A 9 A 3
cos = cos =
2 10 2 10 36 2436 30 3636 18
sin A = 2
24 30 24 30

To find tan
12 6 36 18
sin A = 2
A s bs c 24 30 24 30
tan =
2 ss a
1 3 23
sin A = 2 =
Where 2s = a + b + c 10 10 10
a+b+c 18 + 24 + 30 3
s= s= sin A =
2 2 5
72 To find tan A
s= = 36 3
2
sin A
tan A = tan A = 5
cos A 4
A 36 2436 30 5
tan =
2 3636 18
3
tan A =
4
84
1 3b
ga + c + a cos C + c cos Bh =
2 2
82. Show that
A B C gAABCh
sin sin sin =
2 2 2 abcs Using projection theorem
Solution:- a cos C + c cos B = b
A B C a + b + c = 3b a + c = 3b b
L. H. S. = sin sin sin
2 2 2
a + c = 2b
s bs c s as c a, b, c are in A.P
L. H. S. =
bc ac
84. Show that in ABC
s as b
A B a+bc
ab tan tan =
2 2 a+b+c
s a s b s c

L. H. S. =
a b c
Solution:-
A B
L. H. S. = tan tan
s as bs c 2 2
L. H. S. =
abc We know that
ss as bs c
L. H. S. = A s bs c
abcs
tan =

2 ss a
ss as bs c
L. H. S. = B s as c
abcs tan =
2 ss b
AABC = ss as bs c

But
s bs c s as c
L. H. S. =
ss a ss b
gAABCh
L. H. S. = = R. H. S.
abc
s bs c s as c
83. If in ABC , L. H. S. =
ss a

ss b

a cos + c cos =

s c
Show that a, b, c are in A.P.
L. H. S. =
Solution:- To show that a, b, c are in A.P. s
sc
L. H. S. =
s
To show that
b a = c b 2b = a + c
2s = a + b + c

a cos + c cos =
a+b+c
s=
K567 K567 2
a + c =

a+b+c
c
1 3b L. H. S. = 2
a + a cos C + c + c cos B = a+b+c
2 2
2
85
a + b + c 2c k sin B k sin C A
2 R. H. S. = cot
L. H. S. = k sin B + k sin C 2
a+b+c
2 sin B sin C A
R. H. S. = cot
a+bc sin B + sin C 2
L. H. S. = = R. H. S.
a+b+c B+C BC
2 cos sin
R. H. S. = 2 2 cot A
85. Show that in ABC B+C BC 2
2 sin 2 cos 2
C B
b cos + c cos = s B+C BC
2 2 cos sin
R. H. S. = 2 2 cot A
B+C BC 2
sin cos
2 2
Solution:-
C B
L. H. S. = b cos + c cos In ABC
2 2
1 + cosC 1 + cos B A+B+C
L. H. S. = b + c A+B+C= =
2 2 2 2
B+C A
b + b cos C + c + c cos B =
L. H. S. = 2 2 2
2
A
b + c + b cos C + c cos B cos 2 2 BC A
L. H. S. = R. H. S. = tan cot
2 A 2 2
sin 2 2
A A
Use projection theorem
sin 2 B C cos 2
b cos C + c cos B = a R. H. S. = tan
A 2 A
cos 2 sin 2
a+b+c
L. H. S. =
2 BC
R. H. S. = tan = L. H. S.
a + b + c = 2s 2
2s
L. H. S. = = s = R. H. S.
INVERSE TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTION
2
86. In any ABC , Prove that

Principal value branch of inverse trigonometric
function
BC bc A a) The principle value branch of sin x is O , P

tan = cot
2 b+c 2
b) The principle value branch of cos x is g0, h

Solution:- c) The principle value branch of tan x is ,
bc A d) The principle value branch of cot x is 0,

R. H. S. = cot e) The principle value branch of sec x is g0, h
b+c 2

bc
Using sine rule
a b c
f) The principle value branch of
cosec x is O , P 0

= = = k say
sin A sin B sin C
87. Find the principle value of sin

a b c
= k , = k , =k
sin A sin B sin C
a = k sin A , b = ksin B , c = k sin C Solution:-
86
We know that The principle value branch of
1 1
sin = = sin EG[-E M H[ O , P 0
6 2 6 2 2 2

The principle value branch of sin x is O , P

EG[-E 2 =
< <
6 2 6 2
1 The principle value of EG[-E 2 H[ B

sin = and < <
2 6 2 6 2
90. Find the principle value of . 1
The principle value of sin is B
88. Find the principle value of [H

Solution:-
We know that

. = 1
4
Solution:-
Multiply both sides by 1

We know that
1
[H =
6 2 . = 1 . = 1
4 4
Multiply both sides by 1

= . 1 . 1 =
1 1 4 4
[H = [H =
6 2 6 2
The principle value branch of . M H[ ,

1
= [H

6 2
. 1 =
< <
4 2 4 2
The principle value branch of [H M H[ O , P

The principle value branch of . M H[ A

1
[H =
< <
2 6 2 6 2 91. Find the principle value of . 3
The principle value of [H H[ B

Solution:-
89. Find the principle value of EG[E 2 We know that

. = 3
3
Solution:-
We know that Multiply both sides by 1

1
[H = . = 3 . = 3
6 2 3 3

= . 3 . 3 =
3 3
Taking reciprocal of both sides
1 1
= 1/2 EG[-E 6 = 2 The principle value branch of . M H[ ,

[H 6

= EG[-E 2 EG[-E 2 = . 3 =
< <
6 6 3 2 3 2

87
The principle value branch of . 3 H[

Solution:-
92. Find the principle value of [H

We know that

3 3
EG[ = EG[ =
6 2 2 6
Solution:-
The principle value branch of EG[ M H[ g0, h

We know that
1 1
[H = = [H 3
4 2 4 2 EG[ =
0 < <
2 6 6
1
[H =
2 4 The principle value of EG[ H[ B

The principle value branch of [H M H[ O , P

95. Find the principle values of EG.

1
[H =
< <
2 4 2 4 2
Solution:-
The principle value of [H H[ A

We know that

. = 3
3
93. Find the principle value of EG[

1 1 1
=
Solution:-
EG. =
We know that . 3 3 3 3
1
EG[ =
3 2
We know that
EG. M = EG. M

We know that the formula
EG[ M = EG[ M =X. M = EG. = EG.

3 3 3

=X. M = EG[ = EG[ 2 1 1 2
3 3 3 EG. = EG. =
3 3 3 3
3 1 2 1
EG[ = EG[ = The principle value branch of EG. M H[ 0,
3 2 3 2
2 1 1 2 1 2 2
= EG[ EG[ = EG. =
0 < <
3 2 2 3 3 3 3
The principle value branch of EG[ M H[ g0, h The principle value branch of EG.

H[

1 2 2
EG[ =
0 < <
2 3 3
96. Find the values of
1 1
The principle value of EG[ H[ . 1 EG[ [H

2 2
94. Find the principle value of EG[

Solution:-

88
Consider . 1 1 1
. 1 + EG[ + [H
2 2
42 + 12
=
72
We know that

. = 1
4 1 1 54
. 1 + EG[ + [H =
2 2 72
. 1 = 3
4 =
4

97. Find the values of
. 1 =
< < 1 1
4 2 4 2 EG[ 2 [H
2 2

A Solution:-
Consider EG[ Consider EG[

We know that We know that
1 1 1 1
EG[ = EG[ = EG[ = EG[ =
3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3
The principle value branch of EG[ M H[ g0, h The principle value branch of EG[ M H[ g0, h
1 1
EG[ =
0 < < EG[ =
0 < <
2 3 3 2 3 3
The principle value of EG[ H[ The principle value of EG[ H[

Consider [H Consider [H

We know that We know that
1 1 1 1
[H = = [H [H = = [H
6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2
The principle value branch of [H M H[ O , P The principle value branch of [H M H[ O , P

1 1
[H =
< < [H =
< <
2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2
The principle value of [H H[ B The principle value of [H H[ B

1 1 1 1
. 1 + EG[ + [H EG[ + 2 [H = + 2
2 2 2 2 3 6

= + + 1 1 2
4 3 6 EG[ + 2 [H = + =
2 2 3 3 3
1 1 7
. 1 + EG[ + [H = +
2 2 12 6 98. Find the value of

89
. 3 [-E 2 99. Find the values of
Solution:- EG[-E 2 EG. 3
Consider . 3 Solution:-
We know that Consider EG[-E 2

. = 3
3
We know that
1
[H =
.
3 = 4 2
3


1 1
= 1/2 EG[-E 4 = 2
.
3 =
< < [H 4
3 2 3 2

Multiply both sides by -1

Consider [-E 2 EG[-E = 2 EG[-E = 2
4 4

= EG[-E 2 EG[-E 2 =
4 4
We know that
1
EG[ =
3 2 The principle value branch of

EG[-E M H[ O , P 0
2 2
1
= 2 [-E 3 = 2
EG[-E 2 =
< <
EG[ 3
4 2 4 2
The principle value of EG[-E 2 H[ A

We know that
[-E M = [-E M
Consider EG. 3

=X. M = [-E = [-E
3 3 3 We know that
2 2 2 1
[-E = 2 = [-E 2 = . =
3 3 3 6 3
The principle value branch of [-E M H[ g0, h b c

1
2 2
[-E 2
=
0 < < = 3 EG. 6 = 3
3 3 . 6
The principle value of [-E 2 H[

EG. 3 =
6
2
. 3 [-E 2 = = The principle value branch of EG. M H[ 0,
3 3 3

90
1
EG. 3 =
0 < < . = EG. M IGi M > 0
6 6 M
The principle value branch ofEG. 3H[

B
Proof:-
,-. EG. M = >

EG[-E 2 EG. 3 =
4 6
EG[ >
M = EG. > M =
6 + 4 [H >
cosec 2 + cot 3 = =
24 12
1 [H > 1
PROPERRTIES OF INVERSE FUNCTION
= = . >
100. Prove that M EG[ > M
1 1 1
[H = EG[-E M IGi M 1 Gi M 1 . = > . = EG. M
M M M
Proof:- 103. Prove that
,-. EG[-E M = > [H M = [H M IGi M g1, 1h

1
M = EG[-E > M =
[H >
Proof:-
,-. [H M = >
M = [H > M = [H >
1 1
= [H > [H = >
M M M = [H > > = [H M
1 > = [H M [H M = [H M
[H = EG[-E M
M
104. Prove that
. M = . M IGi M
101. Prove that
1
EG[ = [-E M IGi M 1 Gi M 1
M Proof:-
Solution:- Let . M = >
Let [-E M = > M = . > M = . >

1 M = . > > = . M
M = [-E> M =
EG[ >
> = . M . M = . M
1 1
= EG[ > EG[ = >
105. Prove that
M M EG[E M = EG[E M IGi |M| 1

1
EG[ = [-E M
M
Proof:-
,-. EG[-E M = >
M = EG[-E > M = EG[-E>

102. Prove that

91
M = EG[-E > EG[-E M = > ,-. [H M = >
> = EG[-E M EG[-E M = EG[-E M

M = [H > M = EG[ >
2

> = EG[ M
> g0, h
106. Prove that
EG[ M = EG[ M IGi M g1, 1h 2 2

= > + EG[ M
Proof:- 2
Let EG[ M = >
[H M + EG[ M =
2
M = EG[ > M = EG[ >
M = EG[ > EG[

M =>
110. Prove that

. M EG. M = IGi M
EG[ M = EG[ M 2
EG[ M = EG[ M Proof:-
,-. . M = >

107. Prove that
[-E M = [-E M IGi |M| 1 M = . > M = EG. >

2

EG. M = >
> 0 ,
2 2
Proof :-
,-. [-E M = >

> + EG. M =
M = [-E > M = [-E> 2

M = [-E > [-E M = > . M + EG. M =
2
> = [-E M [-E M = [-E M
111. Prove that

EG[-E M [-E M = IGi |M| 1 , M
2
108. Prove that
EG. M = EG. M IGi M

Proof:-
,-. EG[-E M = >

Solution:-
,-. EG. M = >

M = EG. > M = EG. > M = EG[-E> M = [-E >
2
M = EG. > EG. M = >
[-E M = >
> O , P
2 2 2 2
> = EG. M EG. M = EG. M

> + [-E M = EG[-E M + [-E M =
109. Prove that 2 2

[H M EG[ M = IGi M g1, 1h
2
112. Prove that
M>
. M . > = .
Proof:- 1 M>

92
HI M, > > 0
M> < 1 113. Prove that
M>
. M . > = .
1 M>
Proof:-
-i- M > 0, > > 0

We know that
. . ]
. ] = . .1
1 . . ] Proof:-
,-. . M =
. > = ] We know that
M = .
> = . ] . . ]
. ] = . .1
1 . . ]
M, > > 0 M = . > 0
>
= . ] > 0 ,-. . M =
. > = ]
A and B are acute angle that is they lie in the first M = .

> = . ]
M, > > 0 M = . > 0

>
quadrant
0<<

. .2
0 <]<
= . ] > 0

..3
A and B are acute angle that is they lie in the first
To show that + ] lie in the first quadrant
quadrant

0 < < . .2
0 < ] < ..3
Equation 1+ Equation 2

0+0< +] < +
2 2 ] H[ EX.- HI > ]
0<+] < ] H[ EX.- HI ] >
M, > > 0
M> < 1 0 < 1 M>
<] <
1 M> > 0 2 2
1 . . ] > 0 This is the principle branch of . M
The denominator of equation 1 is positive Equation 1 becomes

M>
. + ] > 0 . ] = ]
1 + M>
+ ]is an acute angle M>
= .
1 + M>

0<+] < M>
2 . M . > = .
1 + M>
Equation 1 becomes
M+>
114. Prove that
. + ] = +]
1 M> M>
. M . > = .
M+> 1 M>
= .
1 M>
HI M, > > 0
M> > 1
M+>
. M + . > = .
1 M> Proof:-

93
M+>
. M + . > = + .
1 M>
We know that
. . ]
. ] = . .1
1 . . ] 115. Prove that
,-. . M =
. > = ] 2M
2 . M = [H IGi |M| 1
1 M
M = .
> = . ]
M, > > 0 M = . > 0

>
Proof:-
= . ] > 0 2M
. `. a. = [H
1 M
A and B are acute angle that is they lie in the first
quadrant ,-. . M = > M = . >
2 . >
. `. a. = [H

0 < < . .2
0 < ] < ..3
1 + . >
M+>
. + ] = . .4 2 . >
1 M> . `. a. = [H
[-E >
M> > 1 0 > 1 M> 1 M> < 0 [H >
2 EG[ >
. + ] < 0 . `. a. = [H

1
EG[ >
+ ]lie in the second quadrant
. `. a. = [H 2 [H > EG[ >
<+] <
2
. `. a. = [H [H 2>
. `. a. = 2> . `. a. = 2 . M
Subtract from both sides

< + ] < . `. a. = <. `. a.
2

< + ] < 0
2
116. Prove that
1 M
Now . g + ] h = . + ] 2 . M = EG[ IGi M 0
1 M
. g + ] h = . g + ]h Proof:-
. g + ] h = g . + ]h 1 M
. `. a. = EG[
. g + ] h = . + ] 1 M
M+> ,-. . M = > M = . >

. g + ] h = > -Y. 4
1 M>
1 . >
. `. a. = EG[
M+> 1 + . >
+ ] = .
1 M>
[H >
1
M+> EG[ >
+ ] = + . . `. a. = EG[
1 M> [-E >

94
EG[ > [H > M>

. M . > = .
EG[ > 1 M>
. `. a. = EG[
1
EG[ >

Put M =
> =

. `. a. = EG[ EG[ 2> 1 1

1 1
. `. a. = 2> = 2 . M = <. `. a. . . = . 2 3
2 3 1 1
123
5
1 1
117. Prove that
2M . . = . 6
2 . M = . IGi 1 < M < 1 2 3 1
1 M 16
5
1 1
. . = . 6
Proof:-
2M 2 3 5
. `. a. = .
1 M 6
,-. . M = > M = . > 1 1

. . = . 1
2 3
2 . >
. `. a. = . 1 1
1 . > . . =
2 3 4
[H >
2 EG[ >
. `. a. = .
[H >
119. Show that
1
EG[ > 1 2 3
. . = .
2 11 4
[H >
2 EG[ >
. `. a. = .
EG[ > [H >
Solution:-
EG[ > Using property
2 [H > EG[ > M>

. `. a. = . . M . > = .
EG[ > [H > 1 M>
[H 2> Put M =
> =

. `. a. = .

EG[ 2>
1 2
. .
. `. a = . . 2> 2 11
1 2

. `. a = 2> = 2 . M = .
2 11
1 2
1 2 11
. `. a = <. `. a.
11 4
1 2
.
. = . 22

2 11 1
118. Prove that
1 1 1 11
. . =
2 3 4
15
1 2 22
.
. = .

2 11 10
Solution:-
Using property 11

95
1 2 15 11 [H M
. . = . EG[ M 1
2 11 22 10 <. `. a. = .
EG[ M
[H M
EG[ M 1 EG[ M
1 2 3
. . = .
2 11 4 1 . M
<. `. a. = .
1 . M
1 . M
120. Show that
2M 3M M <. `. a. = .
.
M .
= .
1 1 . M
1 M 1 3M

1 . . M
<. `. a. = . 4
IGi |M|

3 1 . 4 . M
Solution:-
Using property
M>
. = . M . >
1 M>
Using property
X
. X . = .
1 X
<. `. a. = . . . . M
2M 4
=X. X = M , =
1 M
<. `. a. = M = . `. a.
4
2M
. M .
1 M
2M
M
122. Prove that
= . 1 M
1 EG[ M M

2M . =
1M
1 M 1 EG[ M 2
M1 M 2M
= . " 1 M #
1 M 2M
Solution:-
1 M 1 EG[ M
<. `. a. = .
2M 1 EG[ M
. M .
1 M
M M 2M M
= . 2 [H 2
1 3M
<. `. a. = .
M
2 EG[ 2
2M 3M M
. M . = .

1 M 1 3M
M
<. `. a. = . .
2
M
121. Prove that
EG[ M [H M <. `. a. = . .
.
= M 2
EG[ M [H M 4
M
<. `. a. = = . `. a.
2
Solution:-
EG[ M [H M
<. `. a. = .
EG[ M [H M
123. Express

96
. K , For 0 < M < in the simplest

2
1
2 .
= . 3

3 1
19
form
2
1 3
Solution:-
EG[ M [H M 2 .
= .
. 3 8
EG[ M [H M 9
[H M 1 2 9
EG[ M 1 2 . = .
= . EG[ M
[H M 3 3 8
EG[ M 1
EG[ M 1 3
2 . = .
1 . M 3 4
= .
1 . M
1 . M
125. Prove that
= . 1 1 31
1 1 . M 2 . . = .
2 7 17

. 4 . M
= .

1 . 4 . M
Solution:-
1 1
<. `. a. = 2 . .
2 7
Consider 2 .

Using property
M>
. = . M . >
1 M>

= . . . . M
Using property
4 2M
2 . M = .
1 M
EG[ M [H M
. = M 1
EG[ M [H M 4 =X. M =
2
2
124. Prove that
1 3 1 2
2 . = . 2 .
= .
3 4 2 1
1 2
1 1
Solution:-
2 . = .
2 1
14
Using property
2M
2 . M = .
1 M
1 1
1 2 . = .
2 3
=X. M = 4
3
1 4
2 2 . = .
1 3 2 3
2 . = .
3 1
1 3 1 4
2 . = .
2 3

97
4 1 1M 1
<. `. a. = . . . = . M
3 7 1M 2
1M
2. = . M
1M
Using property
M>
. M . > = .
1 M> Use the property
4 1 2M
2 . M = .
<. `. a. = .
3 7 1 M
4 1
1
3 7 1M
2 1 M
31 .
" # = . M
1M
<. `. a. = . 21
1
1 M
4
1 21
1M
2 1 M
31 =M
1M
<. `. a. = .
21 1 1 M
17
21
2 2M
31 1M
<. `. a. = . =M
17 1 M 1 M
1 M
2 2M1 M
=M
126. Solve the equation
EG[ 2 EG[-E M
2 . M = . 1 2M M 1 2M M
2 2M 2M 2M
=M
4M
Solution:-
1
2 2M = 4M 2 = 6M M =
Using property
2M 3
2 . M = .
1 M
1
M=
2 EG[ M 3
. = . 2 EG[-E M
1 EG[ M
1
2 EG[ M IGi M > 0 M =
= 2 EG[-E M 3
1 EG[ M
EG[ M 1
= EG. M = 1
128. Prove that
[H M [H M 1 1M
. M = EG[ IGi M g0 , 1h
2 1M
M = EG. 1 M =
4 Solution:-
1 1M
. `. a. = EG[
127. Solve the equation
1M 1 2 1M
. = . M IGi M > 0
1M 2
,-. . M = > M = . >
Solution:-
Squaring both sides
M = . >
98
1 1 . >
. `. a. = EG[

2 1 . >
Using property

[H M + EG[ M =
[H > 2
1 1
EG[ >
. `. a. = EG[ <. `. a. = = . `. a.
2 [-E > 2
EG[ > [H >

130. Prove that
1 EG[ > 1 3 3
. `. a. = EG[ [H 3 [H =
2 1 2 4
EG[ > 2
1
. `. a. = EG[ EG[ 2>
Solution:-
2
1 3
<. `. a. = [H 3 [H
1 2 2
. `. a. = 2> = > = . M
2
. `. a. = <. `. a.
We know that
1 3
[H =
[H =
4 2 3 2
129. Prove that
3 4
EG[ EG[ = <. `. a. = [H [H 3 [H [H
5 5 2 4 3

<. `. a. = 3 <. `. a. =
4 3 4
Solution:-
3 4
<. `. a. = EG[ EG[ 3
5 5 <. `. a. = = . `. a.
4
3
,-. EG[ = M .1
5 131. Prove that
3 3 3 12 56
= EG[ M EG[ M = [H EG[ = [H
5 5 5 13 65
Using first fundamental identities Solution:-
[H M = 1 EG[ M 3 3
,-. [H = M [H M =
5 5
9 16
[H M = 1 [H M =
25 25
9
EG[ M = 1 [H M EG[ M = 1
4 4 25
[H M = [H M = [H M > 0
5 5
4 16 4
M = [H EG[ M = EG[ M =
5 25 5
3 4 12 12
EG[ = [H > -Y . 1 ,-. EG[ = > EG[ > =
5 5 13 13
4 4
<. `. a. = [H + EG[
5 5

99
144 1 1
[H > = 1 EG[ > [H > = 1 [H > = [H > =
169 4 2
169 144 25
[H > = [H > =
We know that
169 169 EG[M + > = EG[ M EG[ > [H M [H >
5 3 3 1 1
[H > = EG[M + > = +
13 2 2 2 2
3 1 2 1
EG[M + > = + = =
We know that
4 4 4 2
[H M + > = [H M EG[ > + EG[ M [H >
1
3 12 4 5 EG[M + > =
[H M + > = + 2
5 13 5 13
1
36 + 20 56 M + > = EG[
[H M + > = [H M + > = 2
65 65
1 3 1
56 [H + EG[ = EG[
M + > = [H
2 2 2
65
3 12 56
[H + EG[ = [H
5 13 65
133. Prove that
4 12 33
EG[ EG[ = EG[
132. Prove that 5 13 65
1 3 1
[H
EG[ = EG[
2 2 2
Solution:-
4 4
,-. EG[ = M EG[ M =
5 5
Solution:-
1 1 16
,-. [H = M [H M = [H M = 1 EG[ M [H M = 1
2 2 25
1 9 3
EG[ M = 1 [H M EG[ M = 1 [H M = [H M =
4 25 5
3 12 12
EG[ M = ,-. EG[ = > EG[ > =
4 13 13
3 3 144
,-. EG[
= > EG[ > = [H > = 1 EG[ > [H > = 1
2 2 169
3 169 144 25
[H > = 1 EG[ > [H > = 1 [H > = [H > =
4 169 169
5
[H > =
13

100
45 + 32 77
[H M + > = [H M + > =
85 85
We know that
EG[M > = EG[M EG[ > [H M [H >

77
4 12 3 5 M + > = [H
85
EG[M > =
5 13 5 13
3 12 77
48 15 33 [H + EG[ = [H
5 13 85
EG[M > = EG[M + > =
65 65
135. If . 2M . 3M =

33 A
M + > = EG[ of M
then find the value
65
4 12 33
EG[ + EG[ = EG[
Solution:-
5 13 65
. 2M . 3M =
134. Prove that 4
3 18 77
[H
[H = [H
Use property
5 17 85 M>
. M . > = .
1 M>
2M 3M
Solution:-
3 3 . =
,-. [H
= M [H M = 1 2M 3M 4
5 5
5M
. = . 1
9 1 6M
EG[ M = 1 [H M EG[ M = 1
25
5M
=1
1 6M
16 4
EG[ M = EG[ M = 5M = 1 6M
25 5
6M 5M 1 = 0
8 8
,-. [H = > [H > =
17 17 5 5 4 61
M=
26
64
EG[ > = 1 [H > EG[ > = 1
289 5 25 24
M=
12
289 64 225 5 49
EG[ > = EG[ > = M=
289 289 12
15 5 7
EG[ > = M=
17 12
5 7 5 7
M = Gi M =
12 12
We know that
[H M + > = [H M EG[ > + EG[ M [H >

1
M = Gi M = 1
3 15 4 8 6
[H M + > = +
5 17 5 17 1
M > 0 M =
6
101
136. If . . K =
K
A
Use property
value of M M>
then find the
. M . > = .
1 M>
1 1
Solution:-
M1 M1
.
. = <. `. a. = .
5 7
M2 M2 4 1 1
1
5 7
1 1

. 3 8
Use property
M> 1 1
. M . > = . 1
1 M> 3 8
12 11
M1 M1 35
<. `. a. = . . 24
. M 2 M 2 =

1 1
M1 M1 4 1 1 24
1 M 2 M 2 35
12 11
M 2M 1 M 1M 2 35 24
M 2 <. `. a. = .
.
. "

# 34 23
M 2 M 1M 1

35 24
M 2
= . 1 12 11
<. `. a. = . .
34 23
M M 2 M M 2
. = . 1
M 4 M 1
Again Use property
M>
2M 4 . M . > = .
.
= . 1 1 M>
3
12 11

2M 4 <. `. a. = . 34 23
=1

3 12 11
1 34 23
2M 4 = 3 2M 3 + 4
325
1 1 <. `. a. = .
391
2M = 1 M = M= 66
2 1 391
2
1 325
M > 0 M =
2 <. `. a. = .
391
325
391

137. Show that
1 1 1 <. `. a. = . 1 = = . `. a.
. . . 4
5 7 3
1
. =
8 4
********************************************
Solution:-
1 1 1
<. `. a. = . . .
5 7 3
1
.
8
102
PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINE M + > > = 0
Theorem:- M + > + > = 0
Show that every homogeneous equation of M + > = 0

secondary in x and y represent a pair of lines
passing through the origin M + + > = 0
Proof:-
These are liner equation of straight lines and do not
Let the homogeneous equation of second degree in x contain constant term
The lines represent by these equation do not

and y is
M + 2M> + > = 0
passing through the origin
, ,
i- EG [. . G. ,, T-iG By case I and II
Case I:- Let = 0 0 , 0 Every homogeneous equation of secondary in x and y

represent a pair of line passing through the
=X. H -YX.HG origin.
2M> + > = 0 138. Find the separate equations of the lines
M 4M> > = 0
>2M + > = 0 represented by
> =0, 2M + > = 0

Solution:-
These are the liner equation of straight. These
equations do not contain the constant term. The given homogeneous equation is
The lines represent by these equations passing M 4M> + > = 0

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > M
through the origin.
4M> >
Case II: let 0 0 , 0
1 + =0
M M
> >
Multiply equation I both sides by a
H. -. 4 1 = 0
M M
M + 2M> + > = 0
>
.H[ H[ . .
M + 2M> + > = 0
M

.
[X.iE. >
> 4 4 4 1 1
=
M 21
M + 2M> + > > + > = 0
> 4 16 4
M + > > = 0
=
M 2
M + > O> P = 0
> 4 12
=
M + > > M + > M 2
+ > = 0

103
> 4 23 M 3> = 0 ; 2M + 3> = 0

=
M 2
> 22 3
These are the separate equation of the lines
=
M 2
140. Find the separate equations of the lines
>
= 2 3 M 2M>EG[-E > = 0
represented by
> = M2 3
Solution: -
2 + 3M + > = 0 ; 2 3M + > = 0
The given homogeneous equation is
M + 2M>EG[-E + > = 0

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > M
2EG[-EM> >
139. Find the separate equations of the lines
1+ + =0
2M 3M> 9> = 0 M M
represented by
> >
Solution:- H. -. 2EG[-E 1 = 0
M M
>
.H[ H[ . .
M
2M 3M> 9> = 0
> 2EG[-E 2EG[-E 4 1 1

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > M =
M 21
3M> >
2 9 =0 > 2EG[-E 4EG[-E 4
M M =
M 2
> >
H. -. 9 3 2 = 0 > 2EG[-E 2EG[-E 1
M M =
M 2
>
.H[ H[ . .
M > 2EG[-E 2EG.
=
M 2
> 3 3 4 9 2
=
M 29 > 2EG[-E EG.
=
M 2
> 3 9 + 72
= > >
M 18 = EG[-E + EG. ; = EG[-E EG.
M M
> 3 81 > >
= = EG[-E EG. ;
M 18 M M
> 3 9 = EG[-E + EG.
=
M 18 > = EG[-E EG. M ; >
> 3 + 9 > 3 9 = EG[-E + EG.M
= ; =
M 18 M 18
> + EG[-E EG. M = 0
1 2
>= M ; >= M > + EG[-E + EG.M = 0
3 3

104
EG[-E EG. M > = 0 These are the separate equation of the lines
EG[-E EG.M > = 0 142. Find the separate equation of the lines
3M 10M> 8> = 0
represented by
141. Find the separate equations of the line Solution:-
11 M 8M> > = 0
represented by
3M 10M> 8> = 0
Divided both sides byM

Solution:-
M> >
3 10 8 = 0
11M 8M> > = 0

M M

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > M > >
H. -. 8 + 10 3 = 0
M M
8M> >
11 = 0 >
M M .H[ H[ . .
M
> >
H. -. 8 11 = 0 > 10 10 4 8 3
M M =
M 28
>
.H[ H[ . .
M > 10 100 + 96
=
M 16
> 8 8 4 1 11
=
M 21 > 10 196
=
M 16
> 8 64 44
= > 10 14
M 2 =
M 16
> 8 20
= > 25 7
M 2 =
M 16
> 8 25
= > 5 7
M 2 =
M 8
> 24 5
= 8> = M5 7
M 2
> 8> = M5 + 7 ; 8> = M5 7
= 4 5
M 8> = 2M ; 8> = 12M
> = M4 5 M 4> = 0 ; 3M + 2> = 0
> = M4 5 ; > = M4 5 143. Find the separate equation of the lines
> = 4 5M ; > = 4 5M
3M 23M> 3> = 0
represented by
4 5M > = 0 ; 4 5M > = 0 Solution:-

105
The given homogeneous equation is M> >

1 2 . = 0
3M 23M> 3> = 0
M M
> >
H. -. + 2 . 1 = 0
M M
>
M> > .H[ H[ . .
3 23 3 = 0 M
M M
> > > 2 . 2 . 4 1 1
H. -. 3 + 23 3 = 0 =
M M M 21
> > 2 . 4 . + 4
.H[ H[ . . =
M M 2
> 2 . 21 + .
> 23 23 4 3 3 =
= M 2
M 23
> 2 . 2 [-E
> 23 12 + 36 =
= M 2
M 23
> 2 . [-E
> 23 48 =
= M 2
M 23
>
= . [-E
> 23 43 M
=
M 23 > = M . [-E
> 23 23
= > = M . + [-E ; >
M 23 = M . [-E
> 3 23
= > = M . [-E ; >
M 3 = M. + [-E
3> = M3 23 . [-E M + > = 0 ;
3> = M3 + 23 ; 3> = M3 23 . + [-E M + > = 0

3 > = 3M ; 3> = 33M 145. Find the separate equation of the lines
3M 7M> 4> = 0
represented by
M 3> = 0 ; 3M + > = 0
144. Find the separate equation of the lines Solution:-
M 2M> . > = 0
represented by
Solution:- 3M 7M> + 4> = 0
The given homogeneous equation is Divided both sides byM
M + 2M> . > = 0
M> >
37 + 4 =0
M M
106
> >
H. -. 4 7 3 = 0
> 21 2
M M M
=
2
>
.H[ H[ . .
M
> = M1 2
> 7 7 4 4 3 > = M1 + 2 ; > = M1 2

=
M 24
1 + 2M > = 0 ; 1 2M > = 0
> 7 49 48
= 147. Find the separate equation of the lines
M 8
> 71 M 4> = 0
represented by
=
M 8
8> = M7 1
Solution:-
8> = M7 + 1 ; 8> = M7 1

M 4> = 0 M 2> = 0
8> = 8M ; 8> = 6M
M + 2>M 2> = 0
M > = 0 ; 3M 4> = 0 M + 2> = 0 ; M 2> = 0
146. Find the separate equation of the lines

5M 3> = 0
represented by
M + 2M> > = 0
represented by
Solution:-
Solution:-
5M 3> = 0 5M 3> = 0

M + 2M> > = 0

5M + 3>5M 3> = 0
Divided both sides byM 5M + 3> = 0 ; 5M 3> = 0
M> >
1+2 =0
3M 7M> = 0
represented by
M M
> >
H. -. 2 1 = 0
M M Solution:-
>
.H[ H[ . .
3M 7M> = 0 M3M + 7> = 0

M
> 2 2 4 1 1 M = 0 ; 3M + 7> = 0

=
M 21 150. Find the separate equation of the lines
5M 3> = 0
represented by
> 2 4 + 4
=
M 2
> 2 8 > 2 22
Solution:-
= =
M 2 M 2 The given homogeneous equation is

107
5M 3> = 0 5M 3> = 0
M> >
2+2 =0
5M 3>5M 3> = 0
M M
5M 3> = 0 ; 5M 3> = 0 > >

H. -. 2 2 = 0
151. Find the separate equation of the lines M M
>
6M 5M> 6> = 0
represented by
.H[ H[ . .
M
Solution:- > 2 2 4 1 2

=
M 21
6M 5M> 6> = 0
> 2 12 > 2 23
= =
M 2 M 2
Divided both sides byM >
= 1 3
M
M> >
65 6 =0
M M > = M1 3
> > > = M1 + 3 ; > = M1 3

H. -. 6 + 5 6 = 0
M M
> 1 + 3M > = 0 ; 1 3M > = 0
.H[ H[ . .
M
Theorem:-
> 5 5 4 6 6
=
M 26
Show that the acute angle between the pair of lines
represented by M + 2M> + > = 0 is given by
> 5 25 + 144 ;
= . 2 = . Obtain the condition that the
M 26 K
lines are
> 5 13
=
M 12 i. Perpendicular to each other
ii. Coincident.
12> = M5 13
12> = M5 + 13 ; 12> = M5 13

Proof:-
12> = 8M ; 12> = 18M

M 2M> > = 0 1
2M 3> = 0 ; 3M + 2> = 0
Let > = M be the equation of one of the line
represented by equation I
2M 2M> > = 0 M 2MM M = 0
represented by
Solution:- M 2M M = 0
HH
-
G. [H
-[ > M
2M 2M> > = 0 2 = 0
Divided both sides byM 2 = 0

108
This is a quadratic equation in m it has two roots say m1 H. -. = 0

and m2 153. Find the measure of the acute angle between
2
[X GI iGG.[ = = 3M 43M> 3> = 0
the lines represented by

=iG
XE. GI iGG.[ = . =

Solution:-
2 - .- EX.- ,- -.-- .- ,H -[represented

by the equation 1 3M 43M> 3> = 0
EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0

. 2 =
1 .
= 3 , 2 = 43 , = 3
= 4 .
= 3 , = 23 , = 3
2

= 4 2

. 2 =

4 4
=

223 3 3

4 . 2 =
= 33

2 212 9
= . 2 =
6
2
3
. 2 = . 2 =
1 3

1
. 2 =
2 3
. 2 =
1
2 = . =
3 6
2
. 2 =

154. Find the measure of the acute angle between
2M 7M> 3> = 0
the lines represented by
. = 1
(I) If the lines are perpendicular to each other then

= 1 ; =
Solution:-

=0
H. -. EG-II. GI M EG-II. GI > = 0 2M 7M> 3> = 0
EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0

=
(II) If the lines are coincident or parallel
= 0 = 2 , 2 = 7 , = 3
2
=0

109
7
= 2 , = , = 3 . 2 = .
2 2

2 2 = . O. P =
. 2 = 2 2

156. Find the acute angle between the lines
7 M 4M> + > = 0
2 2 2 3
. 2 =
23 Solution:-
49
2 4 6
M 4M> > = 0
. 2 =
5
EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0
249 24 = 1 , 2 = 4 , = 1
. 2 = 2
5 = 1 , = 2 , = 1
2
25 . 2 =
. 2 =
5
22 1 1
. 2 = |1| . 2 =
11

2 = . 1 =
4 24 1
. 2 =
2
. 2 = 3
M + 2M>EG[-E + > = 0
represented by

2 = . 3 2 = . . =
Solution:- 3 3

3M + 2M> > = 0
M + 2M>EG[-E + > = 0

EG=iH H. M + 2M> + > = 0

Solution:-
= 1, 2 = 2EG[-E, = 1
3M 2M> > = 0
= 1 , = EG[-E , = 1
EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0
2EG[-E 1
. 2 = = 3 , 2 = 2 , = 1
2
= 3 , = 1 , = 1
. 2 = LEG. L
2
. 2 = |EG. | . 2 =

. 2 = EG.
110
21 3 1 = 3 , 2 = 4 , = 3
. 2 =
31
= 3 , = 2 , = 3
24 2
. 2 = . 2 =
2
. 2 = |2|
22 3 3
. 2 =
2 = . 2 33
158. Find the acute angle between the lines 213

. 2 =
2M 6M> + > = 0 0
Solution:- . 2 = ||

2 = . 2 = . .
2
2M 6M> + > = 0

2=
EG=iH H. M + 2M> + > = 0
2
= 2 , 2 = 6 , = 1
M 2M> > = 0is equal to the acute angle
160. Show that , if the acute angle between the lines
= 2 , = 3 , = 1 between the lines 4M 24M> 9> = 0
2 .- 169 = 108
. 2 =
+
23 2 1
Solution:-
. 2 =
2+1
The given homogeneous equations are
M 2M> > = 0 1
29 2
. 2 = 4M 24M> 9> = 0 2
3
,-. 2
2 i- .- angles between the lines
27
. 2 =
3
represented by 1 and 2 then
2 = 2
27
2 = .
3 . 2 = . 2
159. Find the acute angle between the lines 2 212 4 9

3M + 4M> 3> = 0 =
49

2 2144 36
=
Solution:-
The given homogeneous equation is 13
3M 4M> 3> = 0 2 2108

=
13
EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0
[YXiH G. [H
-[
111
4 4 108
=
169 3M M> > = 0 differ by 4
162. Find k, if the slopes of the lines given by
108
=
169
Solution:-
169 = 108

3M M> > = 0
M 2M> > = 0is equal to the acute angle EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0
161. Show that , if the acute angle between the lines
between the lines 2M 5M> 3> = 0 = 3 , 2 = , = 1

.- 100 =
= 3, = , = 1
2

Solution:-
2 2
= = 2
1
The given homogeneous equations are
M 2M> > = 0 1
=
2M 5M> 3> = 0 2

= = 3
,-. 2
2 i- .- angles between the lines
represented by 1 and 2 then = 4
2 = 2 [YXiH G. [H
-[
. 2 = . 2 = 16
25 4 = 16
2 2 4 6
=
5 43 = 16
12 = 16
25 24
2 2 4
= 4 = 2
=
5
M 5M> > = 0 differ by 1

163. Find k if the slope of the line given by
1
2 22
=
5
Solution:-
M 5M> > = 0
2 1
= EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0
5
= , 2 = 5 , = 1
[YXiH G. [H
-[
5
4 1 = , = , = 1
= 2
25
5
2 22
100 = = =
1
112
= 5 3M + M> + 2> = 0

= =
1
Solution:-
= 1
3M + M> + 2> = 0
[YXiH G. [H
-[
EG=iH H. M + 2M> + > = 0
= 1
= 3, 2 = , = 2
4 = 1

25 4 = 1 = 3, = , = 2
2
25 1 = 4 4 = 24 = 6 .- -YX.HG GI H- ,H - H[ 2M + > = 0
[,G=- GI ,H - = = 2
6M M> > = 0 H[ 2M > = 0
164. Find the value of k, if one of the line given by
2
+ =
=
Solution:-

22 3
+ =
=
6M M> > = 0 2 2
3
EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0 + =
=
2 2
= 6, 2 = , = 1 = 2
3
= 6, = , = 1 2 + =
2 =
2 2 2
.- -YX.HG GI H- ,H - H[ 2M > = 0 3
= + 2
=
2 4
[,G=- GI ,H - = = 2
3 3 11
2 = +2 = +2, =
=
= 4 2 2 4 2 4

11
=
2

=
;

=6
=
=6
3M M> 5> = 0is perpendicular to the line
166. Find k if one of the line given by
= 2 5M 3> = 0
2 =
2 =6 Solution:-
= 2
= 3 The given homogeneous equation is
3 = 2 , = 5 3M M> 5> = 0 1
165. Find the value of k if 2M > = 0 is one of the EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0
line given by

113
= 3, 2 = , = 5 We know that

= 3, = , = 5 2 2
2 = 0= 2
1
.- -YX.HG GI H- ,H - H[
=0
5 M 3> = 0 2
5 2M M> 3> = 0 is equal to their product

168. Find k if the sum of the slope of the line given by
[,G=- GI ,H - =
3
The line 2 is perpendicular to the line represented

Solution:-
by 1 having slope m1 The given homogeneous equation is
1 3 2M M> 3> = 0
= =
5/3 5
2
Comparing with
=
= M 2M> > = 0

= 2 , 2 = , = 3
3 2 2 3 3
=
=
5 5 5 5
= 2, = , = 3
2
3
=
= 1
5 5 We know that
3 2
1= =
=
5 5
8
=
5 5 =
It is given that
=8

2 22 2
= = = 2
3 3
167. Find the value of k if the sum of the slope of the
3M M> > = 0is zero

line given by
is given by 3M 4M> > = 0 is three times
169. Find the value of k If the slope of one of the lines
Solution:- the other
The given homogeneous equation is Solution:-
3M M> > = 0 The given homogeneous equation is
Comparing with 3M 4M> > = 0
M 2M> > = 0 Comparing with
= 3 , 2 = , = 1 M 2M> > = 0
= 3 , 2 = 4, =
= 3, = , = 1
2
= 3, = 2 , =

114
We know that M M> 3> = 0
2 EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0

=
=

= 1 , 2 = , = 3
= 3 H-

2 2 3 = 1, = , = 3
3 =
3 = 2

4 3 2 2
1 = = 2
4 =
3 = = 3

16 1 1 1
16 = = 1 =
=
3
=1
1
= =
3M 4M> > = 0 is 1 3
170. Find k if slope of one of the line given by
Solution:- = 2 H-
2
= = 2
3 3
3M 4M> > = 0
M 4M> > = 0 exceeds the slope of the

172. Find k if slope of one of the line given by
Comparing with
M 2M> > = 0
other by 8
= 3 , 2 = 4, =
Solution:-
M 4M> > = 0
= 3, = 2 , =
EG=iH H. M 2M> > = 0
= , 2 = 4 , = 1
We know that
2
=
=
= , = 2 , = 1
= 1 H- = 8 H-
2 2 3 2 22
1 =
1 = 8 = =
1
4 3 8 2 = 4 2 = 4 = 2
1 =
=

3 4 4 3 1
1 = 1= 1= =

=1

8 + = 8 22 =
1
represented by M M> 3> = 0 is twice
171. Find k if sum of the slope of the lines
their product = 12 = 12
Solution:-

115
8
= 2 8 = 2 = 4
M 2M> > = 0is three times the other
5 5
173. If the slope of one of the lines given by
prove that 3 = 4 PROBLEM ON TO FIND THE JOINT EQUATION OR

Solution:- COMBINE EQUATION
Let
be the slope of the lines given by
2M > = 0
3M 5> = 0
175. Find the joint equation of the pair of lines
M 2M> > = 0 Then
2
Solution:-
=
=
The required joint equation is
= 3 2M >3M 5> = 0
2 2M3M 5> >3M 5> = 0

3 =
3 =

6M 10M> 3M> 5> = 0
2
4 =
3 = = 6M 7M> 5> = 0
3
4 4
16 = 16 =
3 M 2> 1 = 0

2M 3> 2 = 0
4
= 3 = 4
3
Solution:-
M 8M> 5> = 0 is twice there product

M 2> 12M 3> 2 = 0
174. Find a if the sum of slope of lines represented by
M2M 3> 2 2>2M 3> 2

12M 3> 2 = 0
Solution:-
Let
2M 3M> 2M 4M> 6> 4> 2M 3> 2 = 0
M 8M> 5> = 0
2M M> 6> 7> 2 = 0
passing through 2 , 3 and parallel to the co-

Comparing with 177. Find the joint equation of the pair of lines
M 2`M> ]> = 0
= , 2` = 8 , ] = 5
ordinate axes
= , ` = 4 , ] = 5
Solution:-
2`
Since the lines are parallel to the co-ordinate axes
=
=
] ]
then their equations are
> = 3
M = 2 M 2 = 0
> 3 = 0
24
=
=
5 5
8
=
= M 2> 3 = 0
5 5
M> 3M 2> + 6 = 0
= 2 H-

116
line M 3> 1 = 0 and other is perpendicular to

through the point 2 , 3 and perpendicular to the the line2M 3> 1 = 0
178. Find the joint equation of the line passing
3M 2> 1 = 0andM 3> 2 = 0

line
Solution:-
Let
be the slope of the lines one is parallel to
M 3> 1 = 0 and other is perpendicular to the
Solution:-
Let
be the slope of the two lines line 2M 3>= 0
perpendicular to 3M 2> 1 = 0 and M 3> 2 =
0 = [,G=- GI ,H - M 3> 1 = 0
1 1
= =
[,G=- GI ,H - 3M 2> 1 = 0 3
1
1 2 =
= = [,G=- GI ,H - 2M 3> 1 = 0
3 3
2
1 3
= =
1 2 2
= 3
[,G=- GI ,H - M 3> + 2 = 0
1
= = 3
Use the formula
1 > > = M M
3
the point 1 , 2 and having slope = and

Use the formula The equation of line first and second line passing through
> > = M M
= is

1 3
the point 2 , 3 and having slope = and > 2 = M + 1
> 2 = M + 1

The equation of line first and second line passing through
3 2
= 3 is
3> 6 = M 1
2> 4 = 3M 3
2
> 3 = M 2
> 3 = 3M 2 M + 3> 5 = 0
3M + 2> 1 = 0
3
3> 9 = 2M 4
> 3 = 3M + 6 The required joint equation is
2M 3> + 5 = 0
3M + > 9 = 0 M + 3> 53M + 2> 1 = 0
M3M + 2> 1 + 3>3M + 2> 1

53M + 2> 1 = 0
2M 3> + 53M + > 9 = 0

3M + 2M> M + 9M> + 6> 3> 15M 10>
6M + 2M> 18M 9M> 3> + 27> + 15M + 5>

+5=0
45 = 0
3M + 11M> + 6> 16M 13> + 5 = 0
6M 7M> 3> 3M + 32> 45 = 0

through the point 1 , 2 and parallel to the

179. Find the joint equation of the line passing
lines represented by 5M 8M> 3> = 0
through the origin which are perpendicular to the

117
8 5
M M> > = 0
3 3
Solution:-
Let
3M 8M> 5> = 0
5M 8M> 3> = 0 .1


Comparing with through the origin which are perpendicular to the
M 2M> > = 0
= 5 , 2 = 8 , = 3
Solution:-
Let
= 5 , = 4 , = 3
5M 2M> 3> = 0 .1
We know that
2
=
=
Comparing with
M 2M> > = 0
24
= = 5 , 2 = 2 , = 3
3
8 = 5 , = 1 , = 3
= 2
3
5
We know that
= 3 2
3 =
=

21
=
The slope of the lines perpendicular to equation 1 is
1 1 3

2
= 2
3
5
They passing through the origin their equations are
1 1 = 3
>= M
> = M 3

> = M
> = M
1 1
M > = 0
M > = 0

Their joint or combine equation is They passing through the origin their equations are
M >M > = 0 1 1
>= M
> = M

MM > >M > = 0
> = M
> = M
M M> M> > = 0
M > = 0
M > = 0
M M> > = 0
Their joint or combine equation is
M >M > = 0
Use equation 2 and 3

118
MM > >M > = 0 > = M

> = M
M M> M> > = 0 M > = 0

M > = 0
M M> > = 0 Their joint or combine equation is
Use equation 2 and 3 M >M > = 0
2 5 MM > >M > = 0

M M> > = 0
3 3
M M> M> > = 0
3M 2M> 5> = 0

M M> > = 0
lines represented by M 4M> 5> = 0

through the origin which are perpendicular to the Use equation 2 and 3
4 1
M M> > = 0
5 5
5M 4M> > = 0
Solution:-
Let
M 4M> 5> = 0 .1

Comparing with
M 2M> > = 0 Solution:-
= 1 , 2 = 4 , = 5 Let
= 1 , = 2 , = 5 2M 3M> 9> = 0 .1
We know that Comparing with
2 M 2M> > = 0
=
=

= 2 , 2 = 3 , = 9
22
= 3
5 = 2 , = , = 9
2
4
= 2
5 We know that
1 2
= 3 =
=
5
3
2 2
=
1 1 9

1
= 2
3
2
1 1 = 3
>= M
> = M 9


119
2
=
=

1 1

1
2
= 2
1
= 1 2
1 1
>= M
> = M
= 1 3
> = M
> = M The slope of the lines perpendicular to equation 1 is
M > = 0
M > = 0 1 1

M >M > = 0
1 1
MM > >M > = 0 >= M
> = M

M M> M> > = 0
> = M
> = M
M M> > = 0

M > = 0
M > = 0
1 2
M M> > = 0 M >M > = 0

3 9
9M 3M> 2 MM > >M > = 0

> =0
9 9 9 M M> M> > = 0
9M 3M> 2> = 0
M M> > = 0
lines represented by M M> > = 0 M M> > = 0

Solution:- 185. Find the joint equation of the pair of lines
Let
lines represented by M 2M> > = 0
M M> > = 0 .1
Solution:-
Let
Comparing with
M 2M> > = 0

M 2M> > = 0 .1
= 1 , 2 = 1 , = 1 2
=
=
1
= 1 , = , = 1
2 The slope of the lines perpendicular to equation 1 is
We know that

120
1 1

[,G=- GI ,H - ] . 30
2
They passing through the origin their equations are [,G=- GI ,H - ] EG. 30 3
1 1
>= M
> M

The equation of line OA and OB is
> 3M ; > 3M

> M
> M
3M > 0 ; 3
3M > 0
=0
M > 0
M >
The joint equation of line OA and OB is
3M >3M > 0
M >M >
> 0
3M > 0
MM > >M > 0
M M> M> > 0

with the line 3M > 6 0.

through the origin and making an angles /6
M M> > 0
2
M M> > 0

Solution:-
M 2M> > 0
Let OA and OB be two lines passing through the
origin makes an angle of /6 with the line
186. Find the joint equation of the pair of lines 3M > 6 0
[,G=- GI ,H - 3

with the line > = 3
through origin making an n equilateral triangle
Let slope OA or OB is m
Solution :-
.- -YX.HG GI Gi ] H[ >
M 1
We know that

. 2
1

2 , ,
3
6
3
.
The line OA and OB passing through the origin form
6 1 3
an equilateral triangle with line y=3
1 3

The inclination of line OA is 600
3 1 3
[,G=- GI ,H - . 60 3
[YXiH G. [H
-[
[H
-[
The inclination of the line OB is 1200
1 3
[,G=- GI ,H - ] . 120^
3 1 3

121
1 3 = 3 3 1 2 3
=
3 2 3
1 6 9 = 3 6 9
[YXiH G. [H
-[
1 6 9 = 3 18 27
1 2 3
6 24 26 = 0
=
3 2 3
>
IiG -YX.HG 1 = 2 3 = 32 3
M
4 12 9 = 34 12 9
> 24>
6 26 = 0
M M 4 12 9 = 12 36 27
6> 24M> 26M = 0
3 48 23 = 0

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > 2 >
IiG -YX.HG 1 =
M
3> 12M> 13M = 0
> 48>
13M 12M> 3> = 0
3 23 = 0
M M
3> 48M> 23M = 0

through the origin and making an angles 30^
with the line 3M 2> 11 = 0. 23M 48M> 3> = 0
189. Show that the lines M 4M> > = 0 and the

line M > = 10 form an equilateral triangle find
Solution:-
Let OA and OB be two lines passing through the its area

origin makes an angle of /6 with the line
3M 2> 11 = 0
Solution:-
3
[,G=- GI ,H - =
2 M 4M> > = 0
Let slope OA or OB is m
HH
-
G. [H
-[ > M
.- -YX.HG GI Gi ] H[ > > >

= M 1 14 =0
M M
> >
4 1 = 0
M M
We know that

. 2 =
1 4E
M=
2
3
2 = 30^ , = , =
2 > 4 16 4 1 1
=
3 M 21
2
. 30 =
^
> 4 16 4
3
1 2 =
M 2

122
> 4 12 4 23 33 1
= = . 2 = = 3
M 2 2 3 1
>
= 2 3 . 2 = 3
M
2 = 60^
> = 2 3M ; > = 2 3M
The two angles of triangle are 600
2 3M > = 0 ; 2 3M > = 0
M 4M> > = 0and the line M > = 10 form
[,G=- GI ,H -[ = 2 3 an equilateral triangle
= 2 3 To find area of equilateral triangle
1
-YXH,.-i, .iH ,- = =
3
The slope of given equation of line
M > = 10is
= 1
Where p is a perpendicular distance from origin to
M > = 10
the line

Let 1 be the angle between the lines having slope
1 0 0 10
-YXH,.-i, .iH ,- = Q R
3 2
. 2 =
1
1 100
-YXH,.-i, .iH ,- =
2 3 1 3 2
. 2 = 50
1 2 31 = [Y. X H.
3
3 3
. 2 = 190. Show that the lines M 4M> > = 0 and the
1 3
line M > = 6 form an equilateral triangle find
31 3
. 2 = = 3
its area
1 3 Solution:-
. 2 = 3 The given homogeneous equation is
2 = 60^ M 4M> > = 0

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > M
and
Let 2 be the angle between the lines having slopes
> >
14 =0
. 2 = M M
1
> >
4 1 = 0
2 3 1 M M
. 2 =
1 2 31
4E
M=
3 3 2
. 2 =
1 3 > 4 16 4 1 1
=
M 21
123
> 4 16 4 3 3
= . 2 =
M 2 1 3
> 4 12 4 23 33 1
= = . 2 = = 3
M 2 2 3 1
>
= 2 3 . 2 = 3
M
> = 2 3M ; > = 2 3M 2 = 60^
The two angles of triangle are 600

2 3M > = 0 ; 2 3M > = 0
M 4M> > = 0and the line M > = 6 form
[,G=- GI ,H -[ = 2 3
= 2 3
an equilateral triangle
To find area of equilateral triangle
1
-YXH,.-i, .iH ,- = =
The slope of given equation of line
M > = 10is 3
= 1
Where p is a perpendicular distance from origin to
M > = 10
the line

Let 1 be the angle between the lines having slope

1
0 0 6
-YXH,.-i, .iH ,- = U V
. 2 = 3 2
1
1 6
2 3 1 -YXH,.-i, .iH ,- =
. 2 = 3 2
1 2 31 3
= [Y. X H.
3
3 3
. 2 =
1 3 -YXH,.-i, .iH ,- = 3 [Y. X H.
31 3
. 2 = = 3
1 3
with the line M = 3

through origin making an equilateral triangle
. 2 = 3
2 = 60 ^
Solution:-
an equilateral triangle with the line M = 3

The line OA and OB passing through the origin form
and
Let 2 be the angle between the lines having slopes
.- H E,H .HG GI ,H - H[ 30^

. 2 =
1
2 3 1
. 2 =
1 2 31

124
Since the line given by M 2M> > 0 form an

equilateral triangle with the line ,M > 1

2
3
2
.
3
1 2
[,G=- GI = . 30^ 3
3
1 [YXiH G. [H
-[
[H
-[
.-
-YX.HG GI ,H -
H[ > M
3

2
3> M ; M 3
3> 0 3

3 4

The line OB makes an angle of 1500
[,G=- GI ] = . 150^
3 2 4
4 4

[,G=- GI ] . 60^ 3 6 3 4
4 4
2
1 3 10 3 4
[,G=- GI ] EG. 60 ^
3
3 9 3
4
3
3 3 3 4
The equation of line OB is
1
> M ; 3> M 33 4
4 0
3
M 3> 0
GENERAL EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E 0

The equation
The joint equation of line OA and OB is
M 3>M 3> 0

Represented a pair of lines if
M 3> 0 I 0
I E
If the line given by M 2M>
M> > 0 form
an equilateral triangle with the line ,M > 1
192. 193. Show that the equation
then show that 3 3 4 0 3M 8M> 5> 2M 4> 1 0represent pairs of
lines . Find the angle between them
Solution:-
Solution:-
equation M 2M> > 0 then

if is the angle between the lines represented by the
2 3M 8M> 5> 2M 4> 1 0 1

. 2

Comparing with

125
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0 = 2, 2 = 1, = 1, 2 = 1, 2I = 4 E = 3
= 3, 2 = 8, = 5, 2 = 2, 2I = 4 E = 1 1 1
= 2, = , = 1, = , I = 2, E = 3
2 2
= 3, = 4, = 5, = 1, I = 2, E = 1
To show that equation 1 represented pair of lines

To show that equation 1 represented pair of lines
H. -. .G [G .. I = 0
H. -. .G [G .. I = 0 I E
I E
<. `. a. = I
<. `. a. = I I E
I E 1 1
3 4 1 2
2 2
<. `. a. = 4 5 2 1
1 2 1 <. `. a. = 1 2
5 2 4 2 4 5 2
<. `. a. = 3 L L 4L L 1L L 1
2 1 1 1 1 2 2 3
2
<. `. a. = 35 4 44 2 18 5 1 1
<. `. a. = 27 24 3 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
<. `. a. = 27 27 = 0 <. `. a. = 2 L L
2 3 2 1 2 1
<. `. a. = . `. a. 3 2
2 2
YX.HG 1 i-=i-[- . =Hi GI ,H -[ 1 3 1 1
<. `. a. = 23 4 1 1
2 2 2 2
5 3
2 <. `. a. = 2
To find the angle
. 2 = 4 4

<. `. a. = 2 2 = 0
24 3 5 <. `. a. = . `. a.
. 2 =
35 YX.HG 1 i-=i-[- . =Hi GI ,H -[
216 15
. 2 = 2
8
To find the angle
. 2 =
1 1
. 2 = =
4 4 1
1 22 21
2 = . . 2 =
4 21
. 2 = |3|
194. Show that the equation
2M M> > M 4> 3 = 0represent pairs of 2 = . 3
12M 2M> 2> 11M 5> 2 = 0

lines . Find the angle between them 195. Find the value of k if the equation
Solution:-
aG,X.HG : The given equation is

represent pairs of lines
2M M> > M 4> 3 = 0 1 12M 2M> 2> 11M 5> 2

= 01
Comparing with
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0

Comparing with
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0

126
= 12, 2 = 2, = 2, 2 = 11, 2I = 5, = 2, 2 = 1, = 3, 2 = 4, 2I = ,
E=2 E = 6
11 5 1
= 12, = , = 2, = ,I = ,E = 2 = 2, = , = 3, = 2, I = , E = 6
2 2 2 2
the equation 1 represented pair of lines The equation 1 represented pair of lines

I = 0 I = 0
I E I E
11 1
12 2 2
2 2
5 1
2 =0 3 =0
2 2 2
11 5
2 2 6
2 2 2
5 5 1
2 2 3 1 3
12 2 2 11 11 5 2 2 1 2
5 11 2 2 2 2 2
=0
2 2 2 2 6 2 6 2
2 2 2 2
=0 1
2 18 3 2 6 = 0
25 55 11 2 4 2 4
12 4 2 11 5
3
4 4 2

2 2 36 12 = 0
=0 2 2 2 2
2 99 = 0

9 8 55 11 5
12 11 = 0 11 9 = 0
4 4 2 2
108 8 55 55 242 = 0 11 = 0 Gi 9 = 0
= 11 Gi = 9
8 110 350 = 0

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > 2 1
= 23

4 55 175 = 0 2
1 25
4 20 35 175 = 0 = 6= 0
4 4
4 5 35 5 = 0 G ,H -[ i- G. =i,,-,
4 35 5 = 0
<H -[ i- H .-i[-E.H
4 35 = 0 ; 5 = 0
35
= Gi = 5 2M 4M> => 4M Y> 1 = 0represents a
197. Find p and q, if the equation
4
pair of lines perpendicular to each other
2M M> 3> 4M > 6 = 0 represents pair
196. Find the value of k if the equation
Solution:-
2M 4M> => 4M Y> 1 = 0 1

of lines. Further find whether these lines are
aG,X.HG : -
parallel or intersecting
The given equation is ,H -[ i-=i-[- .[ > -YX.HG 1 i- perpendicular
2M M> 3> 4M > 6 = 0 1

to each other
EG-II. GI M EG-II. GI > = 0
2 = = 0 ; = = 2
Comparing with
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0

127
Comparing with = =, 2 = 8, = 3, 2 = 14, 2I = 2, E=Y
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0 = 3, = 4, = 3, = 7, I = 1, E = Y
= 2, 2 = 4, = =, 2 = 4, 2I = Y, The equation 1 represented pair of lines

E=1

Y I = 0
= 2, = 2, = 2, = 2, I = , E = 1
2 I E
3 4 7
The equation 1 represented pair of lines
4 3 1 = 0
7 1 Y

3 1 4 1 4 3
I = 0 3 4 7L L=0
1 Y 7 Y 7 1
I E
33Y 1 44Y 7 74 21 = 0
2 2 2
Y 9Y 3 16Y 28 175 = 0
2 2 2 = 0 25Y 200 = 0
Y 25Y = 200
2 1
2 Y = 8
Y
2 Y 2 2
2 Y 2 2 2 2 2 2 Y = 0 2M 4M> => 4M 8> Y = 0represents a pair

1 2 1 2
2
Y
of lines perpendicular to each other
2 2 22 Y 2Y 4 = 0
4
Solution:-
Y
4 4 2Y 2Y 8 = 0 2M 4M> => 4M 8> Y = 0 1

2
Y
4Y = 0 ,H -[ i-=i-[- .[ > -YX.HG 1 i- perpendicular to
2
YY 8 = 0
each other
Y = 0 ; Y 8 = 0 EG-II. GI M EG-II. GI > = 0
Y = 0 ; Y = 8
2 = = 0 ; = = 2
=M 8M> 3> 14M 2> Y = 0represents a pair

Comparing with
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0

of lines perpendicular to each other
Solution:-
= 2, 2 = 4, = =, 2 = 4, 2I = 8, E=Y
=M 8M> 3> 14M 2> Y = 0 1

= 2, = 2, = 2, = 2, I = 4, E = Y
,H -[ i-=i-[- .[ > -YX.HG 1 i- perpendicular
to each other The equation 1 represented pair of lines
EG-II. GI M EG-II. GI > = 0

I = 0
= 3 = 0 ; = = 3 I E
2 2 2
2 2 4 = 0
2 4 Y
Comparing with
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0 2 4 2 4 2 2

2 2 2L L=0
4 Y 2 Y 2 4
128
22Y 16 22Y 8 28 4 = 0

4Y 32 4Y 16 24 = 0
Solution: -
8Y 8 = 0
8Y = 8 ; Y = 1 2M 3M> 2> 5M 5> 3 = 0 1
=M 12M> 9> 16M Y> 7 = 0represents

Comparing with
a pair of lines parallel to each other M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0
= 2, 2 = 3, = 2, 2 = 5, 2I = 5,
Solution:-
E = 3
=M 12M> 9> 16M Y> 7

3 5 5
= 01 = 2, = , = 2, = , I = , E = 3
2 2 2
Theequation 1 represented pair of lines

Comparing with
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0

= =, 2 = 12, = 9, 2 = 16, 2I = Y, I = 0
I E
E=7

Y <. `. a. = I
= =, = 6, = 9, = 8, I = ,E = 7
2 I E
3 5
The equation 1 represented pair of parallel lines 2
3 2 2
= 0 ; 6 9= = 0 5
<. `. a. = 2
2 2
36 = 9= ; = = 4 5 5
3
2 2
5 3 5
2 3
I = 0
<. `. a. = 2 2 2 2
I E 5 2 5
3 3
4 6 8 2 2
Y 3
6 9 2 = 0 5 2 2
Y
8 7 2 5 5
2
2 2
Y 25 3 9 25
9 Y 6 9 <. `. a. = 2 6
4 Y 2 6 6 2 8 8 Y = 0 4 2 2 4
7 8 7 2 5 15
2 5
Y 2 4
4 63 642 4Y 83Y 72 1 21 25
4 <. `. a. =
2 8 8
=0 1 4 1 1
252 Y 252 24Y 24Y 576 = 0 <. `. a. = = = 0
2 8 2 2
Y 48Y 576 = 0
Y 48Y 576 = 0
Equation 1represent the pair of lines
Y 24 = 0 ; Y = 24
To show that the lines are perpendicular to each
other
2M 3M>2> 5M 5> 3 = 0represents a EG-II. GI M EG-II. GI > = 0

201. Show that the equation
pair of lines perpendicular to each other <. `. a. = EG-II. GI M EG-II. GI >

129
<. `. a. = 2 2 = 0 = 0 , 2 = , = 0 , 2 = 10, 2I = 6, E = 4
<. `. a. = . `. a.
= 0 , = , = 0 , = 5, I = 3, E = 4
2
he equation 1 represent pair of perpendicular lines.
202. Find the value of k if the equation 3M

Since equation 1 represent pair of lines if
10M> 3> 16> = 0 represent pair of

I = 0
I E
lines

0 5
Solution:-
2 =0
0 3
3M 10M> 3> 16> = 0 1 2

5 3 4
3 5

0 = 0
0 2
Comparing with
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0 2 2

5 4 5 3
= 3 , 2 = 10 , = 3 , 2 = 0, 2I = 16, E = 3
2 15 5 0 = 0
= 3 , = 5 , = 3 , = 0, I = 8, E = 2 2
15 15
= 0 + 15 = 0
2 2
15 = 0
I = 0
I E = 0
15= 0
3 5 0 = 0
= 15
5 3 8 = 0
0 8 X. 0 = 15
3 8 5 8 5 3 204. Find the value of k if the equation M 3M>
3L L 5L L 0L L=0
8 0 0 8
2> M > = 0 represent pair of lines
33 64 55 0 0 = 0
9 192 25 = 0 16 = 192
Solution:-
192
= = 12
16 M 3M> 2> M > = 0 1
203. Find the value of k if the equation M> 10M

6> 4 = 0
Comparing with
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0
= 1 , 2 = 3 , = 2 , 2 = 1, 2I = 1, E =
Solution:-
3 1 1
= 1 , = , = 2 , = , I = , E =
M> 10M 6> 4 = 0 1 2 2 2
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E = 0 Since equation 1 represent pair of lines if

130
Y
2 4
I = 0 2
4 8 1 0
I E Y
1 15
3 1 2
1
2 2 4 1 Y Y4 8
3 1 8 1
2L L 4 Y 15
1 0
2 0 1 15
2 2 2
2 2
1 1
Y Y
2 2 60 4 4Y 0
2120 1 4 60
2 2
1 3 1 3
2 3 1 2 242 240 2Y 2Y
2 2Y 0
1 2 2 2 2 0
1 2 1 2 1 1
2 4Y 2Y 0 2Y 2Y 1 0
2 2 2 2
1 3 3 1 1 3 Y 2Y 1 0 Y 1 0
2 1
1 0
4 2 2 4 2 4 Y1
1 9 3 3 1
2 0 ] is formed by the lines
4 4 8 8 2
206.
12 12 M 4M> > 0and

0 6 line ABis 2M 3> 1 0. Find the equation of the
and the line AB. The equation of the
4 8 4 8
median of the triangle drawn from the origin
2M 8M> => YM 2> 15 0represents a

205. Find p and q if the equation
Solution:-
pair of parallel lines
Solution:-
2M 8M> => YM 2> 15 0 .1
Comparing with
M 2M> > 2M 2I> E 0 AB be the given line
2 , 2 8 , = , 2 Y, 2I 2, E 15 Let M , > and ] M , >

Y
2 , 4 , = , ,I 1
1, E 15 OP is the median of ]
]
2
Equation 1 represents pair of parallel lines then

Point P is the midpoint of line AB
16 2= = 8
By mid point formula
M M > >
,
2 2

I 0
To find the co-ordinate of point P
I E The given homogeneous equation is

131
M 4M> > = 0 . .1 M + M > + > 8 7

, ,
2 2 37 37
Given equation of line is
2M 3> 1 = 0 3> = 1 2M
The required equation of the median of triangle
drawn from the origin is
1 2M
>= .2
3
Using two point form
> > > >
=
Put in equation 1 M M M M
1 2M 1 2M 7
M 4M + =0 > 0 37 0 > 7
3 3 = =
M0 8
0 M 8
4M 8M 1 4M + 4M 37
M + =0
3 9 8> = 7M 7M 8> = 0
9M 4M 8M 1 4M + 4M
3 + =0
9 9 9
**********************************************
9M 12M + 24M + 1 4M + 4M
=0
9
37M 16M + 1 = 0
This is a quadratic equation in M it has two roots say

M
M
Sum of roots =

VECTORS
16 16
SENCTON FORMLA FOR INTERNAL DIVISION
M + M = =
37 37
vectors a and b and C divides seg. AB internally
If A and B are two points having positions
K:

in the ratio m:n, then c = where c is the
M + M 1 16 M + M 8
K:
= =
2 2 37 2 37
position vector of the point C
Mco-ordinate of point = = _
K ; @ Proof:

Point P lie on the line 2

A C B
Point P satisfies equation of line 2
M + M
> + > 1 2 2 acb
>= =
2 3
8
1 2 37 21
>= >=
3 3 37
O
7
>=
Since point C divided segment AB internally in the
37
ratio m:n then

132
, | = |]
| |
=
,]
= ]

, = ,]

]
- G==G[H.-
Hi-E.HG
| = |]
| |
E = E
= ]

E = E

]
- [-
Hi-E.HG
E E =
E = E
E =
E = E

HH
-
G. [H
-[ >
E E =
E
=
E =

HH
-
G. [H
-[ >
E =

E
= H[ H[ [-E.HG IGiX, IGi -M.-i ,
HH[HG

E =

MID-POINT FORMULA
If a and b are position vector of points A and B, then
This is section formula for internal division
the position vector of the mid-point of C is
a + b
SENCTON FORMLA FOR EXTERNAL DIVISION
c =
2
vectors a and b and C divides seg. AB externally
If A and B are two points having positions
:
Proof: Since C is mid-point of segment AB then m=n

in the ratio m:n, then c = where c is the
:
+
E =
+
position vector of the point C
Proof: =X. =

E =
A B C

E =
2

E =
O
Since point C divided segment AB externally in the 2

ratio m:n then This is mid- point formula
,
=
,]
CENTROID FORMULA
, = ,]
133
If a , b and c are position vectors of vertices of let, ], E, = , Y

i are the
ABC then the position vector of the centroid G vertices of ]
.

K5
K
of the triangle is given by g =

i- E- .iGH
[ GI ]

Proof: ]> E- .iGH
IGiX,
Aa E

1
3
= Y i
2
Gg
= 2
3
1 ]
To prove that
= 3

Bb D d Cc
]
<. `. a =

Let , ]
E are the vertices of ]
<. `. a = = Y i E
Let
be the mid-point of side BC
<. `. a = = Y i E
By mid-point formula
E

= Y i = 3

2
E = 3

The centroid divided segment AD internally in
the ratio 2:1 then by section formula for internal <. `. a = 3
3

<. `. a = 3

division

2
1
=
<. `. a = 3
21
E L. H. S = R. H. S.
2 2 1
=
21 208. If D,E,F are the mid-points of the sides BC, CA,
E
and AB respectively of triangle ABC and if G is
=
3
= 0

the centroid of triangle ABC then prove that
let, ]
Eare the vertices of ].
This is centroid formula Solution:-
,
Eare mid-point of sides BC,CA
PROBLEM ON MID-POINT FORMULA AND
and AB of ]
CENTROID FORMULA
]> H
=GH . IGiX,

E E

, I =
207. If G1 and G2 are the centroids of the triangles
, - =
]

= 3

2 2 2
ABC and PQR then prove that
H[ .- E- .iGH
GI .iH ,- ] .-
E
Solution:-
= 1
3

134

To prove that = 0
210. Show that, If P, Q, R, S are the mid-point of the

<. `. a. =

sides of a quadrilateral ABCD. then prove that
<. `. a. =
- I
PQRS is a parallelogram by vector method.
Solution: let , ] , E

are the
<. `. a. = 3
- I vertices of YX
iH,.-i, ].
, , , a i- H
=GH . GI [H
- ], ],CD
E E
<. `. a. = 3
2 2 2
and DA.
2 2 2E
<. `. a. = 3
By using mid-point formula
2
=
= ,
2
2 E E E
<. `. a. = 3 Y = , i = , [
2 2 2

<. `. a. = 3 E =
2
IiG -YX.HG 1 E = 3
<. `. a. = 3 3 = 0
To show that PQRS is a parallelogram
<. `. a. = . `. a.
i.e. to show that the opposite side of parallelogram
are equal
, = ,a
,a = ,
the plane such that ] = 0 then

209. If A,B,C and D are four non-collinear points in
prove that the point D is the centroid of G =iG- .. , = ,a
= a
H. -. .G =iG- ..
the].
Solution:- Let , , E

i- .- position

= Y =
E

=
Vectors of the points A, B, C and D respectively
]
= 0
2 2
E E

E = 0
= =
2 2
3
E = 0 E

= 1
2
3
= E
= i [
a

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > 3
E

=
a
E 2 2

=
3
E

=
a
This is the centroid formula 2
H[ E- .iGH
GI ] E
=
a 2
2

135
From equation 1 and 2 We know that points Q, P and G are collinear then

PQ = SR

point G divides QP internally in the ratio 1:2by
section formula for internal division
lPQ = lSR 1= 2Y

similarly lPS = lQR 3
3 = = 2Y
PQRS is a parallelogram
To show that
= 3

<. `. a. =
211. If ABC is a triangle whose orthocenter is P and
PA
PB
PC
2PQ <. `. a. = = Y
the circumcentre is Q then prove that
<. `. a. = 3 2Y Y
<. `. a. = 3 3Y
letAa, Bb and Ccare the vertices of ABC. let
Solution:-
<. `. a. = 3 Y
p
and q are the position vector of the points P
<. `. a. = 3
and Q <. `. a. = . `. a.
We know that points Q, P and G are collinear then 213. Using vector method Prove that, a quadrilateral
point G divides QP internally in the ratio 1:2by is a rectangle if and only if the diagonals are
section formula for internal division congruent and bisect each other.
1= + 2Y
=
3
Solution:-
3 = = 2Y
Given:- a quadrilateral ABCD is a rectangle
To show that

] = 2 To prove that :- The diagonals AC and BC bisect each

<. `. a. = ] other
<. `. a. = = = E = YX
iH,.-i, ] H[ i-E. ,-
<. `. a. = E 3=
H[ E- .iGH
GI ]
E equal and parallel. Let , , E

are the
We know that the opposite sides of a rectangle are
, 3 = E
3
<. `. a. = 3 3=
position vectors of the points A, B,C and D
,] = ,
<. `. a. = = 2Y 3=
<. `. a. = 2Y 2= | = |
|] |
<. `. a. = 2Y =

<. `. a. = 2 =
]
<. `. a. = . `. a.
= E

= E
212. If P is orthocenter, Q is cicumcentre and G is

= 3
centroid of triangle ABC then prove that

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > 2
let, ]
Eare the vertices of ]. let
Solution:-

E
=

Y are the position vector of the points P = = - [>
2 2
and Q

136
From the above equation the diagonal AC and BD P
vector -.
have the same mid-point say E having position
r
-diagonal AC and BD bisect each other

H q
quadrilateral is a rectangle then it diagonal

Q R
bisect each other p S
Conversely: |
p = |QR
Given: The diagonals AC and BC bisect each other = i Y = 1 2 3 1 1 + 3

To prove that: a quadrilateral ABCD is a rectangle

= 3 , | = 9 = 3
|
The diagonals AC and BC bisect each other |

Y = |
H. -. .-
HG ,
] - .- [- H
= = i = 1 2 1 1 2 3

=GH .
= 4 ,
| = 16 = 4
|
E
= |
i = |
2 2
E =
= Y = = 1 1 3 1 2 1

E
= = 3 4 ,
| = 9 16 = 5
|

= ] h
31 2 1k 41 1 3k 51 2 3k
are parallel

] =
345
From the above equation
The opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel 12 12 24k

h =
and equal 12
- YX
iH,i-i, ] H[ i-E. ,-. = 2
214. Using vector method, find the incentre of a EG Gi
H .- GI ` 1, 1, 2
1, 2,1, 1,1, 3

1, 2, 3.
triangle whose vertices are
PROBLEM ON SECTION FORMULA FOR
Solution: Let = , Y
i are the position vectors of
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DIVISION
2
4 2 respectively. Find the
the points P,Q and R 215. The position vectors of the points P and Q are
= = 1 2 1
position vector i and co-ordinate of the point R
Y = 1 1 3 which divides the line segment PQ internally in
i = 1 2 3
the ratio 2:1
<-. ` - .- H E- .i- GI then

Solution:-
let=
Y are the position vectors of the points P
== YY ii

=Yi
and Q respectively

137
= = 2 , Y = 4 2 Let p
, q and r are the position vectors of the points
: = 2: 1
P,Q and R
= a + 2 1k
p
q = 5 + b + 2k
By using section formula for internal division
Y =
i =
r = 3 + + ck
2 4 2 1 2
i = let Oobe the centroid of triangle PQR.
21
By centroid formula
3 6 3
i =
3 p
+ q + r
o =
3
i = 2
1,2, 1
o
a + 2 1k + 5 + b + 2k + 3 + + ck
=
216. Find the co-ordinates of the point which divides
3
4, 2,5
]2,3,7 externally in the ratio
the line joining the points
a + 2 + 3 + b + 1 + ck
0 + 0 + 0k =
3
8:5
Solution: let
are the position vectors of the
0 + 0 + 0k
a+2 3+b
points A and B respectively
= +
= 4 2 5 , = 2 3 7 3 3
1+c
+ k
: = 8: 5 3
a+2 3+b 1+c
0= , 0= , 0=
3 3 3
Let point C divided segment AB externally in the ratio
8:5
a + 2 = 0 , 3 + b = 0 , 1+c=0
By using section formula for external division
a = 2 , b = 3 , c = 1
mb na
c =
mn
3,1,4
]4, 5, 3 and the centroid of
82 3 7k 54 2 5k
218. If two vertices of a triangle are
c = the triangle is at 1, 2, 1 then find the co-

85

36 34 31k
ordinate of the third vertex C of the triangle
c =
3 Solution:-
34 31 Let , ]
E are the vertices of ]
C 12 ,
3 3
To find the co-ordinate of the vertex C
,-. , , E
217. If the origin is the centroids of the triangle
Pa, 2, 1, Q5, b, 2 and R3,1, c find the

whose vertices are
= 3 + 1 + 4 , = 4 + 5 3
E = + + E , = + 2 +
values of a, b and c
Solution:-

138
H[ .- E- .iGH
GI ] 5 8 0
Y 4 2 5
=
1 1
4 =
By using centroid formula
E
= 1
3
Y 4 2 5 4 =
3 1 4 4 5 3 E 1
= 5,
1
= 8,
1
=0
=
3
Y 4 = 5 5 1
2
1 6 1 E 2 5 = 8 8 2
=
3
4 = = 0 3
2
1 6
=
From equation 3
3 3 3 1
1E 2 8 = 8 5 ; 6 = 3; = =
6 2
3
1
1 6 1E =
= 1, = 2, =1 2
3 3 3
1 = 3, 6 = 6, 1E =3
The value of k is negative therefore the point C
= 2 , = 0, E=2
divides the line AB externally in the ratio 1:2
EG Gi
H .- GI .Hi-
-i.-M 2, 0, 2
To find the value of p and q
1
=X. = H -YX.HG 1
219. If three points 4, 5, =, ]Y, 2, 4
2
5, 8, 0arecollinear then find Y 5
H The ratio in which the point C divides the line AB 4= 5
2 2
HH The values of p and q
Y 5
4=
Solution: Let , ]
E are the three 2 2
Y 5
= 4
2 2
collinear points
= 4 5 = , = Y 2 4
Y 3
E = 5 8 0 , = , Y = 3
2 2
1
=X. = H -YX.HG 3
2
Let the point C divide segment AB in the ratio k:1
1
4 = = 0 , 2 = = 0
Then by section formula
Y 2 4 14 5 = 2
E =
1
==2
5 8 0
Y 4 2 5 4 =
=
220. Find the co-ordinates of the point which divides
1
3, 4, 1
]6, 2, 4
the line segment joining the points

139
H Internally in the ratio 2:3 = = 3 16 11

HH Externally in the ratio 2:3
- co-ordinate of the point P are 3, 16, 11
221. If 2 3E = 0 then prove that the points

Solution:-
let point E divides segment AB internally in the , ]

Eare collinear. Hence find the
ratio 2:3 ratio in which the point A divides the line BC
= 3 4 , = 6 2 4 Solution: -
Where
are position vectors of the points A the given vector equation is
2 3E = 0
and B respectively By section formula for internal
2 = 3E
division

E =

HH
-
G. [H
-[ > 2
26 2 4 33 4
E = 3E 3E 1
23 = =
2 31
21 8 5
E = point A divides line BC externally. Hence points A, B
5
21 8 5
and C are collinear
E =
5 5 5
Point A divides line BC externally in the ratio 3:1
2 8
E =
5 5
Collinear vectors: One of the vector can be
expressed as a scalar multiple of other then the
- co-ordinate of the point C are $ , $ , 1

@
vectors are collinear.
Coplanar vectors: One of the vector can be
HHlet point = divides segment AB externally in

expressed as a linear combination another two
Theorem: Two non-zero vectors

are
vectors then the three vectors are coplanar
the ratio 2:3
= 3 4 , = 6 2 4

scalar m and n such that = 0

collinear if and only if there exist a nonzero
Where
are position vectors of the points A
Proof: If part:
Given: Two non-zero vectors

are collinear.
and B respectively By section formula for
external division

= =

and n such that = 0
To prove that: if there exist a nonzero scalar m
26 2 4 33 4
= = Two non-zero vectors
are collinear.
23
12 4 8 9 12 3 G T-iG [E,i [XE .. =

= =
1
= 0 , 1 = 0
3 16 11
= = H = 1, =
1

140
= 0 We choose O as a origin
Conversely: Only if part: ,-. = ,

= . 0]
= i
that = 0
Given: if there exist a nonzero scalar m and n such We complete the parallelogram by drawing the lines
parallel to OA and OB through the point R
To prove that: Two non-zero vectors

are From fig. by using triangle law for vector addition

=

collinear
IiG IH.
=
if there exist a nonzero scalar m and n such that
= 0

=
=
and lie along the same line

0
HH
-
G. [H
-[ >

are collinear then there exist non-zero
scalar M [XE .. = M
= M
=


]

= -i- =

]
E - -M=i-[[ [ [E,i X,.H=,- GI scalar > [XE .. = >
= >]
.-
are collinear >]
= M
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF LINEAR i = M >
Thus i can be expressed as a linear combination

and
COMBINATION OF VECTORS IN PLANE
Theorem: If a and b are two non-zero non

Uniqueness: To show that the representation

i = M > is unique
any vector r coplanar with them can be uniquely
collinear vectors, lying in the same plane then
expressed as a linear combination of a and b. i.e.

there exist scalar x and y such that If possible that i = M > where M
> are
r = xa + yb scalar
Proof: We show that M = M

> = >
B M > = M >
Q R M M = > >
r M M = > >
Suppose M M , divided both sides by M M
M M > >
=
P
O A
M M M M
> >
=
M M
141
> > M, >, Tnot

not all zero simultaneously [XE ..
= -i- =
M M
M > TE 0
Vector can be expressed as a scalar multiple of
vector therefore
collinear. TE M >
Which is contradiction to the fact that

are ,-. T 0 ,
HH
-
G. [H
-[ > T
TE M >

non-zero non collinear vectors.
Our assumption that M M is wrong T T

M >
M = M [HH,i,> >
> = >
E
T T
.- EGH .HG i M >is unique M >
H ,

T T
combination of
. E
vectori can be uniquely expressed as a linear
Thus E can be expressed as a linear combination of

, , E are coplanar if and only if there exist

Theorem: Three non-zero, zero, non
non-collinear vectors
scalar M, >, T not all zero simultaneously

, , E
are coplanar
[XE .. M > TE = 0
Theorem: If , , E
are three non-zero non-
coplanar vectors then any vector i in the space

Proof: If part:
Given: vectors , , E are coplanar can be uniquely expressed as a linear
To prove that: there exist scalar M, >

>, T not all zero M > TE . whereM,
where >, T i- [E,i[.
combination
simultaneously [XE .. M > TE 0
, , Eare coplanar
Proof:
Eccan

an be express as a linear combination of
[E,-i[
[XE
[XE ..
E
E 0
Let .
= i , = E
,
0]
H M, >, 1 T
M > TE 0
Since the lines OA, OB, and OC are non-coplanar
non they
determine three planes AOB,BOC and COA.
Conversely: Only if part:
Given: there exist scalar M, >, T not all zero

Trough the point P draw the plane parallel to the
simultaneously [XE .. M > TE 0

plane BOC, COA and AOB intersect the line OA,
OB and OC in points L,M and N
To prove that: , , E are coplanar From fig.

142

= Vector can be expressed as a linear combination of

E. Therefore , , E
are coplanar
<
= <

Which is contradiction to the fact that , , E
are non-
]X. IiG IH.
< =
= <

zero non-coplanar vectors.
Our assumption that M M is wrong

H IiG IH. =
= < z
M = M [HH,i,> > = > , T = T

= <
z
.- EGH .HG i = M > TEis unique

< and lie along the same line

<
are collinear then there exist non-zero combination of ,
E .
vectori can be uniquely expressed as a linear
= M
scalar M [XE .. < = M
Show that the points 5, 5, 2, ]1, 3, 0

]
222.
1, 2 1are collinear.

and

]
= >
= >]
scalar > [XE .. Solution: let , , E
are the position vectors of the points

z

A, B and C respectively then
= 5 5 2

z
scalar T [XE .. z = TE
= T = 3 0
i = M > TE . E = 2
Uniqueness: To show that the representation

i = M > TE . is unique
To show that A, B and C are collinear

i.e. to show ] lie along the same line
If possible that i = M > T E where =
]
M , >
T are scalar
= 3 0 5 5 2
]
We show that M = M , > = >
T = T
= 3 0 5 5 2
]
M > TE = M > T E
= 4 2 2
]
M M = > > T E TE
= 22 1
]
M M = > > T TE
= E

Suppose M M , divided both sides by M M
= 2 5 5 2

M M > > T TE
=
M M M M M M = 2 5 5 2

> > T T
= E = 6 3 3

M M M M
> > T T = 32 2

= E -i- = , =
M M M M

143
From equation 1 and 2 i = M > TE
1 1 Where M, >
T i- [E,i[
=
]
2 3
3
2
=
] = M4
3
>3 3 5
can be expressed as a scalar multiple of
] T2

] are collinear. A is the common point 3 = 4M M M 3> 3> 5>
he points A, B and C are collinear 2T T T

223. If H[ 1,0,5 and ]2, 1, 4 then find AB 3

and the unit vector along the direction of ] = 4M 3> 2T
M 3> T
Solution: let , , are the position vectors of the
M 5> T
4M 3> 2T = 3 1
points A and B respectively then
= 0 5
M 3> T = 1 2
= 2 4
M 5> T = 1 3
=
]
= 2 4 0 5
]
Using Cramers solve equation 1,2 and 3
4 3 2
= 2 4 0 5
] = 1 3 1
1 5 1
= 3
]
= 43 5 31 1 25 3
| = 9 1 1 = 11
] = |]
= 32 6 4 = 30

Let be the unit vector along the direction of ] 3 3 2
= 1 3 1

] 1
= = 1 5 1
| 11 3
|]
= 33 5 31 1 25 3
224. Express the vector 3 as a linear = 24 16
combination of the vectors 4 ,
= 40
3 3 5and2
4 3 2
= 1 1 1
1 1 1
Solution:-
leti = 3
= 41 1 31 1 21 1
= 4 ,
= 6 4 = 10
= 3 3 5 ,E = 2
4 3 3
= 1 3 1
1 5 1
Consider

144
= 43 5 31 1 3 5 3 M > T = 3 2
= 32 6 6 = 20 4M 3> 2T = 4 3
40 4
M= = =
30 3
Using Cramers solve equation 1,2 and 3
2 2 3
10 1 = 1 1 1
>= = =
30 3 4 3 2
20 2 = 22 3 22 4 33 4

T= = =
30 3
= 2 4 3 = 9
4 1 2
i = E 1 2 3
3 3 3
= 3 1 1
225. Express the vector 3 4 as a linear 4 3 2
combination of the vectors 2 4 , = 12 3 26 4 39 4
2 and3 2 = 1 4 15
Solution:- = 18
leti = 3 4 2 1 3
= 1 3 1
= 2 4 4 4 2
= 2 3 ,E = 3 2 = 26 4 12 4 34 12
= 4 2 24 = 18
2 2 1
Consider
i = M > TE
= 1 1 3
Where M, >
T i- [E,i[ 4 3 4
= 24 9 24 12 1 3 4

3 4
= M2 4 = 10 16 1 = 27
>2 3
18
T3 2 M=

=
9
=2
3 4 18
>= = =2
= 2M M 4M 2> > 9
3> 27
T= = = 3
3T T 2T 9
i = 2 2 3E

3 4
= 2M 2> 3T If , , E
are the position vectors of the points A,
M > T B and C where 1, 3, 0, ]2, 5, 0,
226.
4M 3> 2T 4, 2, 0

E = M >, then find M
>
2M 2> 3T = 1 1 Solution:-

145
, , E
are the position vectors of the points A, B and C 2E = M 2> 2M 3>
3M 4>E
= 3 0
M 2> = 0 , 2M 3> = 1, 3M 4> = 2
= 2 5 0 ,E = 4 2 0
M = 2> 4> 3> = 1 , > = 1 , > = 1
E = M >
M =21=2
4 2 0 = M 3 0 >2 5 0
i = 2= 1Y
4 2 0 = M 3M 2> 5>
i can be expressed as a linear combination of
4 2 = M 2> 3M 5> =
Y
M 2> = 4 1 = , Y
i are coplanar
3M 5> = 2 2 228. If = 2 , = 2
E = 3 then find the scalars m and n such that

E =
Solve equation 1 and 2 for x and y
-Y . 1 3 3M 6> = 12
E =
3M 5> = 2
Solution:
3 = 2 2

3 = 2 2
- -
> = 10
3 = 2 2
=X. > = 10 H -YX.HG 1
2 = 3 , = 0 , 2 = 1
M 20 = 4 ; M = 4 20
= , 2 = 3, 3 = 3, =1
M = 16
=1
227. If , , E
are non-zero, non-coplanar vectors,
show that the vectors 2 3E ,
2 3 4E
2Eare coplanar
APPLICATION OF VECTORS
Solution: let = = 2 3E , Y = 2 3 4E
Using vector methods prove that the angle
in a semicircle is a right angle.
i = 2E Proof:
To show that = , Y ,
i are coplanar i.e. to show Draw the circle with center at origin and radius is r.
the circle with position vectors a and b

that one of the vector can be express as a scalar let A and B are the end points of diameter AB of
multiple of another two vectors
[E,i M
> [XE .. i = M= >Y
2E = M 2 3E
>2 3 4E
2E = M 2M 3ME 2> 3>

4>E
146
The median of a trapezium is parallel to parallel

sides of the trapezium and its length is half of
the sum of the parallel sides.
Proof
IiG IH. , = ,] = , i

HX[
=i
| = |]
| | = |
| = |i |
|| = = |E| = |i |
Let CE be the point on the circle. Let , , E ,

are the position vectors of the vertices
]
To show that
of the trapezium ABCD respectively
Let - ,
I are the position vectors of the mid-
]
EG [H
-i
mid
points of the sides AD and BC of trapezium ABCD
= E E By mid-point formula
; =
]
X. IiG IH. 0
E
- , I =
2 2
E E
E E E
To prove that

]
E E E E

i.
, = g,] ,h

ii.
|E|
iii.
= I --
Consider
|i | |i |
E
i i
=
2 2
0 1
E

AC
BC = 0 2
1

g] h 1
2
By property of dot product

AC BC

IiG IH.
IiG ]
mACB 90^ E - -M=i-[[ [ [E,i X,.H=,- GI
]
The angle in a semi-circle

G T-iG [E,i [XE .. ]
T-iG

=
circle is a right angle
Put in equation number 1

147
1

= g h
2
Now ABCD is a parallelogram therefore the opposite
1
side are parallel and equal

=
]
] =
2
| = |
|] |

=

.-
Hi-E.HG GI ] i- -YX,
Where = , that is
can be express as a
K

=
]
scalar multiple of

= E
Again from fig. +

= E +

]
HH
-
G. [H
-[ > 2

] +
E +
= = - [>
2 2
To prove that , = g,] + ,h

Therefore the diagonals AC and DC have same mid-
|
, = |
point E. the diagonals AC and DC bisect each
1
other
+
, = |] |
2 Conversely: Only if part:
1
| + |
, = g|] |h
2
Given: Suppose that the diagonals of quadrilateral
ABCD bisect each other
1
, = g,] + ,h
2
To prove that: The quadrilateral ABCD is a
parallelogram
A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if and only Since the diagonals AC and DC bisect each other
if its diagonals bisect each other. That is they have same mid-point say E.
Proof: If part: By mid-point formula
+
E +
- = =
2 2
Given: A quadrilateral is a parallelogram
+
= E +
To prove that: The diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect
= E
each other
Let ABCD is a quadrilateral. Let a , b , c , d are the

position vectors of the vertices of the =
]
quadrilateral ABCD respectively E - -M=i-[[ [ [E,i X,.H=,- GI
]

]
A B
E
Therefore the opposite sides of the quadrilateral
ABCD are parallel and equal
D C Therefore, the quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram

148
Prove that the altitudes of a triangle are p

c p c a b 0
a b
p
c p a c a b 0
b
concurrent.
+
Proof:
p
a p b
b c a c 0
b
b a
p a 0
cb
b a p c 0

0
AB CP

i. e. CP AB 0
Let ABC is a triangle. Let , , E are the position Hence the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent
vectors of the vertices of the triangle ABC
Prove that the medians of a triangle are
respectively
concurrent.
Let AD, BE and CF are the altitudes of triangle ABC
], ]
]
Proof:
Let
, - ,
I are the position vectors of the points
D , E and F respectively. Let P be the point of
intersection of the altitudes AD and BE.
]

]

To show that
]
]
Let ABC is a triangle. Let a , b , c are the position
]

vectors of the vertices of the triangle ABC
= E 0
respectively
= E E 0 and AB with position vectors d , e , and f. By mid-

Let D, E and F are the mid-points
mid of the side BC, CA
= E = E 0 1
point formula

BP AC b + c c + a a b
d = , e , f
2 2 2
0
BP AC
2d b + c , 2e c a , 2f = a b
b c a 0
p
2d a a b
c , 2e b = c a b,
c a b c a 0
p
2f + c a b
c
p a b c a b 0 2
c p
divided both sides by 3
equation 2 equation 1
149
2d a a b c 2e b a b c
zc yb
;
= d 1
3 3 3 3 zy
2f + c a b c xa zc
similarly e 2
3 3 xz
2d a 2e b 2f c a b c yb xa
f 3
3 3 3 3 yx
a b c
let g =
3
From equation 1
dz y zc yb
y
2d 1a 2e 1b 2f 1c
g add xa to both sides
sides
21 21 21
From the above equations it is clear that the point G dz y xa xa

x zc yb
divided both sides

sides by x y z
divided the medians AD , BE and CF internally in
dz y xa xa
x zc yb
the ratio 2:1. That is G is the point of

concurrence of all the medians of triangle ABC
.Hence the medians of triangle are concurrent xyz xyz
ex z yb xa zc yb
similarly
Prove that the angle bisectors of the triangle are
xyz xyz
concurrent.
f y x zc xaa zc yb

xyz xyz
Proof:
dz y xa ex z yb f y x zc

xyz xyz xyz
xa yb zc
h
xyz
H lies on the three

This shows that the point Hh
Let ABC is a triangle. Let a , b , c are the position y z x ,

bisector AD, BE and CF dividing them in the ratio
vectors of the vertices of the triangle ABC z x y , and x

y
y zrespectively
respectively
Let d , e , and f are the position vectors of the points

Hence the three bisector segments are concurrent in
the point H. This point of concurrence of the
D, E and F. bisectors is called the incentre of triangle ABC.
ABC
let lBC x , lAC yy, lAB z 229. If A3, 1, 1 , B1, 5, 2 are the vertices and
Now the angle bisector AD meets the side BC in G3, 3, 1is
is the centroid of triangle ABC then by the
point D. vector method, find the mid-point
mid of the side BC.
, c are the position vectors of the

Solution: Let a , b
The
ratio AB: AC that is z: y By section formula for
The point D divided the side BC internally in the
vertices of the triangle ABC respectively then
a 3 k , b
5 2k
internal division

150
let C a, b, c, c a b ck a = + 2 k ; b = 8 3 4k
Since G3, 3, 1 is the centriod of triangle ABC with c = 5 4 + k ; d = 2 + + 4k

position vector g = 3 3 k
Let E be the mid-point of diagonal AC
a + c + 2 k + 5 4 + k
By centroid formula
e = =
3 3 k 2 2
3 k 5 2k a b ck 6 2

3 e =
2
= 3 1
4a 6b 1+c

3 3 k + k
3 3 3
Let F be the mid-point of diagonal BD
4a b + d 8 3 4k + 2 + + 4k
3 , 4 a 9 , a 9 4 , a 5 f = =
3 2 2
6b f =
6 2
= 3 2
= 3 , 6 + b = 9 , b = 9 6, b = 3 2
3
1+c
1, 1 c 3, c 3 1, c 2
3
From equations 1 and 2
e = f
the co ordinate of vertex C 5, 3, 2
The diagonals AC and BD have the same mid-point
c = 5 + 3 + 2k
the diagonals AC and BD bisect each other.
Let Dd be the mid-point of side BC. Then by mid- Therefore the quadrilateral ABCD is a
point formula parallelogram.
b + c
B2, 4, 1, C1, 3, 2 and D5, 1, 6. Using
231. The vertices of the quadrilateral are A(1, 2, 1)
d =
2
vector method, prove that
+ 5 + 2k + 5 + 3 + 2k
d = I. The line segment joining the mid-points E and F
2 of the sides AD and BC respectively is parallel to
d = 3 + 4 + 2k
. EF = AB CD Is the quadrilateral ABCD is a

the sides AB and CD.
II.
D 3, 4, 2
trapezium?
Solution: Let ABCD is a quadrilateral. Let a , b , c , d

with vertices A1, 2, 1, B8, 3, 4,
230. By vector method. Show that the quadrilateral
C5, 4, 1 and D2, 1, 4is a parallelogram

are the position vectors of the vertices of the
quadrilateral ABCD respectively
a = 2 k ; b = 2 4 k
Solution:-
Let ABCD is a quadrilateral. Let a , b , c , d are the

position vectors of the vertices of the c = 3 2k ; d = 5 6k
quadrilateral ABCD respectively Since Ee and Ff are the mid-points of the sides
To show that the diagonals AC and BD bisect each AD and BC
other

151
a + d + 2 + k + 5 + 6k EF
CD
e = =
2 2
6 + + 7k
This show that EF is parallel to AB and CD
e =
2 9
| = + 3 + 3
EF = |EF
b + c 2 + 4 k + + 3 + 2k 2
f = =
2 2
81 153 9 17
3 + 7 + k EF = + 9 + 9 = =
f = 4 4 4
2
= f e 3
consider EF EF = 17 4
2
3 + 7 + k 6 + + 7k
= | = 3 + 2 + 2
AB = |AB
2 2
EF
9 + 6 6k AB = 9 + 4 + 4 = 17
EF
=
2
| = 6 + 4 + 4
CD = |CD
3
= 3 + 2 2k 1
2 CD = 36 + 16 + 16 = 68 = 4 17
EF
= b a = 217
consider AB
Consider AB + CD = 17 + 217
AB = 2 + 4 k + 2 + k

AB + CD = 317
AB = 3 + 2 2k 2

put in equation 4
1
3 EF = AB + CD
=
AB 2
2
EF
EF
AB Hence the quadrilateral ABCD is a trapezium.
= d c 232. If A3, 2, 2 and B2, 9, 5 are the end points

consider CD
= 5 + 6k + 3 + 2k method prove that the point C5, 6, 1 lie on

of the diameter of the circle then using vector
CD
= 6 4 + 4k
CD
the circumference of the circle.
Solution: Let a , b , c are the position vectors of the

CD = 23 + 2 2k
points A, B, C respectively
1 a = 3 2 + 2k , b = 2 + 9 + 5k
3 + 2 2k =
CD 3
2
c = 5 + 6 k

AC = c a
3 1

= CD
2 2 = 5 + 6 k 3 2 + 2k
EF
AC
3
=
EF CD AC = 5 + 6 k 3 + 2 2k

4
152
AC = 2 + 8 3k
Let AB = b
= a , AD
BC = c b
We have
= 5 + 6 k 2 + 9 + 5k
BC lAB = lBC = lCD = lAD
= 5 + 6 k 2 9 5k
BC |a| = b
BC = 3 3 6k
BC
from ig. AB = AC

Now AC = 2 + 8 3k 3 3 6k
BC AC = a + b

= 6 24 + 18 = 24 24 = BC
BD + DC
AC BC
= 0 BD DC
= BC
AC BC
BC
= b a
BD
AC
C is the common point = a + b b a

AC BD
mACB = 90^ = a b a + b b a
AC BD
That is the angle in semi-circle is a right angle AC = a b a a + b b b a

BD
Therefore the point C lie on the circumference of the = a b |a| + b a b

AC BD
BD
AC = |a| + |a|
circle.
= 0
AC BD
Using vector method, prove that a quadrilateral
is a rhombus if and only if diagonals bisect
each otheat a right angles.
AC BD
Proof: if part: Therefore the diagonals AC and BD are

perpendicular to each other.
Given: The quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other.
To prove that: The diagonals of a rhombus bisect
each other. Conversely: Only if part:
D C Given: The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other
To prove that: The quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus

M Since the diagonals AC and BD bisect each other.
Therefore they have same mid-point. Let M is
the mid-point of diagonals AC and BD then
a + c b + d
A B
: Let ABCD is a quadrilateral. Let a , b , c , d are the =

2 2
a + c = b + d
position vectors of the vertices of the
quadrilateral ABCD respectively
Since the quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus c d = b a

153

DC =
AB = a + b + c k
b c b c

DC AB
a c c a
Therefore the opposite sides of quadrilateral ABCD + ka b b a h
= a b c b c b a c c a
are parallel and equal
Therefore the quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus. + c a b b a
a b c
a b c =. abc = a b c
Scalar triple product
a b c
233. If a = 3 2 7k, b = 5 2k and

Definition of scalar triple product: The dot product of
a and b cis called as scalar triple product

c = kthen find a b c
Properties of scalar triple product
Solution: -
a = 3 2 + 7k
1) In scalar triple product or box product vectors
-Since
are interchange in cyclic order then the value of
b = 5 + 2k
i. e. abc = bca = cab
box product remain unchanged
2) In box product any two vectors are equal then c = + k
3 2 7
i. e. abb = bcc = gcaah=0 a b c =. abc = 5 1 2
the value of box product is zero.
3) If a , b and c are coplanar then abc = 0 1 1 1

4) If abc = 0 then the vectors a , b and c are a b c
1 2 5 2
= .3 L L+2L L
coplanar
1 1 1 1
the gABAC
AD
h = 0 5 1
5) If the four points A, B,C and D are coplanar then
+ 7L L
6) If gABAC
AD
h = 0 then the four points A, B,C 1 1
and D are coplanar a b c
7) In S. T. P. the dot and cross are interchange then = 31 + 2 + 25 + 2
the values of S. T. P. remain unchanged + 75 1
a b c = 3 6 + 28 = 25
Expression for S. T. P. or box product
a b c =. abc
234. If a = 2 k, b = 2
3k and
Let a = a + b + c k c = 3 4 5kthen find a b c. Interpret the
b = a + b + c k
result
c = a + b + c k
Solution:-
a = 2 + k
k
Since
a b c = a + b + c k a b c b = + 2 3k
a b c
c = 3 4 + 5k

154
2 1 1
a b c =. abc = 1 2 3
Solution:-
3 4 5 leta = 2 + k
a b c b = 2 5 + pk
2 3 1 3
= .2 L L+ 1L L
4 5 3 5 c = 5 9 + 4k
1 2
+ 1L L
3 4 a , b and c are coplanar
a b c
i. e. a b c =. abc = 0
= 210 12 + 15 + 9
+ 14 6 1 2 1
2 5 p = 0
a b c = 4 + 14 10 = 14 14 = 0 5 9 4
a b c =. abc = 0 5 p 2 p 2 5
1L L + 2L L +1L L=0
9 4 5 4 5 9
a , bandc are coplanar 20 + 9p + 28 5p + 18 + 25 = 0
235. Show that the vectors 6k , 3 4k
and 2 5 3k are coplanar 20 + 9p + 16 10p 18 + 25 = 0
Solution:- p + 3 = 0
leta = 6k p = 3 , p = 3
237. Find the value of if the vectors k,

b = 3 4k
k and 2 + 3 + kare coplanar
c = 2 5 3k
To show that a , b and c are coplanar

Solution:-
leta = + + k
i. e. to show that a b c =. abc = 0
b = + k
1 1 6
L. H. S. = 1 3 4 c = 2 + 3 + k
2 5 3
a , b and c are coplanar
3 4 1 4 1 3
L. H. S. = 1 L L+1L L 6L L
5 3 2 3 2 5 i. e. a b c =. abc = 0
L. H. S. = 19 + 20 + 13 8 65 + 6
1 1 1
L. H. S. = 11 5 6 = 11 11
1 1 1 = 0
2 3
L. H. S. = 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1L L 1L L+ 1L L=0
3 2 2 3
L. H. S. = R. H. S

3 1 2 + 13 + 2 = 0
a , b and c are coplanar
3 + 2 + 5 = 0
236. Find the value of p if the vectors 2 k,
2 5 pk and 5 9 + 4kare coplanar 2 + 4 = 0

155
2 = 4 , = 2 =
]
= 2 4
238. If the origin O,A1, 2, 3, B2, 3, 4 and
2 0 2
Px, y, zare coplanar show that x 2y + z = 0
= 4 6
]
= E = 4 2 2 0 2
Solution:-

= 4 0
since O is the origin then
OA = a = 1 + 2 + 3k

= b = 2 + 3 + 4k =

OB
= 2 2
= x + y + zk
OP = p 2 0 2
a , b and p
are coplanar = 3 2 4

abp
= 0 4 1 6

g]
h = 1 4 0
1 2 3 3 2 4
2 3 4 = 0
4 0 1 0 1 4
x y z = 4 L L 1L L 6L L
2 4 3 4 3 2
3 4 2 4 2 3
1
y z
2L
x z
L + 3
x y
=0 = 416 0 14 0 62 12
3z 4y 22z 4x + 32y 3x = 0 = 64 4 60 = 64 64 = 0
3z 4y 4z + 8x + 6y 9x = 0 g]
h = 0
M + 2> T = 0 The given points A, B, C and D are coplanar
M 2> T = 0
2, 1, 1, ]4, 0, =,
240. Find the value of p if the points
M 2> T = 0 1,1, 1
2, 4, 3are coplanar
239. Show that the pointsA2, 0, 2, B2, 1 4,
C1,4, 2 and D1, 2, 2are coplanar
Solution:-
let = 2 1
= 4 0 =
Solution:-
let = 2 0 2
E =
= 2 4

= 2 4 3
E = 4 2

= 2 2
Since the four points A, B, C and D are coplanar

H. -. g]
h = 0
= = 4 0 = 2 1
]
Show that the four points A, B, C and D are coplanar

H. -. .G [G .. g]
h = 0
= 2 = 1
]

156
= E = 2 1
a , b , care three non-coplanar vectors. If
b c c a a b
242.
= 2 0
p
= , q = , r =
abc abc abc
=
= 2 4 3 2 1

a p
= b q = c r = 1
Prove that
= 0 5 2
a p
+ b q + c r = 3
i.
a b p
+ b + c q + c + a
ii.
2 1 =1

g]
h = 1 2 0 =0
iii.
r = 3
0 5 2 Solution:-
2 0 1 0 1 2
2L L 1L L = 1 L L=0 a p
= b q = c r = 1
To prove that
5 2 0 2 0 5
24 0 12 0 = 15 0 = 0 b c a b c abc

a p
= a = = =1
abc abc abc
8 2 5= 5 = 0
c a b c a abc
5= 15 = 0 b q = b = = =1
abc abc abc
5= = 15 = = 3
a b c a b abc
241. If X = 2 , = 3 and
c r = c = = =1
abc abc abc
= thenX
gX
h
Therefore from the above three equations
= b q = c r = 1
a p
Solution:
X = 2 + +
+
+ b q + c r = 3
To prove that
a p
= + 0
X +
L. H. S. = a p + b q + c r
k L. H. S. = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
u v = 1 2 1 L. H. S. = R. H. S.
3 0 1
a + b p + b + c q + c + a r = 3
To prove that
u v = 2 0 1 3 k0 6
L. H. S. = a + b p + b + c q + c + a r
u v = 2 4 6k F. T. = a + b p = a p + b p

b c b c
k = a + b
v w
= 3 abc abc
0 1
0 1 1 abc bbc
= +
abc abc
= 0 1 3 0 k3 0
v w
=1+0=1
= 3 3k
v w S. T. = b + c q = b q + c q
c a c a
1 1 0 = b + c

abc abc
u w
gu v v w
h = 2 4 6
abc gccah
1 3 3 = +
abc abc
= 112 18 + 16 + 6 + 0 =1+0=1
=6 T. T. = c + a r = c r + a r

157
a b a b To prove that abc = 0

= c + a
abc abc
abc aab L. H. S. = abc
= +
abc abc
L. H. S. = ab 3a 2b
=1+0=1
L. H. S. = F. T + S. T. +T. T.
L. H. S. = a b 3a 2b
L. H. S. = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
L. H. S. = R. H. S. L. H. S. = a 3b a 2b b
a bb cc a = 2abc
243. Prove that
L. H. S. = a 3b a 0
Solution: L. H. S. = a 3b a = 0
L. H. S. = a bb cc a L. H. S. = R. H. S.
L. H. S. = a b b + c c + a To find c2
L. H. S. = a + b b c + a + c c + a c = |c| = c c
L. H. S. = a + b c = 3a 2b 3a 2b
b c + b a + c c + c
c = 3a 3a 2b 2b 3a 2b
ah
c = 9a a 6a b 6a b + 4b b
L. H. S. = a + b b c + b a + 0 + c a
c = 9|a| 12a b + 4b

L. H. S. = a b c + b a + c a + b
b c + b a + c a
c = 9|a| 12|a|b cos + 4b

3
L. H. S. = a b c + a b a + a c a
1
+ b b c + b b a + b c = 9a 12ab + 4b
2
c a
c = 9a 6ab + 4b
L. H. S. = abc + 0 + +0 + 0 + 0 + bca
Prove that the volume of parallelepiped is abc

VOLUME OF PARALLELOPIPED
L. H. S. = abc + abc
L. H. S. = 2abc = b , OC
= a , OB
Proof: let OA = c represented the co-
L. H. S. = R. H. S.
terminus edges of parallelepiped
244. If c = 3a 2b then prove that abc = 0. Also
a and b is
find c2 when the measure of the angle between

Solution:-

158
1 2 3
volume of parallelopiped
parallelopiped 2 5 1
3 0 5
10 3 30 15
125 0 210
25 26 45 96
Hence the volume of parallelepiped is 96 cubic units
Draw AP perpendicular to the plane of b and c If the vectors 2 5 4k , 5 7 5k and

4 5 2kare the co-terminus
246.
terminus edges of the
Let be the angle between OA and AP parallelepiped then find the volume of the
parallelepiped
between b c and a let a = 2 5 4k
By definition of alternate angle be the angle
b c a = b c|a| cos
Solution:
1

b = 5 7 5k
volume of parallelopiped c = 4 5 2k
= area of base parllelogram OBDC
OBDCheight
parallelopiped abc

volume of parallelopiped = |OB | AP
OB OC
2 5 4
parallelopiped 5 7 5
4 5 2
To find AP
cos = | cos
cos
AP
10 20 425 28
214 25 5
, AP = |OA
OA
AP = |a| cos 78 150 12 84
volume of parallelopiped = b c|a| cos Hence the volume of parallelepiped is 84 cubic units
u
1 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 3, 2, 2,

If A, B, C, D are 1,
= b c aby eqn.
by 1 3, 3, 4respectively
247.
respectively then find the volume of the
volume of parallelopiped = bc
a abc
parallelepiped with AB, AC and AD as the
concurrent edges.
245. If the vectors + 2 3k , 2

5 kand Solution: let a = + k
3 5kare the co-terminus

terminus edges of the b = 2 + + 3k
parallelepiped then find the volume of the
parallelepiped c = 3 + 2 + 2k
Solution: d = 3 + 3 + 4k
k
let a = + 2 + 3k AC
parallelopiped gAB
volume of parallelopiped AD
h
b = 2 5 + k AB b a

c = 3 5k k k
AB 2 3k
volume of parallelopiped abc AB 0 2k


159

AC c a lOP | = r ~ 0
OP = |OP
3 2 2k k
AC Let , and are the angles made by the line with
AC 2 k

X,Y and Z.
AD d a

By definition of d.c.s.
l cos , m cos , n = cos

+ k
3 3 4k
AD
2 2 3k
AD
Draw PA perpendicular to X axis
mAOP
1 0 2
volume of parallelopiped 2 1 1 In AOP cos

2 2 3
x
13 2 0 24 2 cos
r
145 y
similarlly cos
r
Hence the volume of parallelepiped is 5 cubic units
z
cos
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY r
To prove that l m + n = 1

Direction cosines (d. c. s.): let , and
and are the
DIRECTION COSINE AND DIRECTION RATIOS
L. H. S. l m + n
cos cos
L. H. S. cos +
angles made by the line L with the co co-ordinates
cos , cos and cos are called as direction

axes are called as direction angles. And
x y z
L. H. S. +
r r r
l cos , m cos , n cos
cosine of line L it is denoted by l, m and n
x y z
L. H. S. +
r r r
Direction ratios (d.r.s.): let a,b ,c are real numbers
proportional to the direction cosines l, m, and n
x y + z
L. H. S.
then a, b and c are called as direction ratios
r
then l m n 1
Theorem: if l, m, n are the direction cosines of a line
Proof: OP x 0 +
y 0 + z 0
r x y z
r x y z
r
L. H. S. 1
r
L. H. S. R. H. S.
Let L be the line with direction cosines l,m,n. 248. Prove that sin + sin + sin = 2
,, be a point
Draw the line parallel to the line L and passing
through the origin O. let
, Proof:
such that
160
L. H. S. = sin + sin + sin Solution:
L. H. S. = 1 cos 1 cos 1 cos Let , and are the angle made by the line with X, Y
L. H. S. = 3 cos cos cos

and Z axes.

L. H. S. = 3 1 2 = , =? and =
6 3
L. H. S. = R. H. S. cos + cos + cos = 1
249. Prove that cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 + 1 = 0

cos + cos + cos = 1
6 3

3 1
Proof:
L. H. S. = cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 + 1 + cos + = 1

2 2
L. H. S. = 2cos 1 + 2cos 1
3 1
+ 2cos 1 + 1 + cos + = 1
4 4
L. H. S. = 2cos + cos + cos 3 + 1 cos + 1 = 1
L. H. S. = 21 2 cos = 0 , cos = 0
L. H. S. = 2 2 = 0
=
2
L. H. S. = R. H. S.
250. A line makes an angle 45^ with X axis, 90^ with

252. If a line making same angle with the positive
Y axis and 135^ with Z axis. Find the direction

direction of X, Y and Z axes respectively then show
1
that
= cos
cosines of the line.
Solution:- 3
Let , and are the angle made by the line with X, Y

Solution:
and Z axes. Let , and are the angle made by the line with X,
= 45^ , =, 90^ and = 135^

Y and Z axes.
1 cos + cos + cos = 1

l = cos = cos 45 = ^
2 = = =
m = cos = cos 90^ = 0 cos + cos + cos = 1
n = cos = cos 135^ 1
3cos = 1, cos =
1 3
n = cos90^ + 45^ = sin 45^ =
2 1
cos =
3
, 0 , are

1
= cos
the direction cosines of the line
and 3

B
251. If a line makes angles of measures with
X and Z axes respectively. Find the angle it makes 253. Show that no line in a space can make angles
with Y axis.
161
and A with

3
+ cos + 0 = 1
B
2
X and Y axes respectively.
3
Solution:-
Let , and are the angle made by the line with X, + cos = 1
4
3
cos = 1
Y and Z axes.
cos + cos + cos = 1 4

1
= , = cos =
6 4 2
1 1
cos + cos + cos = 1 cos = or cos =
6 4 2 2
= 60^ or = 120^

3 1
+ + cos = 1
2 2
3 1
255. A line bisect the angle between the positive
+ + cos = 1
4 2
directions of y and z axes. Find it direction
cosines.
5
+ cos = 1
4
Solution:-
Let , and are the angle made by the line with X,

5
cos = 1

4
Y and Z axes.
1 cos + cos + cos = 1

cos =
4 Since the line bisect the angles between the positive
This is not possible because the square is a non direction of y and z axes
= 45^ , = 45^ , =?
negative
No line in a space can makes an angles of and A

B cos + cos 45^ + cos 45^ = 1
cos + 2cos 45^ = 1

30^ with Y axis, find the inclination with Z axis.
254. A line lies in the YZ plane and makes an angle
1
cos + 2 = 1
2
Solution:-
Let , and are the angle made by the line with X, 1

cos + 2 =1
Y and Z axes. 2
cos + cos + cos = 1 cos + 1 = 1
= 30^ , =? cos = 0 , cos = 0
Since the line lies in the YZ plane that is = 90^
l = cos = cos 90^ = 0

perpendicular to Z axis.
= 90^
1
m = cos = cos 45^ =
cos 30^ cos + cos 90^ = 1 2

162
1
n = cos = cos 45^ =
2
257. Find the direction cosines of a line which which
makes congruent angles with the co-ordinate
,

0 ,
axes.

are the direction cosines of the line
Solution:-
makes an of 45^ with Z axis and congruent Let , and are the angle made by the line with X,
256. Find the direction cosine of the line which
angles with X and Y axes Y and Z axes.
Solution:- cos + cos + cos = 1
Let , and are the angle made by the line with X, Since the line makes congruent angles with axes x, y
Y and Z axes. and z axes
cos + cos + cos = 1 = =
Since the line makes congruent angles with axes x cos + cos + cos = 1
and y axes 3cos = 1
= = 45^ , = 45^ , 1
cos =
3
cos + cos + cos 45^ = 1
1
1 cos =
2cos + =1 3
2
1
1 l = cos =
2cos + = 1 3
2
1
1 m = cos =
2cos = 1
3
2
1
1 n = cos =
2cos = 3
2
, or , ,

1 ,

cos =
4
are the direction
1
cosines of the line
cos =
2
Note: 1) if a, b, c are the direction ratios of the line,
1
then the direction cosines of the line are
l = cos = a
2 l =
a b c
1
m = cos = b
2 m =
a b c
1
n = cos = cos 45^ = c
2 n =
a b c
, , or , , are

the direction cosines of
the line

163
b 2 2
m = = =
Px , y , z and Qx , y , z then the direction a b c 4 4 1 9
2) if the line passes through the two points
ratios of the line are x x , , y y , z z 2

=
3
c 1 1
ratios a , b , c and a , b , c then n = = =
3) if is the angle between the lines with direction
a b c 4 4 1 9
1
=
a a b b c c 3
cos =
a b c a b c

Therefore the d. c. s. are the line AB are either
2 2 1 2 2 1
, , or , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
then = cos = 0

4) if the two lines are perpendicular to each other

a a b b c c = 0
259. Find the measure of the angle between the
lines whose direction ratios are 1, 2, 1 and 2, -3,
4
cosines l , m , n and l , m , n then

5) if is the angle between the lines with direction
direction ratios a , b , c and a , b , c then

Solution: if is the angle between the lines with
cos = l l +, m , m + n n
a a b b c c
= cos = 0
cos =
if the two lines are perpendicular to each other then
a b

c a b c

l l +, m , m + n n = 0
a = 1 , b = 2 , c = 1 and a = 2, b = 3,
258. A line passes through the points A3, 1, 2and
B5, 1, 1. Find the d.r. s. and d. c. s. of the line c = 4
12 23 14

=
AB
Solution: 1 2 1 2 3 4
letAx , y , z A3, 1, 2, Bx , y , z 264

cos =
B5, 1, 1 1 4 14 9 16

cos = 0 =
2
If a, b, c are the d. r. s. of the line AB then
a = x x , b = y y , c = z z
a = 5 3, b = 1 1, c = 1 2 points A2, 1, 3 and B1, 1, 2 and the line

260. Find the angle between the lines joining the
a = 2, b = 2, c = 1are the d. r. s. of the line AB

havening d.r.s. 2, 1, -1
Solution:-
letAx , y , z A2, 1, 3, Bx , y , z

To find d. c. s. of the line AB
a 2 2
l = = = B1, 1, 2
a b c 4 4 1 9
2 If a , b , c are the d. r. s. of the line AB then
=
3
a = x x , b = y y , c = z z

164
a = 1 2, b = 1 1, c = 2 3 Similarly the d. r. s. of the second CD line area =

1, b = 3
a = 1, b = 2, c = 1are the d. r. s. of the line
AB c = 2
The d. r. s. of the second line are a = 2, b = 1

ratios a , b , c and a , b , c then
if is the angle between the lines with direction
c = 1
a a b b c c
cos =
if is the angle between the lines with direction
a b c a b c

a a b b c c 11 13 22

cos = =
a b c a b c 1 1 2 1 3 2
134
12 21 11 cos =
= 1 1 41 9 4
1 2 1 2 1 1
2
2 2 1 cos =
cos = 614
1 4 14 1 1
2 2 2
3 cos = = =
cos = 84 4 21 221
66
1 1
3 cos = =
cos = 21 21
6
1
1 = cos
cos = 21
2
1
cos = lines whose direction ratios are 1,2,1 and 2, 3, 4
262. Find the measure of the angle between the
2

=
3
Solution:_

If is the angle between the lines with direction
points A2, 4, 3 and B1, 3, 1 and the line

261. Find the angle between the lines joining the
joining the points C1, 1, 1 and D0, 2, 3

a a b b c c
cos =
Ax , y , z A2, 4, 3,
a b c a b c
Bx , y , z B1, 3, 1
Solution: let
If a , b , c are the d. r. s. of the line AB then Since the d. r. s. of the first line are
a = x x , b = y y , c = z z a = 1, b = 2, c = 1
a = 1 2, b = 3 4, c = 1 3 Since the d. r. s. of the first line are
a = 1, b = 1, c = 2are the d. r. s. of the line a = 2, b = 3,c = 4

AB

165
12 23 14 a 4a 52 0

=
1 2 1 2
3 4
a 4 or a 52
264
cos =
1 4 14 9 16
16
Theorem:- if the line OP makes angles 1, 2 and 3
0 then prove that cos cos cos 2

with the plane XOY, YOZ and ZOX respectively,
cos = =0
629
Proof:

2
ratios a, 3, 5 and 2, 1, 2 is 45^ ind

ind a
263. If the angle between the lines with direction
Solution:-
a , b , c and a , b , c then
if is the angle between the lines with direction ratios
a a b b c c
cos Let M , > , T be a point on the line OP
a b c a b c
,-. , i ~ 0
Since the d. r. s. of the first line are We draw segment PA perpendicular to the plane XOY
a a, b 3, c 5 M , > , 0

2
Since the d. r. s. of the first line are H[ iH. ,-

,- .iH ,-
a 2, b 1,c 2
EG[ 2 =

cos 45^
a2 31 52 = M 0 > 0 T 0

a 3 5 2 1 2
, i
M > T
1 2a 3 10
M 0 > 0 0 0
2 a 9 254 1 4
1 2a 7 , M >

2 a 349
M >

EG[ 2
Squaring both sides M > T
9a 34 22a 7

Similarly EG[ 2

; K ;
; K ; K ;
9a 306 24a 28a 49
49
T M
9a 306 8a 56a 98 EG[ 2
M > T
a 56a 208 0

To prove that
166
EG[ 2 EG[ 2 EG[ 2 = 2 AP and bare parallel then one of the vector can

<. `. a. = EG[ 2 EG[ 2 EG[ 2

be expressed as a scalar multiple of another
vector.

M > AP b

<. `. a. =
M > T
AP = b

> T
= b
0A
0P

M > T
r a = b

T M

M > T
r = a b
M >

> T
<. `. a. =
M > T M > T
This is required vector equation of line L
T M

M > T
EQUATION OF LINE IN CARTESIAN FORM
Let M , > , T H. -. = M > T be a

2M 2> 2T
<. `. a. =
M > T
given point.
Let M, >, T H. -. i = M > T be any point

2M > T
<. `. a. =
M > T
on the line L.
<. `. a. = 2
Let a, b, c are the direction ratios of the vector
= E
L. H. S. = R. H. S
i =
M > T
= M > T
E
M > T
= M > T
E
M > T
LINE AND PLANE
= M >

T E
Theorem:- The vector equation of a line passing
Aa and parallel to the vector b is r = a b

through the given point
where is a scalar. M = M , > = > , T = T E
M M = , > > = , T T = E
M M > > T T
Proof:-
= , = , =
E
Aa and parallel to the vector b
Let L be the line in a space passing through the point
M M > > T T
= =
Let Pr be any point on the line L other than A E

167
This is required Cartesian equation of line L. Let M, >, T H. -. i = M > T be any point
on the line L.
i = 1 E
Non parametric equation of line:

M > T
= 0 H. -. i = 0

= 1 M > T
i = 0 M > T
i = M > T
= M > T
M > T
This is non parametric equation of a line L
M > T
through the two points E

H[ i =
Theorem:- The vector equation of the line passing
M > T
1 E
where is a scalar
= gM M M h
g> > > h
gT T T h
Proof:-
E

. Let i be any point on the M = M M M , > = > > > ,
Let the line L passing through the two points
line L other than C and D. T = T T T

Points C, R and D are collinear M M = M M , > > = > >
Hence lie along the same line

T T = T T

are collinear or parallel M M > >
= , = ,
M M > >

E - -M=i-[[ [ [E,i X,.H=,- T T
= ,
T T

=
M M > > T T
= =
i E =
E M M > > T T
r c = d c This is required Cartesian equation of line L passing
r = c c d
through two given points.
i = 1 E
Non parametric equation of line:
= 0

This is required vector equation of line L
i E
E = 0
EQUATION OF LINE IN CARTESIAN FORM
Let M , > , T H. -. E = M > T and
M , > , T H. -.
= M > T are
This is non parametric equation of a line L passing
the through two given points
given points from which the line L is to be
the pint 3, 4, 1

=i,,-, .G .- -E.Gi
passing 264. Find the equation of the line passing through

168
2 3 We know that the equation of a line in Cartesian

form is
M M > > T T
= =
Solution: To find the equation of line in vector form
Let be the position vector of the point A w. r. t. E
M , > , T 1, 2, 3

origin O then
The d. r. s. of line L are = 2 , = 1, E = 5
= 3 4
= 2 3 M1 >2 T3
= =
2 1 5
through the point A and parallel to is
We know that the equation of the line passing
i = where is a scalar
This is the required equation of line in Cartesian form
i = 3 4 2 3
through a point 2 3 and perpendicular
266. Find the vector equation of the line passing
to the vectors and 2

This is required equation of line in vector form
Equation of line in Cartesian form:
We know that the equation of a line in Cartesian
form is Solution:-
M M > > T T Let =

= 2
= =
E
Since the line is perpendicular to and then it is
M , > , T 3, 4, 1 parallel to
M 3 > 4 T 1
= = point 2 3 and parallel to is
Required vector equation of line passing through a
2 1 3
M3 >4 T1 i = 2 3 .1
= =
2 1 3
To find

= 1 1
1
1 2 1
the pint 1, 2, 3
=i,,-, .G .- -E.Gi
265. Find the equation of the line passing through
2 5 = L
1 1
L L
1 1
L L
1 1
L
2 1 1 1 1 2
= 1 2 1 1 2 1
Solution: To find the equation of line in vector form
Let be the position vector of the point A w. r. t.

= 3 2
origin O then
= 2 3
Put in equation 1
= 2 5 i = 2 3 3 2

the point 2 3 and perpendicular to the

267. Find the vector equation of line passing through
i = where is a scalar
vectors and 2
i = 2 3 2 5
This is required equation of line in vector form Solution:-
169
Let =
= 2 M 4 > 2 T 5
= =
3 1 2
Since the line is perpendicular to and then it is
M4 >2 T5
parallel to = =
3 1 2
point 2 3 and parallel to is

Required vector equation of line passing through a
i = 2 3 .1 the point 5,4,3 and having direction ratios

3,4,2
To find

Solution:-
= 1 1 1
2 1 1
To find the equation of line in vector form
Let be the position vector of the point A w. r. t.

1 1 1 1 1 1
= L L L L L L
1 1 2 1 2 1 origin O then
= 1 1 1 2 1 2 = 5 4 3
= 3 4 2
= 2 3
i = Where is a scalar
Put in equation 1
i = 2 3 2 3 i = 5 4 3 3 4 2
through the point 4, 2 ,5 and parallel to the

Equation of line in Cartesian form
vector 3 2 hence find the equation in

form is
M M > > T T
Cartesian form
= =
Solution:- E
M , > , T 5, 4, 3

through the point A whose position vector and The d. r. s. of ,G ,H - < are = 3 , = 4,
We know that the vector equation of line passing
parallel to is E=2
i = Where is a scalar M5 >4 T3

= =
= 4 2 5and = 3 2 3 4 2
i = 4 2 5 3 2 This is the required equation of line in Cartesian form
Cartesian form
through the point 1 , 1 , 2 and parallel to

We know that the equation of a line in Cartesian 270. Find the vector equation of a line passing
form is
M M > > T T
= = 2M 2 = 3> 1 = 6T 2
the line
E
M , > , T 4, 2, 5

The d. r. s. of line L is = 3 , = 1, E = 2
Solution:-

170
1 1
M M
through the point A and parallel to is 3= 3 =T1
We know that the vector equation of the line passing
1 1 1
i = Where is a scalar 3 6
= 2 M
1 1
M T 1
3= 3 =
1 1 1
3 6
The equation of given line is
2M 2 = 3> 1 = 6T 2 Comparing with

1 2 M M > > T T
2M 1 = 3 > = 6 T = =
3 6 E
1 1
M1 > 3 T3
= = the point , , 1 are

The direction ratios of the given line passing through
1 1 1
2 3 6
1 1
, , 1
The direction ratios of the given lines are 3 6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, ,
2 3 6 =
=
3 3 3 6

The given line is parallel to the required lines We know that the vector equation of the line passing
There direction ratios are equal

i = Where is a scalar
1 1 1 1
The equation of required line in vector form is
1 1 1 i =
i = 2 3 3 3 6
2 3 6
2M 2 = 3> 1 = 6T 2 Find the direction ratios

272. The equation of the line is
The equation of required line in Cartesian form is
M 1 > 1 T 2

= =
1 1 1
and also find vector equation of the line
2 3 6 Solution:-
2M 1 = 3> 1 = 6T 2 The given equation of line in Cartesian form is
The Cartesian equation of a line is 3M 1 = 2M 2 = 3> 1 = 6T 2

6> 2 = 1 T. Find the direction ratios and write
271.
1 2
2M 1 = 3 > = 6 T
3 6
the equation in vector form
1 1
x1 y 3 z3
Solution:-
= =
1 1 1
2 3 6
The given equation of line in Cartesian form is
3M 1 = 6> 2 = 1 T
1 2 1 , , is , , B

The direction ratios of the line passing through the point
3 M = 6 M = T 1
3 6
171
1 1
a = k
3 3 the point 2, 1, 3 and perpendicular to the line
1 1 1
b = k = = ==$

2 3 6
and
the point A and parallel to b is

The required vector equation of a line passing through
Solution:-
r = a b Where is a scalar
The equation of first line is
x1 y2 z3
1 1 1 1 1 = =
r = k k 1 2 3
3 3 2 3 6
A line passing through the point 3 , 1, 2
and perpendicular to the line r = k
273. The direction ratios are
2 2 k and r = 2 3k 2 k 1 ,2 , 3 b = + 2 + 3k
Find the equation of the line
The equation of second line is
x y z
= =
Solution:-
3 2 5
The required line perpendicular to the given lines
r = k 2 2 kand
The direction ratios are
3, 2, 5 c = 3 + 2 + 5k
r = 2 3k 2 2k
b and c it is parallel to b c
Since the required line is perpendicular to the vector
Comparing with
r = a b and r = a b k
b c = 1 2 3
b = 2 2 k and b = 2 2k 3 2 5
b c = L2 3
L L
1 3
L k L
1 2
L
The required line is parallel to b b 2 5 3 5 3 2
k b c = 10 6 5 9 k2 6
b b = 2 2 1
1 2 2 b c = 4 14 8k
2 1 2 1 2 2
b b = L L L L + k L L
2 2 1 2 1 2
through the point A and parallel to b c is
b b = 4 + 2 4 1 + k4 + 2
r = a b c Where is a scalar
b b = 2 3 2k
a = 2 3k
through the point A and parallel to b b is
r = 2 3k 4 14 8k
r = a + b b Where is a scalar
The equation of line in Cartesian form is
a = 3 + 2k M M > > T T
= =
E
r = 3 + 2k + 2 3 2k
172
Ax , y , z A2, 1, 3 10 1 = 10 10 +

The d. r. s. of b along line L are a = 4 , b = 14, = ! . . "
c=8
3 = 3 1 + 3
M2 >1 T3
= = = 2 . .2
4 14 8
M2 >1 T3 + 4 = 4 + 1 4 = 3 .3
= =
2 7 4
Solve equation 1 and 2 for the values of and
= =
K K A
^ -Y . 1 10 + = 9
275. Show that the lines and
= =
K^ K
A
-Y . 2 10 10 + 30 = 20
intersect and find the point of
intersection
Solution:- +
The first equation of line is
M1 >3 T4 29 = 29 = 1

= = =
10 1 1
=X. = 1 H -YX.HG 2
M1 >3 T4
= , = , = + 3 1 = 2 = 2 3 = "
10 1 1
M 1 = 10 , > 3 = , T4= The values of and satisfies equation 3
M = 10 1 , > = 3 , T = 4 The given lines are intersect
Co-ordinate of the point lie on the first line is Point of intersection
10 1, 3 , 4 = 10 1 1, 1 3 ,1 4
The second given equation of line is Point of intersection = 11, 4 ,5
M 10 > 1 T 1
= = =
1 3 4
276. Show that the lines
r = k 3 And
M 10 >1 T1
= , = , =
1 3 4 r = 4 k 2 3k Intersect and find their
M 10 = , > 1 = 3 , T 1 = 4
point of intersection.
M = 10 , > = 3 1 , T = 41 Solution:-
Co-ordinate of the point lie on the second line is The given first equation in vector form is
10 , 3 1, 4 + 1 r = k 3
Since the given lines are intersect for some values The Cartesian equation is
of and then

173
M1 >1 T1
= = =
3 1 0
Solution: -
M1 >1 T1
= , = , =
To find the equation of line in vector form
3 1 0 Let be the position vector of the point A w. r. t.
M 1 = 3 , > 1 = , T1=0
origin O then
= 2
M = 3 1 , > = 1 , T = 1
= 3 2 5

Co-ordinate of the point lie on the first line is We know that the equation of the line passing
3 1, 1 , 1 i = where is a scalar

i = 2 3 2 5
The second equation of the line is
r = 4 k 2 3k
M4 >0 T1
= = =
2 0 3
form is
M M > > T T
= =
M4 > T1 E
= , = , =
2 0 3 M , > , T 2, 1, 1
M 4 = 2 , > = 0 , T 1 = 3 The d. r. s. of ,G ,H - < are = 3 , = 2,
E=5
M = 2 4 , > = 0 , T = 1 3
M 2 > 1 T 1
= =
Co-ordinate of the point lie on the second line is 3 2 5
2 + 4 ,0, 1 + 3
Since the given lines are intersect for some values

278. Find non parametric equation of a line passing
of and then
3
=i,,-, .G .- -E.Gi
through the point whose position vector is
3 + 1 = 2 + 4 3 # = $ . . " 5 2
+ 1 = 0 = 1 = 1 . .2 Solution: Let = 3
1 = 1 + 3 = 0 .3 = 5 2
and satisfies equation 1 We know that the non parametric equation of line is
i =
The values of
The given lines are intersect

Point of intersection = 3 1 1, 1 1 , 1
i = 1 1 3
5 2 1
Point of intersection = 4, 0 , 1
i 5 2
= 1 6 1 15
the pint 2, 1, 1
[
. i. [. 3, 2, 5 2 5

174
i 5 2 = 5 14 3 7M 1 > 5 T 6
= =
3 1 5
M1 >2 T3
This is non parametric equation of line
= =
3 2 2
i = 3 .2
7
i = 2 [ 2 3 are perpendicular to M1 >5 T6

= =
3 1 5
7
each other t and s are parameters
Solution: The first line is parallel to the vectors 2

, 2
%
_
The d. r. s. of first line are 3 ,
, 1 , 5
%
Therefore the d. r. s. of the first line are 2, 1, 0
The second line is parallel to the vectors 2 3 _

The d. r. s. of second line are
, , E
, , E then
We know that if the two perpendicular lines with d. r. s.
Therefore the d. r. s. of the first line are 1, -2, 3
E E = 0
, , E
, , E then
We know that if the two perpendicular lines with d. r. s.
3 2
E E = 0 3 1 25 = 0
7 7
<. `. a. = E E 9 2
10 = 0
7 7
<. `. a. = 21 12 03
11 70
<. `. a. = 2 2 0 = 0 = 10 =
7 11
<. `. a. = . `. a. If the points 1, 3, 2 , ]4, 2, 2 and
5, 5, are collinear. Find the value of
281.
Therefore the given lines are perpendicular to each

other Solution:-
,-. ,
Ebe the position vectors of the points A,B
= % =
_A
280. Find the value of so that the lines

= = $ are perpendicular
and C
__ $ B
% = 3 2
to each other
Solution:- b = 4 2 2k
The given equations of lines are E = 5 5
1 M 7> 14 T 3 = ]
] = 4 2 2 3 2
= =
3 2 2
= 3 4
]
7 7M > 5 6 T
= = The d. r. s. of line AB are3, 1, 4
3 1 5
M 1 7> 2 T 3 = 5 5 3 2
= E
= =
3 2 2

175
= 6 2 2
Solution:-
The d. r. s. of line AC are6, 2, 2 The given equations of the lines are
M2 >1 T3 M5 >7

= =
=
2 3 2 1 2
Since lines AB and AC lie along the same line that is they
T4
are parallel
=
The d. r. s. of line AB and AC are in proportion 1
3 1 4
= = The d. r. s. of the first line are2, 3, 2
6 2 2
The d. r. s. of the first line are1, 2, 1
1 4
= + 2 = 8 = 10
2 2
, , E
, , E then
E E
282. By vector method find the angle between the
EG[ 2 =
M1 >1 T1 M1 >2 T
E E
lines
= =
= =
2 3 1 3 4 3
EG[ 2
21 32 21
Solution: The given equations of the lines are
M1 >1 T1 M1 >2 T =

= =
= = 2 3 2 1 2 1
2 3 1 3 4 3
The d. r. s. of the first line are2, 3, 1 262
EG[ 2 =
The d. r. s. of the first line are3, 4, 3 4 9 41 4 1

6 6
EG[ 2 = =
176 176
, , E
, , E then
6
EG[ 2 =
E E 17
EG[ 2 =
6
E E 2 = EG[
17
23 34 13
=
2 3 1 3 4 3
i = 3 2 4 2 2
284. Find the angle between the lines

6 12 3
EG[ 2 = i = 5 2 3 2 6
4 9 19 16 9
3 3
EG[ 2 = =
1434 476 The first line is parallel to the vectors 2 2
Solution: -
3
EG[ 2 =
4 119
3
Therefore the d. r. s. of the first line are 1, 2, 2
2 = EG[ The second line is parallel to the vectors 3 2 6

4 119
283. By vector method find the angle between the
Therefore the d. r. s. of the second line are 3, 2, 6
M2 >1 T3 M5 >7
lines
= =
=
2 3 2 1 2
T4
We know that if is the angles between the two
= , , E
, , E then
1
perpendicular lines with d. r. s.

176
E E M2 >3 T1
EG[ 2 = = =
5 2 1 3 3 1
E E
M2 >3 T1
= =
3 2 4
EG[ 2
13 22 26
=
1 2 2 3 2 6
This is required Cartesian equation of line
3 4 12
EG[ 2 = through the two points 4, 2, 1and
286. Find the Cartesian equation of the line passing
1 4 49 4 36 ]2, 1, 3. Also reduce to it vector form

19 19
EG[ 2 = =
949 21
19
2 = EG[
Solution:-
21 We know that the Cartesian equation of a line
the two points 2, 3, 1

]5, 1, 3
285. Find the equation of the line passing through passing through the two points
M M > > T T
= =
Solution: M M > > T T
M , > , T 4, 2, 1 , BM , > , T

let
be the position vectors of the points A
]2, 1, 3
M4 >2 T1
and B w. r. t. origin O.
= 2 3 = =
2 4 1 2 3 1
= 5 3 M4 >2 T1
= =
2 3 2
through the two points A and B is This is required Cartesian equation of line
i = 1 To find required equation of line in vector form
i = 1 2 3 5 3 M4 >2 T1
= = = [>
2 3 2
i = 2 3 2 3 5
M4 >2 T1
3 = , = , =
2 3 2
i = 2 3 3 2 4 M 4 = 2 , > 2 = 3 , T 1 = 2
i = 2 3 3 2 4 M = 4 2 , > = 2 3 , T = 1 2
This is the required equation of line in vector form The required vector equation of line is
We know that the Cartesian equation of a line i = M y + zk
i = 4 2 2 3 1 2k
passing through the two points
M M > > T T
= =
M M > > T T i = 4 2 k 2 3 2k
M , > , T 2, 3, 1 , BM , > , T

]5, 1, 3

177
,-. = 2 k
through the point 2 , 4 , 5 and parallel to the
287. Find the Cartesian equation of the line passes
= 4 k
And E = 2 2k

= =
K K$
$ B
] = E
4 k

line given by
] = + 2 + 2k
= 2 2 k
]
Solution:-
We know that
M M > > T T
= =
The required equation of line in vector form is
E
r = a ]
M , > , T 2, 4, 5
r = 2 k 2 2 k

M2 >3 T5

The given equation of line is
= =
3 5 6
290. Find the equation of line equally inclined with
5, 1, 2
co-ordinate axes and passes through the point
Since the required line is parallel to the given line

therefore their direction ratios are equal
Solution:-
Let , &
' be the inclination of line with co-
The required equation of line is
M2 >4 T5

= =
3 5 6
ordinate axes then
, = cos , = cos & , = cos '
= & = '
288. The Cartesian equation of a line are
= =
K$ KA K$
$ B
, = cos , = cos , = cos
Write it vector equation
,==
Solution:-
The given equation of line is
M5 >4 T5 5, 1, 2 having direction cosine l, m, n is

The required equation of line passing through the point
= =
3 5 6 M5 >1 T2
= =
M 5 > 4 T 5 ,
= =
3 5 6
,==
M5 >1 T2

5 , 4, 5 having direction ratios 3, 5, 6 = =
This is the equation of line passes through the point
, , ,
and b = 3 5 6k
= 5 4 5k M5=>1=T2
3 5 6k
i = 5 4 5k
A2, 1 , 5 and B1, 3, 1 find the equation of
291. A line passing through the two points
through a point with position vector 2 k and

289. Find the vector equation of a line passing
the line in
parallel to the line joining the points 4

i. Parametric form
and 2 2k
k
ii. Symmetric form/ Cartesian form
iii. Non Parametric form
Solution:-
Solution: -

178
i. leta and b be the position vectors of the points A b a = 3 k 2 5k
b a = 3 4 6k
and B w. r. t. origin O.
a = 2 5k
k
b = 3 k a b = 2 1 5
1 3 1
a b = 1 15 2 5 k6 1
a b = 14 3 5k
through the two points A and B is
r = 1 a b
r 3 4 6k = 14 3 5k
r = 1 2 5k 3 k
r = 2 5k 2 5k 3 k
This is non parametric equation of line
r = 2 5k 3 4 6k
r = 2 k t3 + and the line joining the points
292. Find the angle between the line
r = 2 5k 3 4 6k A2, 1, 3 and B1, 1, 2
3 0k
This is the required equation of line in vector form Solution: The first line is parallel to the vectors
ii. We know that the Cartesian equation of a line

passing through the two points Therefore the d. r. s. of the first line are 3, 1, 0
M M > > T T
= =
M M > > T T
Therefore the d. r. s. of the second line AB are
1 2 , 1 1 , 23
M , > , T 2, 1 , 5 ,
BM , > , T ]1, 3, 1 Therefore the d. r. s. of the second line AB are
x 2 y 1 z5 1 , 2 , 5
= =
1 2 3 1 1 5
x2 y+1 z5
We know that if is the angles between the two
= =
3 4 6 a , b , c and a , b , c then
perpendicular lines with d. r. s.
a a b b c c
cos =
This is required Cartesian equation of line
i) We know that the non parametric equation of the a b c a b c

cos
line
r a b a = 0 31 12 05

=
3 1 0 1 2 5
r b a a b a = 0 3 2 0
cos =
9 11 4 25
r b a a b a a = 0 5 5
cos = =
r b a = a b 1030 10 3
1
cos =
b a = 3 k 2 5k 2 3

179
1 Let M ( , > ( , T be a point on the line

= cos
2 3
M M > > T T
= =
E
through the point with position vector 2 k
position vector k and 2 2k . Also find the point M ( , > ( , T to the line
and parallel to the line joining the points with Let M be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from
M M > > T T
= =
E
the Cartesian equation of the line.
M M > > T T
Solution:-
= = =
through the point A and parallel to b is E
r = a bwhere is a scalar M M > > T T

= , = , =
E
a = 2 k
M M = , > > = ,
T T = E
the vector b = 2 2k k
The line passing through the point A and parallel to
M = M , > = > ,
T = T E
= 2 2k k
b = 2 2 k
Co-ordinate of foot of perpendicular is
M + , > , T E
The required vector equation is
r = 2 k 2 2 k
The direction ratios of PM are
M M ( , > > ( , T E T
We know that the Cartesian equation of the line
The d. r. s. of line is a, b, c
b is
passing through the point A and parallel to the
PM perpendicular to line
x x y y z z M M ( > > (
= =
a b c E T E T = 0
x 2 y 1 z 1
= =
2 2 1
point 0, 2, 3 and the line = =
K KA
294. Find the foot of the perpendicular from the
x2 y+1 z1
$
= =
2 2 1
. Also find the length of the perpendicular
Solution:-
Perpendicular distance of a point from a line:-
Let M ( , > ( , T 0, 2, 3
point from a line r = a + in vector
Formula for finding the perpendicular distance of a
The d. r. s. of given line is = 5 , = 2 , E = 5
form is
a the point M ( , > ( , T to the line

Let M be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from
| a| U V
M+3 >1 T+4
= =
5 2 3
Cartesian form:-

180
M+3 >1 T+4

= = = say
5 2 3 the point M ( , > ( , T to the line
M+3 >1 T+4 M+1 >3 T+2

= , =, = = =
5 2 3 2 3 1
M + 3 = 5 , > 1 = 2 , T + 4 = 3 M+1 >3 T+2
= = = say
2 3 1
M = 5 3 , > = 2 + 1 , T = 3 4
M+1 >3 T+2
= , =, =
2 3 1
Co-ordinate of foot of perpendicular
5 3 , 2 + 1 , 3 4 . .1 M + 1 = 2 , > 3 = 3 , T + 2 =
The d. r. s. of PM is M = 2 1 , > = 3 + 3 , T = 2
5 3 0 , 2 + 1 2 , 3 4 3 Co-ordinate of foot of perpendicular
5 3 , 2 1 , 3 7 2 1 , 3 + 3 , 2 . .1
To find the value of The d. r. s. of PM is
Since line and PM are perpendicular 2 1 2 , 3 + 3 + 3 , 2 1
55 3 + 22 1 + 33 7 = 0 2 3 , 3 + 6 , 3
25 15 + 4 2 + 9 21 = 0 To find the value of
38 38 = 0 38 = 38 = 1 Since line and PM are perpendicular
Put = 1 in equation 1 22 3 + 33 + 6 3 = 0
5 1 3 , 2 1 + 1 , 3 1 4 4 6 + 9 + 18 + + 3 = 0
2, 3, 1 15
14 + 15 = 0 14 = 15 =
14
Put = Ain equation 1

$
Using distance formula to find perpendicular
distance PM
= 2 0 + 3 2 + 1 3 15 15 15

2 1 , 3 + 3 ,
14 14 14
= 4 + 1 + 16 = 21 X H.[ 2
22 3 13
2, 3, 1 to the line , ,
295. Find the length of the perpendicular from
7 14 14
M+1 >3 T+2
= =
2 3 1 Using distance formula to find perpendicular
distance PM
Solution:-
Let M ( , > ( , T 2, 3, 1 22 3 13

= 2 + + 3 + + 1 +
7 14 14

181
36 39 27
= + +
Since line and PM are perpendicular
7 14 14 22 33 1 88 10 = 0
4 9 3 64 80 = 0
72 39 27
= + + X H.[
14 14 14 77 77 = 0 77 = 77 = 1
5184 + 1521 + 729 Put = 1 in equation 1

=
14
2 1 + 1 , 3 1 1 , 8 1 10
7434
= 3, 4, 2
14
Using distance formula to find perpendicular
1, 0, 0 from the line = =

K K^
296. Find the perpendicular distance of the point
distance PM
@
. Also
find the co-ordinate of the foot of the = 3 1 + 4 0 + 2 0
= 4 + 16 + 4 = 24 X H.[
perpendicular
Solution:-
Let M ( , > ( , T 1, 0, 0 point 5, 4, 1 on the line

297. Find the foot of the perpendicular from the
r = + 2 + 9 + 5k
Solution:-
the point M ( , > ( , T to the line
M 1 > 1 T 10
The given equation of line in vector form is
= = r = + 0 + 0k + 2 + 9 + 5k
2 3 8
M 1 > 1 T 10 Let M ( , > ( , T 5, 4, 1
= = = say
2 3 8 The d. r. s. of given line is = 2 , = 9 , E = 5
M1 >1 T 10
= , = , =
2 3 8
the point M ( , > ( , T to the line
M 1 = 2 , > 1 = 3 , T 10 = 8
r = + 0 + 0k + 2 + 9 + 5k
M = 2 1 , > = 3 1 , T = 8 10
Cartesian form
M1 > T
2 + 1 , 3 1 , 8 10 . .1 = = =
2 9 5
M1 > T
= , = , =
2 9 5
The d. r. s. of PM is
2 1 1 , 3 1 0 , 8 10 0
M 1 = 2 , > = 9 , T = 5
2 , 3 1 , 8 10
M = 2 + 1 , > = 9 , T = 5
To find the value of

182
2 + 1 , 9 , 5 . .1 The lines in space which are neither intersecting nor
parallel are called as skew lines
The d. r. s. of PM is
2 1 5 , 9 4 , 5 + 1
Distance between skew lines:-
2 4 , 9 4 , 5 + 1
The formula for finding the distance between skew
lines
The shortest distance between the two lines

To find the value of
,
, whose vector equations are
i =
i =
+ is
+
Since line and PM are perpendicular
22 4 + 99 4 + 55 + 1 = 0

4 8 + 81 36 + 25 + 5 = 0

39
110 39 = 0 = The shortest distance between the two lines
110
Put = ^in equation 1

)
whose Cartesian equations are
M M > > T T
= =
E
39 39 39
2 +1 ,9 ,5
110 110 110 M M > > T T
= = H[
E
188 351 195
, ,
110 110 110 M M > > T T
E
Using distance formula to find perpendicular E
distance PM E E + E E +

188
351
195
= 5 + 4 + + 1
110 110 110
298. Find the shortest distance between the lines
r = 2 2 3k and
362 89 305
= + + r = + 2k + 2 + 5k
110 110 110
131044 + 7921 + 93025

Solution:-
=
110 110
The given vector equation of the lines are
r = 2 + 2 + 3k and
231990
= r = + 2k + 2 + 5k
110 110
2109
Comparing with
= X H.[ i =
i =
is

110
= 2k
= 2 and
= 2 3k and
= 2 5k
Definition of skew lines:-


183
Formula for finding the shortest distance is = 2k

= 4 and

= 2 3k and
= 4 5k

Formula for finding the shortest distance is

Consider
= 2k 2

= 0 2k Consider
k = 2k 4

= 2 1 3
2 1 5 = 3 0 2k

= 5 3 10 6 k2 2 k

= 1 2 3

= 2 4 0k 1 4 5

= 4 16 0
= 10 12 5 3 k4 2

= 20 = 4 5
= 2 2 2k

= 25
= 4 4 4

= 12 = 4 3
Shortest distance = L L
*K^+K,
*KA+K^,

$

= 23
200 2
= =
25 25
*K^+K,
*K+K,

6 0 4 2
= =

Required shortest distance between the two given
$ 23 23
line is units
299. Find the shortest distance between the lines

r = 4 2 3k and
line is units
r = + 2k + + 4 5k 300. Find the shortest distance between the lines
Solution:- r = 2 k k and
The given vector equation of the lines are r = 2 k + 2 + + 2k
r = 4 + + 2 3k and Solution:-
r = + 2k + + 4 5k The given vector equation of the lines are
Comparing with r = + 2 + k + + k and
i =
i =
is
r = 2 k + 2 + + 2k

184
r = + 2 + k and
r = 2 + + k
Comparing with

i =

i = is

= 2 k and
= 2 k
Comparing with

i =

i = is

= k and
= 2 2k
= and
= 2
= 2 k and
= k


Consider
= 2 k 2 k

= 3 2k

Consider

= 2
k

= 1 1 1

=
2 1 2

= 2 1 2 2 k1 2 k

= 2 0 1

= 3 0 3k 1 1 1

= 0 1 2 0 k2 1

= 9 0 9

= 2 3k

= 18 = 9 2

= 1 4 9

= 32

= 14
*+,
*K^+K,

-*K+K,

3 0 6 9
A
= =
32 32 100 1
= =
14 14


line is units Required shortest distance between the two given
A
line is units
301. By computing the shortest distance determine
whether the following the lines are intersecting or The distance between the two lines is nonzero therefore
r = 2 k and
not the lines do not intersect
r = 2 + + k
whether the following the lines are intersecting or
Solution:- not
M1 >1 T1

= =

7 6 1
The given vector equation of the lines are

185
M3 >5 T7 46 2 67 1 814 6

= = =
1 2 1 116
16 36 64
=
Solution:-
116
116
The given equations of lines are
M1 >1 T1 = = 116

= =
116
7 6 1
M3 >5 T7
= = is 116 units
1 2 1
Required shortest distance between the given lines
M 1 > 1 T 1

= =

The distance between the given lines is not equal to
7 6 1
zero therefore the given lines do not intersect
M3 >5 T7
= =
1 2 1
whether the following the lines are intersecting or
not
M5 >7 T3
Comparing with
M M > > T T = =

= =
4 5 5
E
M8 >7 T5
M M > > T T = =
= = 7 1 3
E
M = 1 , > = 1 , T = 1
Solution:-
M = 3 , > = 5 , T = 7
M5 >7 T3
= 7 , = 6 , E = 1 = =

4 5 5
= 1 , = 2 , E = 1 M8 >7 T5
= =
7 1 3
M 5 > 7 T 3
Required shortest distance is
M M > > T T = =

4 5 5
E
E M8 >7 T5
= =
E E E E 7 1 3
Comparing with
M M > > T T
31 51 71 = =

7 6 1 E
1 2 1
= M M > > T T
6 2 1 7 14 6 = =
E
M = 5 , > = 7 , T = 3
4 6 8
7 6 1 M = 8 , > = 7 , T = 5
1 2 1
=
16 36 64 = 4 , = 5 , E = 5
= 7 , = 1 , E = 3

186
Required shortest distance is The given equations of lines are

M M > > T T M1 >1 T1
E = =

2 3 4
E
E E E E M3 > T
= =
1 2 1
M 1 > 1 T 1
85 77 53 = =

2 3 4
4 5 5
7 1 3
= M3 > T0
15 5 35 12 4 35 = =
1 2 1
3 0 8
Comparing with
M M > > T T
4 5 5 = =

7 1 3 E
=
100 2209 1521 M M > > T T
= =
E
315 5 0 84 35 M = 1 , > = 1 , T = 1

=
3830
M = 3 , > = , T = 0
282 282
= = = 2 , = 3 , E = 4
3830 3830
= 1 , = 2 , E = 1
31 1 01
@
Required shortest distance between the given lines
2 3 4 =0
@^
is units
1 2 1
M1 >1 T1
304. If the lines
= =
2 1 1
2 3 4
2 3 4 =0
M3 > T 1 2 1
= =
1 2 1
23 8 12 4 14 3 = 0
10 2 2 1 = 0
Intersect then find the values of k
9
9 2 = 0 6 = 9 =
Solution:-
We know that the lines are intersect then the 2

distance between the two skew lines is zero
M M > > T T
NOTE:- The co-ordinate of the point on the line
M M > > T T
E = =
E ,
E E E E
At a distance r from the point M , > , T are given by
=0 M + ,i, > + i, T + i

M M > > T T
E = 0
E
187
6 9 18
1 + , 2 + , 3 +
K
=

=
K 7 7 7
305. Find the co-ordinate of the points on the line
B
from the point 1, 2, 3 6 9 18
Which are at a distance of 3 units
Gi 1 , 2 , 3
7 7 7
Solution:-
The coordinate of the required points on the given line
The given equation of line is are
M1 >2 T3 1 27 3 13 5 39
= = , , Gi , ,
2 3 6 7 3 7 7 7 7
The direction ratios of the given lines are
= =
K K
306. Find two points on the line
= 2, = 3 , E = 6
2, 3, 5 at a distance of 3 units from it
Which are on either side of
To find the direction cosine
2
,= ,=
Solution:-
E 2 + 3 + 6 The given equation of line is
2 2 M2 >3 T3
,= ,= = =
4 + 9 + 36 7 1 2 2
3
= =
E 2 + 3 + 6
The direction ratios of the given lines are
= 1, = 2 , E = 2
3 3
= =
4 + 9 + 36 7
To find the direction cosine
E 6 1
= = ,= ,=
E 2 + 3 + 6 E 1 + 2 + 2
6 6 1 1
= = ,= ,=
4 + 9 + 36 7 1 + 4 + 4 3
2
= =
E 1 + 2 + 2
We know that theco-ordinate of the point on the
line
M M > > T T 2 2
= = = =
, 1 + 4 + 4 3
At a distance r from the point M , > , T are given by E 2
= =
M + ,i, > + i, T + i E 1 + 2 + 2
M , > , T 1, 2, 3

|i| = 3 i = 3 2 2
= =
1 + 4 + 4 3
M + ,i, > + i, T + i
2 3 6
We know that theco-ordinate of the point on the
1 3, 2 3, 3 3
7 7 7
line
M M > > T T
6 9 18 = =
1 , 2 , 3 ,
7 7 7
188
At a distance r from the point M , > , T are given n = 0

NR
ON
OR n = 0
r p n n = 0
by
M + ,i, > + i, T + i r n pn n = 0

M , > , T 2, 3, 5
|i| = 3 i = 3 r n p 1 = 0
r n p = 0
M + ,i, > + i, T + i r n = p
1 2 2
2 3, 3 3, 5 3
This is required equation of plane in normal form
3 3 3 Let Rx, y, z be any point on the plane

Cartesian equation of plane:
2 1, 3 2 , 5 2 i = M > T
Let l, m, n be the d. c. s. of n
3, 5, 3
n = l m z k
Gi 1, 1, 7
r n = p
We now that the vector equation of the plane
M > T , T = =
lx + my + nz = p
The coordinate of the required points on the given
line are
3, 5, 3 Gi 1, 1, 7
This is required equation of plane in Cartesian form
Theorem:-The vector equation of a plane passing
is r n
zero vector n = a n

PLANE through a point A and perpendicular to a non-
Equation of a plane:
form is r n = p where n is unit vector along

Theorem: The vector equation of a plane in normal Proof:
the normal and p is a distance of a plane from

the origin.
n
Proof:
A
N
a
R
n r
R
r O
O
position vector w. r. t. O is a
Let the plane passes through the point A whose
Consider a plane in a space Let n

be a vector perpendicular to the plane
ON = p
Draw the line ON perpendicular to the plane
vector is r
Let R be the any point on the plane whose position
let nbe a unit vector along the line ON
= p n
ON n
AR

ON
NR
AR n
From fig.
=0

NR . ON = 0
189
OA
OR n
=0 b c = 0
AR
r a n
=0 b c = 0
OA
OR
r n
a n
=0 r a b c = 0 i. e. r abc = 0
r n
= a n

r b c a b c = 0
r b c = a b c
This is required equation of plane in vector form
Equation of plane in Cartesian form:
Let M , > , T H. -. = M > T be a

This is required vector equation of plane
Let the plane passing through the point
M , > , T H. -. = M > T

point from which the plane is passes
Let M, >, T H. -. i = M > T be any

point on the plane. Let M, >, T H. -. i = M > Tbe any point
Let a, b, c be the d. r. s. of a vector n

perpendicular
on the plane.
to the plane n = a + b ck Let b , b , b and c , c , c are the d. r. s. of a line

parallel to the plane
b = b b b k
We know that the vector equation of the plane
r n
= a n

c = c c c k
M + > T E
= M > T i = M > T M > T
E
i = M M > > T T
M > ET = M > ET
M > ET M > ET = 0

We know that the vector equation of plane is
r abc = 0
M M > > ET T = 0
M M > > T T
= 0
E E E
This is the Cartesian equation of the plane
Theorem: The vector equation of the plane passing

This is required equation of plane in Cartesian form.
zero vectors b and c is r b c = a

through the point A and parallel to the two non-
b c
EQUATION OF THE PLANE PASSING THROUGH
THE THREE POINTS
and parallel to two vectors b and c .Therefore

Proof: Consider a plane passing through the point A Theorem: The vector equation of the plane passing
b c is perpendicular to the plane. Let R be any

through the three points A, B, and C is
point on the plane

r AB AC
AC = a AB
AR b c
Proof:

190
= M M > > T T
]
B, C and R with position vectors a , b , c and r
since the plane passing through the three points A,
,
AR are coplanar
ABand AC
The vector equation of the plane is

gAR AB
ACh = 0

gAR ABAC h = 0
M M > > T T
AR AC
AB = 0 M M > > T T = 0
M M > > T T
OA
OR AB
AC
= 0
AC
= 0
This is required equation of plane in Cartesian form
r a AB
AC
r AB a AB
AC
= 0
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES
Vector form: let r n

= d and r n
= d be two
AC
r AB AC
= a AB panes and be the angle between the two
n and n

planes i.e. the angle between their normal
This is the equation of the plane in vector form
Equation of plane in Cartesian form n

n ||n
= |n | cos
n
n
cos =
|n
||n
|
Let the plane passing through the points
M , > , T H. - = M > T

Cartesian form: let M > E T =
and
] M , > , T H. - = M > T
M > E T =
be two equations of planes
M , > , T H. - E = M > T
d. r. s. a , b , c and a , b , c
and be the angle between their normals with
Let M, >, TH. -. i = M + > + T be any point

a a b b c c
cos =
in the plane
= i a b c a b c

= M > T
M > T
If two planes are perpendicular then there normals
are also perpendicular hence
= M M > > T T
a a b b c c = 0
=
]
= M > T
If two planes are parallel then there normal are also
M > T
parallel hence
a b c
= =
= M M > > T T a b c
]
= E

307. Find the distance of the plane
= M > T
r 2 3 6k = 28from the origin
M > T
Solution: The given equation of plane is

191
r 2 3 6k = 28 r n = d
r n
=d n

r =d
|n
|
Comparing with
= 2 3 + 6k
n
2 2k
r =6
The distance of the plane from the origin is 2 1 2
d 28 2 2k
= r =6
|n
| 2 3 6
4 1 4
d 28 2 2k
= r =6
|n
| 4 9 36 9
d 28 r 2 2k = 6 3
=
|n
| 49
r 2 2k = 18
d 28
= = 4 units
|n
| 7
a point having position vector 3 2 and
310. Find the equation of the plane passing through
perpendicular to the vector 4 3 2k

308. Find the vector equation of the plane which is
is normal to the vector 3 5 6k

at a distance of 7 units from the origin and which
Solution:-
Leta be the position vector of the point A w. r. t.

Solution: The required equation of plane is
r n = d origin O
n
a = 3 2
r =d
|n
|
= 4 + 3 + 2k
let n
3 5 6k
r =7
3 5 6
3 5 6k is
to n
passing through the point A and perpendicular
r =7
9 25 36 r n
= a n

3 5 6k
r =7 r 4 + 3 + 2k
70 = 3 2 +
r 3 5 6k = 770 4 + 3 + 2k
309. Find the vector equation of the plane which is r 4 + 3 + 2k = 12 6 + 2
is normal to the vector 2 2k r 4 + 3 + 2k = 8

at a distance of 6 units from the origin and which
Solution: The required equation of plane is This is the required vector equation of the plane
We know that the Cartesian equation of plane

192
M M > > ET T = 0 5M 4> 2T = 12
are 4, 3, 2 and
The d. r. s. of n This is the required Cartesian equation of plane
M , > , T A3, 2, 1

the point A2, 1, 1 and perpendicular to the
4M 3 3> 2 + 2T 1 = 0 vector 4 2 3k

4M 12 3> + 6 + 2T 2 = 0
Solution:-
4M 3> 2T = 8
Leta be the position vector of the point A w. r. t.
This is the required Cartesian equation of plane origin O
a = 2 k
the point A2, 1, 3 and perpendicular to the
= 4 + 2 3k
let n
vector 5 4 2k
Solution: let a be the position vector of the point A

is
to n
w. r. t. origin O
a = 2 3k
r n
= a n

= 5 4 2k
let n r 4 + 2 3k
We now that the vector equation of the plane = 2 + k 4 + 2 3k
is
to n r 4 + 2 3k = 8 2 3
r n
= a n
r 4 + 2 3k = 3
r 5 4 2k
= 2 + 3k 5 4 2k
This is the required vector equation of the plane
r 5 4 2k = 10 4 + 6 M M > > ET T = 0
r 5 4 2k = 12is the required vector are 4, 2, 3 and

The d. r. s. of n
M , > , T 2, 1, 1

equation of the plane
4M 2 2> 1 3T 1 = 0

M M > > ET T = 0

4M 8 2> 2 3T 3 = 0
are 5, 4, 2 and M , > , T
The d. r. s. of n
A2, 1, 3 4M 2> 3T 3 = 0
5M 2 4> 1 2T + 3 = 0 4M 2> 3T = 3
5M 10 4> + 4 2T 6 = 0 This is the required Cartesian equation of plane

193
2M 2 7> 14 5T 25 = 0
the point A1, 2, 5 and parallel to the vector
4 3k and k 2M 7> 5T 9 = 0
i = k 2 3k
Solution: We know that the vector equation of the 314. Find the vector equation of the plane
the vectorsb and c is

plane passing through the point A and parallel to
r b c = a b c
Solution:-
a = 2 5k
The given equation of the plane is
i = k 2 3k
b = 4 3k
c = k
Comparing with
0
i = /
k
b c = 4 1 3 = , = k , c = 2 3k
1 1 1
The given plane passing through the point 1, 1, 0
b c = 1 3 4 3 k4 1 and parallel to
, c
b c = 2 7 5k k
b c = n
= 1 1 1
r 2 7 5k 1 2 3
= 2 5k
= 3 + 2 3 1 + k2 1
n
2 7 5k
= 5 2 3k
n
r 2 7 5k = 2 14 25
r 2 7 5k = 9
The required equation of plane in vector form is
r n
= a n
This is the required vector equation of plane r 5 2 3k = 5 2 3k
We know that the Cartesian equation of the plane r 5 2 3k = 5 + 2 + 0
vectorsb and c is r 5 2 3k = 7
passing through the point A and parallel to the
M M > > T T
= 0 through the point A3, 1, 2 and whose
315. Find the vector equation of the plane passing
E E E
M1 >2 T5

normal has d. r. s. 4, -3, 5
Solution: let a be the position vector of the point A

4 1 3 =0
1 1 1 w. r. t. origin O
M 11 3 > 24 3 a = 3 2k

T 54 1 = 0
= 4 3 + 5k
let n

194
We now that the vector equation of the plane M , > , T 1, 1, 2
is
to n 2M 1 3> 1 2T 2 = 0
r n
= a n
2M 2 3> 3 2T 4 = 0
r 4 3 + 5k 2M 3> 2T 9 = 0
= 3 + 2k 4 3 + 5k
2M 3> 2T = 9
r 4 3 + 5k = 12 + 3 + 10 This is the required Cartesian equation of plane
r 4 3 + 5k = 25is the required vector 317. Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the
A1, 2, 1B2, 1, 3 and C0, 1, 5.

equation of the plane plane passing through the points
through the point 1, 1, 2 and having 2, 3, 2 as

Solution:-
Let a, b and c are the position vectors of the points

direction ratios of normal to the plane
Solution:- A, B, and C w. r. t. origin O.
Leta be the position vector of the point A w. r. t. a = 2 k
b = 2 3k
origin O
a = 2k
c = 0 5k
= 2 + 3 + 2k
let n
We now that the vector equation of the plane passing through the three points A, B, and C is
is
to n AC
r AB = a AB
AC

r n
= a n
AB = b a = 2 3k 2 k

r 2 + 3 + 2k AB = 2 3k 2 k

= + + 2k 2 + 3 + 2k
AB = 4k

r 2 + 3 + 2k = 2 + 3 + 4 = c a = 0 + + 5k 2 k
AC
r 2 + 3 + 2k = 9
AC = 0 + + 5k + 2 k

AC = + 3 + 4k

This is the required vector equation of the plane
k
= 1 1
AB AC 4
M M > > ET T = 0 1 3 4
are 2, 3, 2 and
The d. r. s. of n AC = 4 + 12 4 4 + k3 + 1
AB

195
= 16 + 0 + 4k
AB AC k
= 0
AB AC 1 0
r 16 + 0 + 4k 3 3 1
= 2 + k. 16 + 0 + 4k = 1 0 0 0 + k0 + 3
AB AC
r 16 + 0 + 4k = 16 + 0 + 4 = + 0 + 3k
AB AC
r 16 + 0 + 4k = 20 r + 0 + 3k
= + 0 + k. + 0 + 3k
r + 0 + 3k = 1 + 0 + 3
To find the Cartesian equation of the plane
Let M, >, T H. -. i = M > T be any

point on the plane. r + 0 + 3k = 2
M > T 16 0 4k = 20 This is required vector equation of plane
16M 4T = 20 4M + T = 5 To find the Cartesian equation of the plane
318. Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the Let M, >, T H. -. i = M > T be any
A1, 0, 1, B1, 1, 1 and C4, 3, 2.

plane passing through the points point on the plane.
M > T . 0 3k = 2
M 3T = 2
Solution:-

319. Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the
A, B, and C w. r. t. origin O.
A1, 1, 2, B0, 2, 3 and C4, 5, 6.
a = 0 k
plane passing through the points
b = k
Solution:-

c = 4 3 2k
A, B, and C w. r. t. origin O.
a = 2k
passing through the three points A, B, and C is

r AB
AC = . AB AC b = 0 2 3k
AB = b a = + k + 0 + k
c = 4 5 6k
AB = + k 0 k
AB = 0 0k

passing through the three points A, B, and C is

r AB
AC = . AB AC
AC = c a = 4 3 + 2k + 0 k

AB = b a = 0 + 2 + 3k + + 2k

AC = 4 3 + 2k 0 k

AB = 0 + 2 + 3k 2k

AC = 3 3 + k

196
AB = k
2+21
cos =
4 + 1 + 11 + 4 + 1
= c a = 4 + 5 + 6k + + 2k
AC
3
cos =
= 4 + 5 + 6k 2k
AC 66
= 3 + 4 + 4k
AC 3
cos =
6
k
= 1 1
AB AC 1 1
cos =
3 4 4 2
= 4 4 4 3 + k4 3
AB AC 1
= cos
2
= 0 + 7 7k
AB AC
r 0 + 7 7k = + + 2k. 0 + 7 7k r 2 2 3k = 5 and r 2 3k = 7
321. Find the angle between the planes
r 0 + 7 7k = 0 + 7 14
Solution:-
r n
= d and r n
= d then
We know that is the angle between the planes
r 7 7k = 7
n
n
cos =
This is required vector equation of plane |n
||n
|
To find the Cartesian equation of the plane = 2 + 2 3k and n

n = 2 + 3k
Let M, >, T H. -. i = M > T be any cos

2 + 2 3k 2 + 3k
=
2 + 2 + 3 1 + 2 + 3
point on the plane.
M > T . 0 7 7k = 7
7> 7T = 7 > T = 1
249
cos =
4 + 4 + 91 + 4 + 9
r 2 k = 3 and r 2 k = 1
320. Find the angle between the planes
11
cos =
1714
Solution:-
r n
= d and r n = d then
11
cos =
n
n 238
cos =
|n
||n
|
= 2 + k and n
n = + 2 + k
Since is acute then
11
cos =
cos 238
2 + k + 2 + k
= 11
2 + 1 + 1 1 + 2 + 1 = cos
238
322. Find the angle between the planes M >

2T = 3
3M 2> 2T = 7

197
Using vector method M>T =1
Solution:- The direction ratios of normal to this plane are
The given equation of first plane is a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
M > 2T = 3 The given equation of second plane is
3M 2> T 2 = 0
= + + 2k
1, 1, 2 n
The direction ratios of normal to the first plane are
are a = 3, b = 2, c = 1
The direction ratios of normal to the second plane
The given equation of second plane is
3M 2> + 2T = 7

To show that the inclination between the normal to
the given planes is
The direction ratios of normal to the first plane are
= 3 2 + 2k
3 , 2 , 2 n
That is to show that
a a b b c c = 0
= d and r n
r n = d then <. `. a. = a a b b c c
n
n <. `. a. = 3 2 1
cos =
|n
||n
|
<. `. a. = 0 <. `. a. = . `. a.
cos
2k 3 2 2k
=
The inclination between the normal to the given
1 1 2 3 2 2

planes is
324
cos = r p + 2k + 3 = 0 and
324. Find the value of p if the planes
1 1 49 4 4
r 2 p k 5 = 0 include angle

5

cos =
617 Solution:-
5
cos =
102
The given equations of planes are
r p + 2k + 3 = 0and
5
= cos r 2 p k 5 = 0
102
323. Show that the normal to the planes M >

The direction ratios of normal to this plane are
T = 1
3M 2> T 2 = 0 are inclined at a = p, b = 1, c = 2

an angle of
are a = 2, b = p, c = 1
The direction ratios of normal to the second plane
Solution:-
The given equation of the first plane is We know that the formula for finding the angle
between the normal to the planes is

198
a a + b b + c c 4M 2 2> 1 3T 1 = 0

cos =
a + b + c a + b + c 4M 8 2> 2 3T 3 = 0
2= + = 2 4M 2> 3T 3 = 0
cos =
3 = + 1 + 44 + = + 1
4M 2> 3T = 3
1 3= 2
=
2 = + 5= + 5
This is the required Cartesian equation of plane
1 3= 2
=
Vector equation of plane passing through the point
2 = + 5
of intersection of two planes:-
= + 5 = 6= 4
Vector equation of plane passing through the point
of intersection of two planes
= 6= + 9 = 0
i . = =
i . = = is
= 3 = 0 = 3 = 0 = = 3
i . = = =
the point A2, 1, 0 and perpendicular to the vector

2 3 6k
Cartesian form:-
The Cartesian equation of the plane passing through

Solution:- the point of intersection of the two planes
Leta be the position vector of the point A w. r. t. origin O M > E T

= 0and
a = 2 3 6k M > E T
= 0is
= 4 + 2 3k
let n M > E T

M > E T
= 1
is
through the point A and perpendicular to n
We now that the vector equation of the plane passing
r n
= a n

through the point of intersection of the planes
r k = 8 And
r 4 + 2 3k = 2 + k 4 + 2 3k r 2 + 3 + 4k = 3 and the point 1 , 0, 2
r 4 + 2 3k = 8 2 3 Solution:-
r 4 + 2 3k = 3is the required vector equation of The given equations of planes are
r + + k = 8 And
the plane
We know that the Cartesian equation of plane r 2 + 3 + 4k = 3
M M > > ET T = 0 Comparing with
are 4, 2, 3 and M , > , T

The d. r. s. of n i . = =
i . = =
2, 1, 1

199
17 22 27k 71
r =
= + + k and = 2 + 3 + 4k
7 7
r 17 22 27k = 71
= = 8
= = 3
We know that the relation
i . + = = + =
i . + + k + 2 + 3 + 4k = 8 + 3 r 2 2 3k = 8 And
r 2 + 4 + 3k = 7 and the point 2 , 1, 3
i . k 2 3 4k = 8 3
Solution:-
i . 1 2 1 3 1 4
= 8 3 .1 The given equations of planes are
,-. i = M y + zk r 2 + 2 3k = 8 And
r 2 + 4 + 3k = 7
M y + zk. 1 + 2 + 1 + 3
+ 1 + 4h = 8 + 3 Comparing with
M1 2 >1 3 T1 4 i . = =

i . = =
= 8 3 2
= 2 + 2 3k and = 2 + 4 + 3k
1 , 0, 2. This point satisfies equation 2

Since required plane passes through the given point
= = 8
= = 7
11 2 01 3 21 4 = 8 3

i . + = = + =
1 2 2 8 = 8 3
5 i . 2 + 2 3k + 2 + 4 + 3k = 8 + 7
7 = 5 =
7
i . 2 2 3k 2 4 3k = 8 7
i . 2 2 2 4 3 3

Put in equation 1
5 5 = 8 7 .1
i . Q1 2 1 3
7 7
5 5 ,-. i = M y + zk
1 4 R = 8 3
7 7
M y + zk. 2 + 2 + 2 + 4
10 15 20
i . Q1 1 1 R + 3 + 3h = 8 + 7
7 7 7
15
=8 M2 2 >2 4 T3 3
7
= 8 7 2
17 22 27 71
i . Q R =
7 7 7 7
2 , 1, 3. This point satisfies equation 2
Since required plane passes through the given point

200
22 2 12 4 33 3 = 8 7 = = 1

= = 4
4 4 2 4 9 9 = 8 7 We know that the relation
17 7 = 11 i . + = = + =
11
10 = 11 = i . 2 3 + 4k + = 1 4
10
i . 2 3 4k = 1 4
i . 2 3 4 = 1 4 .1
Put in equation 1
11 11
i . Q2 + 2 + 2 + 4
10 10
11 11
+ 3 + 3 R = 8 + 7
The d. r. s. of normal to the plane 1 is
10 10
2 , 3 , 4
22 44 33
i . Q2 + + 2 + + 3 + R
10 10 10
17
Plane 1 perpendicular to the plane
=8+ r 2 k = 5 2
10
42 64 3 157 The d. r. s. of normal to the plane 2 is 2, 1 ,1

i . Q + + R =
10 10 10 10
42 + 64 + 3k 157
Since plane 1 and 2 are perpendicular to each other then
r =
10 10
we get relation
22 13 1 4 = 0
r 42 + 64 + 3k = 157
328. Find the vector equation of the plane passing 4 2 3 4 = 0
3 = 11
r 2 3 4k = 1 And 11
r + 4 = 0 and perpendicular to the plane =
3
r 2 + k = 5
Solution:-
Put in equation 1
11 11
i . Q2 3 4 R
3 3
11
= 1 4
r 2 3 + 4k = 1 And 3
r + 4 = 0
5 2 44
i . Q 4 R = 1
r 2 3 + 4k = 1 And 3 3 3
r = 4 5 2 47
i . Q 4 R =
3 3 3
Comparing with
5 2 12k 47
r =
3 3
i . = =
i . = =
= 2 3 + 4k and =
201
r 5 2 12k = 47 1
1 2 = 0 =
329. Find the vector equation of the plane passing 2
r k = 2 And
Put in equation 1
1 1 1
r 2 + 3 + k 4 = 0 and parallel to X axis. i . Q1 2 + 1 3 + 1 R
2 2 2
1
= 2 + 4
Solution:- 2
1 1
i . Q0 + R = 0
2 2
r + + k = 2 And
r 2 + 3 + k 4 = 0 i . + = 0
r + + k = 2 And
through the point of intersection of the planes3M
r 2 + 3 + k = 4
2> T 1 = 0
Comparing with And M > T 2 = 0 and the point 2, 2, 1
Solution:-
i . = =
i . = =
= + + k and = 2 + 3 + k
3M + 2> T + 1 = 0
= = 2
= = 4
And M + > + T 2 = 0
We know that the relation The required equation of plane is
3M + 2> T + 1 + M + > + T 2 = 0
i . + = = + = 3M + 2> T + 1 + M + > + T 2 = 0
i . + + k + 2 + 3 + k = 2 + 4 M3 + + >2 + + T1 + + 1 2 = 0
i . k 2 3 k = 2 4 This plane passing through the point 2, 2, 1
i . 1 2 1 3 1 23 + + 22 + + 11 + + 1 2 = 0

= 2 4 .1
6 + 2 + 4 + 2 1 + + 1 2 = 0
to the unit vector along X axis

10
Since the plane 1 is parallel to the X axis that is parallel
10 + 3 = 0 =
3
The normal to the plane 1 and unit vector along X axis 10 10 10
M 3 + > 2 + T 1 + 1
are perpendicular to each other 3 3 3
. 1 2 1 3 1 = 0
10
2 = 0
3
0 0k. 1 2 1 3 1 1 4 13 20

=0
M > T+1+ =0
3 3 3 3
1 4 13 3 20
M > T+ + =0
3 3 3 3 3
202
M + 4> + 13T = 23 42M 21> + 21T 63 20M + 15> 25T 45

=0
22M 6> 4T 108 = 0

2M > T = 3
And 4M 3> 5T 9 = 0 and parallel to the line 11M 3> 2T = 54

= =
K K
A $ ANGLE BETWEEN PLANE AND LINE
Solution:-

Vector form:-
2M > + T = 3
Formula for find the angle between the line
i = and the plane i . = = is

And 4M 3> + 5T + 9 = 0
.
2M > + T 3 = 0 sin 2 =
| |
And 4M 3> + 5T + 9 = 0
Cartesian form:-
2M > + T 3 + 4M 3> + 5T + 9 = 0

The required equation of plane is
M > ET
= 0 and he line
Formula for finding the angle between the plane
2M > + T 3 + 4M 3> + 5T + 9 = 0
M M > > T T
M2 + 4 >1 + 3 + T1 + 5 3 + 9 = = H[
E
= 01
EE
sin 2 =
E E
The d. r. s. of normal to the plane 1 is
2 + 4 , 1 + 3 , 1 + 5
==
K
B
10M 2> 11T = 8
Plane 1 parallel to the line and the plane
M+1 >+3 T3
= = 2
2 4 5 Solution:-
The d. r. s. of normal to the line 2 is 2, 4 ,5 The given equation of plane and line is
==
K
B
Since plane 1 and line 2 are parallel to each other then
10M 2> 11T = 8

and the plane
we get relation
22 + 4 41 + 3 + 51 + 5 = 0 Comparing with
4 8 4 12 5 25 = 0 M > ET

= 0and he line
5 M M > > T T
21 5 = 0 = = =
21 E
= 10 , = 2 , E = 11
5 = 2 , = 3 , E = 6
2M > + T 3 4M 3> + 5T + 9 =
21 We know that

203
EE 4
sin 2 = 2 = sin
E E 409
Find the angle between the line i =
10 2 2 3 11 6 2 k k and the plane
334.
sin 2 =
10 2 11 2 3 6 i . 2 k = 5
20 6 66
sin 2 =
100 4 1214 9 36
Solution:-
80
The given equation of line and plane is
sin 2 =
22549 i = 2 k kand
40
sin 2 = i . 2 k = 5
15 7
8 8
sin 2 = 2 = sin
21
Comparing with
21
i = andi . = =
= =
K K
A = k , = 2 + k
n
2M > 3T 4 = 0
and the plane
= 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
Solution:-
| | = 2 1 1 | | = 6
.
The given equation of plane and line is
M1 >1 T2 sin 2 =

= = | |
3 2 4
2M > 3T 4 = 0 k. 2 k
sin 2 =
36
211 2
Comparing with
M > ET
= 0and he line sin 2 = sin 2 =
18 9 2
M M > > T T
= = 2 2
E sin 2 = 2 = sin
= 2 , = 1 , E = 3 3 3
= 3 , = 2 , E = 4
k k and the plane i . 2
335.
We know that
EE 3k=5

sin 2 =
E E Solution:-
231234
sin 2 =
2 1 3 3 2 4 i = k kand
6 2 12 i . 2 3k = 5
sin 2 =
4 1 99 4 16
4
sin 2 =
Comparing with
1429 i = andi . = =
4
sin 2 =
409 = k , = 2 + 3k
n

204
= 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 Condition for coplanarity of two lines and equation of
| | = 1 2 3 | | = 14
the plane containing them:-
.
Vector form:-
sin 2 = Let the two lines i = and i = are

| |
k. 2 3k
coplanar if
sin 2 = = 0
314
123 6
sin 2 = sin 2 =
The equation of plane containing them is
42 51 i . = .
6
2 = sin OR
51
i . = .
2 k k and the plane
336.
Cartesian Form:-
i . 2 k = 5 Let the two lines

M M > > T T
= =

Solution:-
E
i = 2 k kand M M > > T T

= = i- EG=, -i HI
i . 2 k = 5 E
M M > > T T
E = 0
Comparing with
i = andi . = = E
= k , = 2 + k
n The equation of the plane containing them is
= 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 M M > > T T

E = 0
E
| | = 2 1 1 | | = 6
. M M > > T T
sin 2 =
OR
| | E = 0
E
k. 2 k
sin 2 =
36
r = 2 3k + + 2 + 3k and
211 4
sin 2 = sin 2 =
18 9 2 r = 2 + 6 + 3k + 2 + 3 + 4kare coplanar.
22 22
Also find the equation of plane containing them
sin 2 = 2 = sin
3 3 Solution:-
COPLANARITY OF TWO LINES The given equations of lines are

205
r = 2 3k + + 2 + 3kand = 2 k
r = 2 + 6 + 3k + 2 + 3 + 4k i . 2 k = 2 3k. 2 k
Comparing with i . 2 k = 0 2 3k. 2 k
i = + andi = + are i . 2 k = 0 4 3
= 2 3k , = + 2 + 3k i . 2 k = 7
= 2 + 6 + 3k , = 2 + 3 + 4k
r = + k + 3 and
338. Test whether the lines
= 2 + 6 + 3k 2 3k
r = 4 + 2 + 3kare coplanar. If so, find the
= 2 + 6 + 3k 2 + 3k
= 2 + 4 + 6k
equation of plane containing them
Solution:-
= 0
r = + k + 3 and
2 4 6
<. `. a. = 1 2 3 r = 4 + 2 + 3k
2 3 4
2 3 1 3 1 2
<. `. a. = 2 L L 4L L 6L L
Comparing with
3 4 2 4 2 3 i = + andi = + are
<. `. a. = 28 9 44 6 63 4
= + k , = 3
<. `. a. = 2 8 6 = 0
= 4 , = 2 + 3k
= 4 + k
The given lines are coplanar
= 4 + k
To find the equation of plane containing them
= 3 2 + k
i . = .
To find
= 0

= 1 2 3 3 2 1
2 3 4 <. `. a. = 3 1 0
2 0 3
2 3 1 3 1 2
= L L L L L L 1 0 3 0 3 1
3 4 2 4 2 3 <. `. a. = 3 L L 2L L 1L L
0 3 2 3 2 0
= 8 9 4 6 3 4
<. `. a. = 33 0 29 0 10 2
206
<. `. a. = 9 18 2 = 11 0 <. `. a. = 25 10 115 5

06 1
<. `. a. = 10 10 0
The given lines are non- coplanar
= =
K $
339. Show that the lines ` $
and <. `. a. = 0 = . `. a.
= =
K $
$
are coplanar
= =
Solution:- A B
A _
340. Prove that the lines and
= =
K K K$
$ _
The given equations of lines are are coplanar
= =
K $
` $
and Solution:-
M1 >2 T5
= =
1 2 5
= =
A B
= =
$ A _
and
` $
M1 >3 T5
and
M 1 > 2 T 5 = =
3 5 7
= =
1 2 5
= =
A B
A _
and
M 1 > 3 T 5

Comparing with
M M > > T T = =
= =
3 5 7
E
M M > > T T
= =
E
Comparing with
M M > > T T
= =

M = 3 , > = 1 , T = 5 E
M M > > T T
M = 1 , > = 2 , T = 5 = =
E
= 3 , = 1 , E = 5
M = 2 , > = 4 , T = 6
= 1 , = 2 , E = 5
M = 1 , > = 3 , T = 5
= 1 , = 4 , E = 7
The given lines are coplanar if
M M > > T T
E = 0 = 3 , = 5 , E = 7
E
1 3 21 55
The given lines are coplanar if
<. `. a. = 3 1 5 M M > > T T

1 2 5 E = 0
E
2 1 0
<. `. a. = 3 1 5 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 5 <. `. a. = 1 4 7
3 5 7

207
3 7 11 M > ET
<. `. a. = 1 4 7
E
3 5 7
Find the distance of the point 2 k
<. `. a. = 328 35 77 21
From the plane i . 2 4k = 13
341.
115 12
<. `. a. = 21 98 77 = 98 98 Solution:-
<. `. a. = 0 = . `. a.
on the plane i . = = is
We know that the perpendicular distance of a point
. =

| |
To find equation plane containing the given lines
M M > > T T
E = 0 = 2 k , = 2 4k , p = 13
E
. = 2 k. 2 4k
M2 >4 T6
1 4 7 =0 . = 2 2 4 = 8
3 5 7
4 7 1 7 | | = 1 2 4
M 2 L L > 4 L L
5 7 3 7
1 4 | | = 1 4 16 = 21
T 6 L L=0
3 5
M 228 35 > 47 21 Required perpendicular distance = L L

@

T 65 12 = 0
5
7M 2 14> 4 7T 6 = 0 =
21
7M 14 14> 56 7T 42 = 0 $

7M 14> 7T = 0
Required perpendicular distance is units
Find the distance of the point 2 k

7M 2> T = 0
From the plane i . 2 4k = 10
342.
M 2> T = 0
Solution:-
DISTANCE OF A POINT FROM A PLANE
on the plane i . = = is

Vector form:-
The perpendicular distance of a point on the . =

plane i . = = is
| |
. =
= 2 k , = 2 4k , p = 10
| |
. = 2 k. 2 4k
Cartesian form
The perpendicular distance of a point M , > , T . = 1 4 4 = 7

on the plane M > ET
= 0 is
208
| | = 1 2 4 From given condition
M 2> 2T
| | = 1 4 16 = 21 =1
1 2 2
Required perpendicular distance = L L
_^
M , > , T 1 , 2, 3
17 146
= =1
21 1 4 4
_
3
=1
3
Required perpendicular distance is units
343. Find the distance of the point 2, 1, 0 from

the plane 2M > 2T 8 = 0 |3 | = 3
Solution:- 3 = 3
3 = 3 Gi 3 = 3
M , > , T on the plane M > ET
= 0
= 0 Gi = 6
is
M > ET

Put in equation 1
E M 2> 2T = 0
M 2> 2T 6 = 0
M , > , T 2, 1, 0
= 2 , = 1 , E = 2 plane M 2> T 8 = 0 which is at a distance

345. Find the equation of the planes parallel to the
of 2 unit from a point 1 , 1, 2

Required distance is
2 2 1 20 8

Solution:-
2 1 2
plane M 2> 2T 8 = 0 is
Let the equation of the required parallel to the given
418
=
4 1 4 M 2> 2T = 0 . .1
11 11
= = X H.[
3 3
To find the value of k
plane M 2> 2T 4 = 0 which is a unit

344. Find the equation of the planes parallel to the From given condition
M 2> 2T
distance from a point 1 , 2, 3 =2
1 2 2
M , > , T 1 , 1, 2

Solution:-
12122
plane M 2> 2T 4 = 0 is =2
Let the equation of the required parallel to the given
1 4 4
M 2> 2T = 0 . .1
7 7+
=2 =2
To find the value of k 9 3

209
|7 | = 6 7 12 13 21 13
=
13 13
7 = 6
|12 20| = |8| |12 20| = 8
7 = 6 Gi 7 = 6
12 20 = 8
= 1 Gi = 13
12 20 = 8 Gi 12 20 = 8
12 = 12 Gi 12 = 28
Put in equation 1
M 2> 2T 1 = 0
M 2> 2T 13 = 0
28 7
= 1 Gi = =
346. If the points 1, 1,
3, 0, 1 are 12 3
347. Show that the points 3, 0, 1

1, 1, 1
i . 3 4 12k 13 = 0 Find the value of
equidistance from the plane
are equidistance from the plane 3M 4>

Solution:- 12T 13 = 0
Let 1, 1,
] 3, 0, 1
Solution:-
Let =
= be the perpendicular distance from
= k
= 3 0 k
the points 3, 0, 1
1, 1, 1 to the plane
The given equation of plane is 3M 4> 12T 13 = 0
i . 3 4 12k 13 = 0 3M 4> 12T 13

= =
3 4 12
i . 3 4 12k = 13
,-. M , > , T 3, 0, 1
= 3 4 12k , = = 13
3 3 4 0 12 1 13
= =
From given condition 9 16 144
. = . = 9 0 12 13
= = =
| | | | 169
8 8
. = k. 3 4 12k = = = = . .1
13 13
. = 3 4 12 . = 7 12
3M + 4> 12T + 13
= =
. = 3 0 k. 3 4 12k 3 + 4 + 12
. = 9 0 12 . = 21 ,-. ]M , > , T ]1, 1, 1
3 1 + 4 1 12 1 + 13
| | = 3 4 12 = =
9 + 16 + 144
| | = 9 16 144 | | = 169 3 + 4 12 + 13
= =
| | = 13 169

210
8 8 1 1 1 1
= = = = . .2 = . .1
13 13 E 9=
From equation 1 and 2 ,-. M , > , T be the centriod of ]
= = = By centriod formula
00
M = M = = 3M
3 3
348. A variable plane which remain at a constant
distance 3p from the origin cuts the co-ordinates
00
= > = > = = 3>

axis in points A, B, C. show that the locus of the
; ; ; 4; 3 3
centroid of triangle ABC is
0+0+E E
T = T = E = 3T
3 3
Solution:-
,-. , 0, 0 , ] 0, , 0 , 0, 0, E

=X. H -YX.HG 1
1 1 1 1
=
The equation of the variable plane is
M > T 3M 3> 3T 9=

=1
E
1 1 1 1
M > T = 9=
1=0 9M 9> 9T
E
1 1 1 1 1
=
9 M > T 9=
From given the given condition
M > T
E 1 1 1 1 1
= 3= = =
M > T
1
1
1

E
The equation of locus at centriodM , > , T is
M , > , T 0, 0, 0
1 1 1 1
=
0 0 0 M > T =
E1
= 3=
1
1
1

E
349. A plane meet the co-ordinates axis in points A,
point =, Y, i . show that the equation of the

B, C. such that the centroid of triangle ABC is the
plane is 4 5 6 = 3

1
= 3=
1 1 1

E Solution:-
[YXiH G. [H
-[ ,-. , 0, 0 , ] 0, , 0 , 0, 0, E
1
= 9=
1 1 1
The equation of the variable plane is
M > T
E = 1 . .1
E
.H i-EH=iGE, G G. [H
-[
M > T
1=0
E
211
,-. =, Y, ibe the centriod of ]
By centriod formula
00
== = = = 3=
3 3 LINEAR PROGRAMMING
00
Y= Y = = 3Y
3 3
Solve the following LPP by using graphical method
Maximize T = 11M
11 8> subject to
00E E
i= i = E = 3i M } 4 , > } 6 , M > } 6 , M 0, > 0
350.
3 3
=X. H -YX.HG 1
Solution:-
M > T
=1
3= 3Y 3i
Sr. No. Boundary line On X-axis On y-axis
1 M > T M > T
equations
=1 =3 M4 4, 0
3 = Y i = Y i
1 -
2 >6 - ]0, 6
3 M>6 6, 0 0, 6

0, 04, 0 ,
The vertices of the bounded region are
And ]0, 6
To find the co-ordinate

ordinate of point P
Point P is the point of intersection of the lines
M > 6 1
M 44> 6> 2
4, 2
T 11M 8> on the vertices of region R

To find the maximum value of the objective function

212
T 11 0 8 0 0 -YX.HG 1 -YX.HG 2

-YX.HG
T 11 4 8 0 44 3M
M > 21
M
M > 9
T 11 4 8 2 44 16 2M 12
T 60 M 6 =X. H -Y . 2
6> 9> 96> 3

T] 11 0 8 6 48
6, 3
The maximum value of z is 60 at point
4, 2 Point Q is the point of intersection of the lines
351. Maximize T = 3M 5> subject to M 4> } 24 , M 4>

> 24 . .3
3M > } 21 , M > } 9M 0,, > 0 also find
M>=
94
-YX.HG 3
-YX.HG -YX.HG 4
maximum value of z
M 4> 24
Solution:-
M
M > 9
Sr. No. Boundary line On X
X-axis On y-axis 3> 15
> 5 =X. H -YX.HG 4

5
equations
M 4> 24 24, 0
24 ]0, 6
M5 9M 95 M 4
1
3M > 21 7 , 0
7 0, 21
4, 5
2
3 M> 9 9, 0
9 0, 9
, 6, 3, 4, 5

]0, 6
0, 0, 7, 0
The vertices of the region R are
To find the maximum value of objective function z

on the
6,
0, 0, 7, 0 , 3, 4, 5
]0, 6
vertices
T 3 0 5 0 0
T 3 7 5 0 21
T 3 6 5 3 18 15 33
0, 0, 7, 0 , ,

]0, 6 T 3 4 5 5 12 25 37
The vertices of the bounded R region are

ordinate of point P and Q T] 3 0 5 6 18

4, 5
3M > 21 .1
M > 92

213
352. Maximize T = 4M 6> subject

subject to
to
3M 2> } 12, M > 4, M 0, > 0 Also
find the maximum value of z
equations
3M 5> 26 26 26
, 0 ] 0,
3 5
Solution:- 1
Sr. Boundary line On XX- On y- 2 5M 3> 30 6 , 0 0, 10

No. equations axis axis
1 3M 2> 12 4, 0 ]0, 6
2 M> 4 4 , 0 0, 4
,
Thevertices
vertices of the bounded R region are
0, 0, 6, 0 ,
] 0,
B
$

ordinate of point P
The vertices of the bounded R region are 3M 5>

> 26 . .1
= 4, 0 , ]0, 6

0, 4 5M 3>
> 30 2
To find the maximum value of the objective function 5 -Y 1

-Y 3 -Y . 2
vertices = 4, 0 , ]0, 6

0, 4 of the 15M + 25> = 130
z on the
15M
M 9> 90
16>
16 40
region R
T = = 4 4 6 0 16 40 5
> >
16 2
T] 4 0 6 6 36
=X. H -YX.HG 1
=X.
T 4 0 6 4 24
5 25
The maximum value of z is 36 at point 3M 5 26 3M 26
2 2
] 0, 6
27 9
Maximize T = 7M 11> subject to 3M
M M
2 2
3M 5> } 26 , 5M 3> } 30,, M 0, > 0
353.
9 5
,
Solution:- 2 2

214
0, 0, 2, 0 , ,

0,1
To find the maximum value of the objective function The vertices of the bounded R region are
z on the vertices
9 5 26
0, 0, 6, 0 , , ,
] 0,
ordinate of point P
2 2 5
M > 3
M 2
Of the region R
T 7 0 11 0 0 2> 3> 1
T 7 6 11 0 42 2, 1
9 5 63 55 118
T 7 11 59
2 2 2 2 2
To find co-ordinate
ordinate of point Q
26 286
T] 7 0 11
Point Q is the point of intersection of the lines
57.2
5 5 M > 3 . .1
The maximum value of z is 59 at point 2M > 1 .2

9 5
, -Y . 1 -Y . 2
2 2

Maximize T = 6M 4> subject to

M+> = 3
M } 2, M > } 3 , 2M > } 1 , M 0, > 0 Also

2M > = 1
354.
3M 2
2
M =X. H -YX
find the maximum value of z
3
-YX.HG 1
2 2 7
Solution:-
> 3> 3 >

3 3 3
2 7
Sr. No. Boundary line On X--axis On y-axis
,
equations
3 3
1 M2 2, 0
2
M> 3 3 , 0
]3 0, 3
2
2,
on the vertices
0, 0, 2, 0 , 1, ,
0, 1
_
2M > 1 1 0, 1
, 0
2
3
T 6 0 4 0 0
T 6 2 4 0 12
T 6 2 4 1 12 4 16
2 7 28 12 28
T 6 4 4
3 3 3 3
40
T 13.3
3
3
T = 6 0 4 1 4

215
2, 1 M3 5M 53 M 2
355. T = 10M 25> subject to

Maximize 2,3
0 } M } 3, 0 } > } 3, M > } 5. Find the
maximum value of z
0, 0, 3, 0 , 3,2,

2,3
]0,3
on the vertices
Solution:-
T 10 0 25 0 0
T 10 3 25 0 30
Sr. No. Boundary line On X--axis On y-axis
equations
M=3 3
3, 0 T 10 3 25 2 30 50 80
T 10 2 25 3 20 75 95
1
>3 ]0, 3
T] 10 0 25 3 75
2
M> 5 5, 0
5 0, 5
The maximum value of z is 95 at point 2,3
3
356. Minimize T = 20M

20 20M subject to
M 0, M 0, M 2M 8,
3M 2M 15, 5M 2M 20
Solution:-
Sr. Boundary On X- On y-axis

No. line axis
equations
M 2M
M 8, 0 ]0, 4
8
1
,3
0, 0, 3, 0 , ,
]0,
The vertices of the bounded R region are
3M 2M
M 5 , 0 15
0,
15 2
2
5M 2M
M 4, 0 0, 10
M > 5
M = 3 20
3
3> 5> 53> 2
3, 2
To find co-ordinate of point Q
M > 5
> = 3

216
-Y 3 -Y . 4
5M 2M 20
3M 2M 15
2M 5
5
M =X. H -YX.HG
-YX.HG 1
2
5 25
5 2M 20 2M
2 20
2 2
15 15
2M M
2 4
5 15
,
2 4
8,0, ,
0, 10
The vertices of unbounded region are To find the minimum value of objective function z on
)
the vertices
8, 0 , , A , ,
]0,10
_ $ $
A
T 20 8 20 0 160
7 9
M 2M 8 .1 T = 20 20 70 45 115

2 4
3M 2M 15 .2
2
5 15
T = 20 20 50 75 125
-Y . 1 -Y . 2 2 4
M + 2M = 8 T] = 20 0 20 10 200

3M 2M 15 )
The minimum value of z is 115 at point , A
_
2M 7
7 Minimize T = 6M 21> subject to

M =X. H -YX.HG 1
2 M 2> 3 , 3M > 3, M 4> 4, M 0, M 0
357.
7 7
2M 8 2M 8
2 2
Solution:-
9 9
2M M
2 4
7 9
,
Sr. Boundary line On X- On y-
2 4
No. equations axis axis
M 2> 3 3, 0 3
] 0,
2
To find co-ordinate of point Q 1
3M > 3 1 , 0 0, 3
5M 2M 20 . .3
3
2
M 4> 4 4, 0 0, 1

3M +2M = 15 4
3

217
3
M
5
3 6
,
5 5
To find the minimum value of objective function z on
the vertices
4, 0 , 2 , , ,
0,3
B
The vertices of unbounded region R are $ $
4,0, , ,
0, 3 T 6 4 21 0 24
1
T 6 2 21 12 10.5 = 22.5
2
ordinate of point P and Q
3 6 18 126 144
T 6 21
M 4> 4 1
5 5 5 5 5
M 2> 3 .2 T 28.8
-Y . 1 -Y . 2 T = 6 0 21 3 63
M + 4> 4 The minimum value of z is 115 at point 2 ,

M 2> 3
2> 1
358. Minimize T = 20M
20 9> subject to M 0, >
1 0, 2M > 36, 6M
M > 60. Also find the
> =X. H -Y . 2
2 minimum value of z
1
M+2 3M 31 M 2
2
Solution:-
1
2,
2
equations
To find co-ordinate of point Q 1 2M > 36 18, 0 ]0,36
Point Q is the point of intersection of tthe lines 2 6M > 60 10 , 0 0, 60
M 2> 3 . .3
3M + > = 3 .4
3 -Y . 1 -Y . 2
3M + 6> = 9
3M > 3
5> 6
6
> =X. H -Y . 4
5
6 6 9
3M 3 3M 3 3
3M
5 5 5 The vertices of unbounded region R are

218
18, 0, ,
0, 60

2M > 36 .1
6M > 60 2
-Y 2 -Y . 1
6M > 60
2M > 36
4M 24 The vertices of unbounded region R are
M 6 =X. H -Y . 1 7
,
]0,
2 6 > 36 12 > 36 To find the co-ordinate
> 36 12 > 24 Point P is the point of intersection of the lines

6, 24 2M 3> 15 1
And > 2
the vertices
60
18, 0, 6, 24,
0, 60 =X. > 2 H -YX.HG
-YX.HG 1
T 20 18 9 0 360 2M 3 2 15 2M 15 6
T 20 6 9 24 120 216 336 9

2M 9 M
2
T 20 0 9 60 540
9
The minimum value of z is 336 at point 6 ,24 , 2
2
359. Minimize T = 8M 10> subject to 2M >
7 , 2M 3> 15, > 2, M 0,, > 0
To find co-ordinate
ordinate of point Q
2M 3> 15 . .2
Solution:-
2M > 7
. .3

X-axis On y-axis -Y . 1 -Y . 2
2M + 3> = 15
equations
2M > 7 7 ]0,7 2M > 7

, 0 2> 8
2
1
2M 3> 15 15 0, 5 -YX.HG 3

> 4 =X. H -YX.HG
, 0
2
2
2M 4 7 2M 7 4
3 >2 0, 2

219
3
2M 3 M
2
5M 9M 90 .1
3
, 4 M 8 5M 9 8 90
2
5M 90 72 5M 18
the vertices
9 3 18
7
, 2 , , 4
]0, 7 M
2 2 5
9 18
T 8 10 2 36 20 56 , 8
2 5
3
T 8 10 4 12 40 52
2 18,0, , 8 , 0,8, 0,4
vertices ]4,0, 18
@
To find the minimum value of objective function z on the
T] 8 0 10 7 70
T 6 18 2 0 108
The minimum value of z is 52 at point ,4

T] = 6 4 2 0 24
Minimize T = 6M 2M subject to 18

T 6 2 8 6 3.6 + 16
5M 9M } 90 , M M 4 , M } 8 5
360.
M 0
T = 21.6 + 16 37.6
37
T 6 0 2 8
8 = 0 16 16
Solution:-

X-axis On y-axis T 6 0 2 4 0 8 8
The minimum value of z is 8 at point 0,4

equations
1 5M 9M 90 18, 0

18 ]0,10 Minimize T = 4M 5M subject to 2M M
7 , 2M 3M } 15 , M } 3
361.
M M 4 4 , 0
4 0, 4
M , M 0
2
3 M 8 0,8
Solution:-

equations
2M M 7 7 ]0,7
, 0
2
1
2M 3M 15 15 0, 5

, 0
2
2
3 M 3 3,0
]4,0, 18,0, , 0,8, 0,4

The vertices of the region R are

220
15
T 4 5 0 30
2
T 4 8 5 3 32 15 47
T 4 2 5 3 8 15 23
alue of z is 14 at point ,0
_
The minimum value
Maximize T = 15M
15 30> subject to
3M > } 12 , M 2> } 10, M 0, > 0
362.
Solution:-
The vertices of the region R are , 0 ,

_
equations
3M > 12 4, 0 ]0,12

,0 , ,
$ 1
2 M 2> 10 10 , 0 0, 5

2M 3M 15 . .1
M 3 2M 3 3 15
2M 15 9 2M 16
M 8
8, 3
To find co-ordinate of point Q The vertices of the region R are 4,0, , 0, 5
Point Q is the point of intersection of the lines To find the co-ordinate

ordinate of point P
P
2M M 7 .2 Point P is the point of intersection of the lines
M = 3 2M 3 7 3M > 12 1
2M 4 M 2 M 2> 10 . .2
2, 3 2 -Y . 1 -Y .. 2
6M + 2> = 24
the vertices M
2> 10
7 15 M 14
2, 3
, 0 , ,0 , 8, 3,
5M
2 2 14
=X. H -Y . 2
7 5
M=
T 4 5 0 14
2

221
14 14
2> 10 2> 10
5 5
To find the constraints from the following table
36 18
2> > =
5 5
Machines Magazines Magazines Maximum
A ( x units) B (y units) avaible
14 18
time
,
5 5 I 2 3 35
z on the vertices 4,0, , 0, 5

To find the maximum value of the objective function II 4 5 50
T 15 4 30 0 60
III 2 3 70
14 18
T 15 30 42 108 150
Constraint for machines I , II and III are
5 5 2M 3> 35 , 4M 5> 50 , 2M 3> 70

T 15 0 30 5 150 Fruther M 0 , > 0
z has maximum value 150 at any point on the line Mathematical formulation for the given LPP is
Maximize = 20M 30> subject to

segment PD
363. A priting company print two types of magazines 2M 3> 35 , 4M 5> 50 , 2M 3> 70
M 0 , > 0
A and B. the company earns Rs. 20 and Rs. 30 on
each copy of magazines A and B respectively.
The magazines are processed on three
machines. Magazines A requires 2 hours on 364. A company manufacturer two types of chemical
machine I. 4 hours on machines II and 2 hours on A and B. each chemical requires two types of
machine III. Magazine B requires 3 hours on raw materials P and Q. the table below shows
machine I, 5 hours on machine II and 3 hours on number of units P and Q requires to
machine III. Machine I, II, III are avaible for 35, manufacture one unit of A and one unit of B and
50 and 70 hours per week respectively. the total availability of P and Q
Formulate the LPP to dermine weekly
production of magazines A and B so that the
total profit is maximum. Raw A B Availability
materials
Solution:-
P 3 2 120
Let x and y units of type A and B magazines are print
by the priting compay Q 2 5 160
Profite on one unit of type A magazines = Rs. 20 The company gets profits of Rs.350 and Rs.400 by
Profite on M unit of type A magazines = Rs. 20M

selling one unit of A and one unit of B respectively.
How many units of the chemicals A and B should be
Profite on one unit of type B magazines = Rs. 30

manufactured so that the company gets maximum
profit?. ( assuming that the entire production of A
Profite on > unit of type B magazines = Rs.30>

and B can be sold.) Formulate the problem as LPP
Total profite = = = 20M 30>

Solution:-
Let x units of chemical A and y units of chemical B

This function is called as objective function for manufactured by the company
Profite on one unit of type A chemical = Rs. 350

profite which is to be maximized

222
Profite on M unit of type A chemical = Rs. 350M Profite on one unit of type a table = Rs. 1000
Profite on one unit of type B chemical = Rs. 400 Profite on M unit of tables= Rs. 1000M
Profite on > unit of type B chemical = Rs.400> Profite on one unit Bookshelf = Rs. 1200
Total profite = = = 350M 400> Profite on > units of Bookshelves = Rs.1200>
This function is called as objective function for Total profite = = = 1000M 1200>
profite which is to be maximized
This function is called as objective function for profite
To find the constraints from the following table which is to be maximized
To find the constraints from the following table

Raw Chemical Chemical Maximum
materials A( x ) B(y ) Availability
M
Materials Table bookshelves> Maximum
P 3 2 120 Availability
Q 2 5 160 Wood 8 11 450
Constraint for raw materials P and Q are Steel 2 3 100
3M 2> 120 , 2M 5> 160 , Constraint for raw materials wood and steel are
Fruther M 0 , > 0 8M 11> 450 , 2M 3> 100 ,
Mathematical formulation for the given LPP is Fruther M 0 , > 0

3M 2> 120 , 2M 5> 160
Mathematical formulation for the given LPP is

M 0 , > 0 8M 11> 450 , 2M 3> 100
365. A furniture manufacturer produces tables and M 0 , > 0

bookshelves made up of wood and steel. The weekly
requirement of wood and steel is given as below. 366. Diet of a sick person must contain atleast 4000
Two foods
cost Rs. 50 and Rs. 75 per unit
Product Wood Steel units of vitamins, 50 units of minerals 2500 calories.
respectively. Each unit of food contains 200 units

8 2
Table
11 3 of vitamins, 2 units of minerals and and produces 40
Book shelf calories whereas each unit of food contains 100
units of vitamins, 3 units of minerals and produces
The weekly availability of wood and steel is 450 and 35 calories. Formulate the above problem as LPP to
100 units respectively. Profit on a table is Rs. 1000 fulfil sick persons requirement at minimum cost
and that on bookshelf is Rs. 1200. To determine the
number of table and bookshelves to be porduce Solution:-
Let x units of foods and y units of food taken

every week in order to maximize the total profit,
fromulate the problem as LPP.
by the sick person for fulfil
Cost of one unit of foods = Rs. 50

Solution:-
Cost of M units of foods = Rs. 50M

Let x units of tables and y units of Bookshelves
manufactured by afurniture
223
Cost of one unit of foods = Rs. 75 Profite on one unit ceiling fans = Rs. 90
Cost of > units of foods = Rs.75> Profite on > units of ceiling fans = Rs.90>
Total cost = E = 50M 75> Total profite = = = 70M 90>
This function is called as objective function for cost From the remaining deta we gets the following
which is to be minimize constraints
750M 900> 57600

To find the constraints from the following table i. Investment contraint is
Space constraint is M > 40

Contains foods foods
ii.
Fruther M 0 , > 0
Minimum
diets
Vitamins 200 100 4000 Mathematical formulation of the given LPP is
Minerals 2 3 50 Maximize = = 70M 90> subject to
Calories 40 35 2500 750M 900> 57600 , M > 40 , M 0, > 0
Constraint for vitamins, minerals and calories are 368. Shalmali wants to invest Rs. 50000 in saving
200M 100> 4000, 2M 3> 50,

certificates and PPF. She wants to invest at least Rs.
15,000 in seving certificates and at least 20,000 in
40M 35> 2500

PPF. The rate of interest on saving certificates is 8%
p.a. and that of PPF is 9% p.a. formulate the above
Fruther M 0 , > 0
problem as LPP to determine maximum yearly
income.
Mathematical formulation for the given LPP is
Minimize E = 50M 75> subject to

Solution:-
Let Shalmali invest Rs. M and Rs. > in saving

200M 100> 4000, 2M 3> 50,
40M 35> 2500, M 0 , > 0

certificates and PPF
Since interest on saving certificates is 8%
Income on saving certificates = ^^

367. A dealer wishes to purchase table fan and @
ceiling fans. He has Rs. 57,600 to invest and has
space to store 40 items. A table fan cost Rs. 750 and
ceiling fan cost Rs. 900. He can make profits of Rs. 70 Since interest on PPf is 9%
)
and Rs. 90 by selling a table fan and a ceiling fan
respectively. Assuminig that he can sell all the fans Income on PPF= ^^
Total income = T = ^^ ^^

@ )
that he can buy, formulate that problem as LPP, to
maximize the profit
Solution:- This function is called as objective function for

maximum income
Let x units of table fans and y units of ceiling fans
purchase by a dealer Investment constraint is
Profite on one unit of a table fan = Rs. 70 M > 50,000 , M 15,000 , > 20,000
Profite on M units of table fans= Rs. 70M Fruther M 0 , > 0

224
Mathematical formulation of the given LPP is Minimize T = 5M 7> subject to 5M 7> 17,
Maximize T = ^^ ^^ subject to

@ ) 12M 15> 28, 7M 9> 14, M 0, > 0
M > 50,000 , M 15,000 , > 20,000,

370. A shopkeeper sells two items, colour TV sets
M 0, > 0
and DVD players. He can invest Rs 12,00000 and can
store only 750 items. The cost of colour TV and DVD
player is Rs. 6500 and Rs. 2800 respectively. He can
369. Two different kinds of foods A and B are being sell these Items at a price of Rs. 8600 and Rs. 3900
consider to form a weekly diet. The minimum weekly respectively. From the LPP to maximize the profit.
requirement of fats, carbohydrates and proteins are
17, 28 and 14 units respectively. 1 kg of food A has 5 Solution:-
units of fats, 12 units of carbohydrates and 7 units of
variety ] requires 600 gms of flour, 300 gms of

protein. 1 kg of food B has 7 units of fat, 15 units of 371. gms of butter to prepare 1 kg of biscuits. The
carbohydrates and 9 units of protein. The price of
food A is Rs. 5 per kg and that of food B is Rs. 7 per sugar and 200 gms of butter to prepare 1 kg of
kg Form the LPP to minimize the cost. biscuits. Formulate the above LPP to minimize
the cost.
Solution:-
Let M kg of food A and > kg of food B are consider to

Solution:-
from a weekly diet. Let M kg of biscuit ] and > kg of biscuit ] is makes by a
Cost of 1 kg of food A= [. 5

factory
Since cost of 1 kg of ] = [. 145

Cost of M kg of food A= [. 5M
Cost of M kg of ] =Profit on one unit of colour
Cost of 1 kg of food B= [ 7 TV= a. . . .
Cost of > kg of food B= [ 7> Profite on one unit of colour TV= 8600 6500
Total cost = T = 5M 7> = [. 2100
From following table the constraint are Profit on one unit of DVD = a. . .
Profite on one unit of DVD= 3900 2800
= [. 1100
Food A Food B Minimum
Let shopkeeper sell M units of colour TV and > units

requirement
Fats 5 7 17 of DVD
Carbohydrates 12 15 28 Total profite = T = 2100M 1100>
Proteins 7 9 14 From the given condition
From above table fats , carbohydrates and proteins The investment constraint is
6500M 2800> 12,00000

constraint are
5M 7> 17 , 12M 15> 28, 7M 9> 14
Fruther M 0 , > 0
The space constraint is
M > 750
Mathematical formulation of given LPP is
225
Fruther M 0, > 0 373. A company manufactures bicycles and tricycles,

each of which must be processed through two
Mathemetical formulation of given LPP is machines A and B. machine A has maximum of
Maximize T = 2100M 1100> subject to

120 hrs available and machine B has a maximum
of 180 hrs available. Manufacturing a bicycle
6500M 2800> 12,00000 , M > 750,

requires 6 hrs on machine A and 3 hrs on
machine B. manufacturing a tricycle requires 4
M 0 , > 0
hrs on machine A and 10 hrs on machine B. if
372. A factory makes to types of biscuits ]

]
profits are Rs. 180 for a bicyle and Rs. 220 for a
tricycle, determine the number of bicycles and
that cost Rs 145 and Rs 160 per kg respectively. tricycles that should be manufactured in order
The minimum quantities of flour, sugar and to maximize the profit.
butter to be ordered for the factory are 600 kg,
biscuits. Variety ] requires 700 gms of flour,

Solution:-
Let M bicycles and > tricycles can be manufactured

400 kg and 250 kg respectively to make the
200 gms of sugar and 100 [. 145M
Since cost of 1 kg of ] = [. 160

by a company
Profite on one bicycle = Rs. 180

Cost of > kg of ] = [. 160> Profite on M bicycles = Rs. 180M
Total cost = T = 145M 160> Profite on one tricycle = Rs. 220
This function is called as objective function for cost Profite on > tricycles= Rs.220>
Total profite = = = 180M 220>

which is to be maximize
Raw Biscuits ] Biscuits ] Minimum

Collect the remaining deta in the following table
materials availability
Flour 700gm=0.7kg 600gm=0.6kg 600kg Types of Bicyles Tricycles Maximum
Sugar 200gm=0.2kg 300gm=0.3kg 400kg machines available time
Butter 100gm=0.1kg 200gm=0.2kg 250kg A 6 4 120
From the above table flour, sugar and butter B 3 10 180

constraint are
0.7M 0.6> 600, 0.2M 0.3> 400,

From the the above table bicycles and tricycles
constraint are
0.1M 0.2> 250 6M 4> 120 , 3M 10> 180, M 0, > 0
Fruther M 0 , > 0 Mathematical formulation of given LPP is
Maximize = = 180M 220> subject to

6M 4> 120 , 3M 10> 180, M 0, > 0
Minimize T = 145M 160> subject to

0.7M 0.6> 600, 0.2M 0.3> 400,
0.1M 0.2> 250, M 0, > 0

226
+ 220 18 3960
= = 180 0
Boundary line On X axis On Y axis
equation In order to manufactured 10 bicycle and 15 tricycles
6M 4> = 120 20, 0

then the company has maximum profit Rs. 5100
]0, 30
fertilizer
.
3M 10> = 180 60, 0
374. There are two types of fertilizers
0, 18
Fertilizer contains 5% nitrogen and 10%
consists of 10% nitrogen and 6% phosphate.
phosphate. After testing the soil conditions, the

farmer finds that he needs at least 14 kg of
Cost for is Rs 12 per kg. and that for is Rs.

nitrogen and 14 kg of phosphate for his crop.
10 per kg. determine how much of each type of

fertilizers should be used so that the nutrient
requirements and met at a minimum cost. What
is the minimum cost ?
Solution:-
Let M kg of and > kg of
Point P is the point of intersection of the lines cost of 1 kg of = Rs. 12
6M 4> = 120 . .1 cost of M kg of = Rs. 12M

12
3M 10> = 180 2 cost of 1 kg of = Rs. 10
-Y 1 2 -Y 2 cost of > kg of = Rs.10>

Rs.10
6M 4> = 120 Total profite = T = 12M

12 10>
6M 20> = 360
16> = 240 Collect the remaining deta in the following table
> = 15 =X. H -Y 1

6M 60 = 120 6M = 60
Containts Minimum
M = 10
requirement
10% 5%=0.05
10, 15 0.1
Nitrogen 14
6%
= = 180M 220> on the vertices of bounded region 0.06

Phosphate 10%=0.1 14
0,0, 20, 0, 10, 15, 0, 18
= = 180 0 220 0 = 0 From the above table nitrogen and phosphate
= = 180 20 220 0 =

constraint are
= 3600
0.1M 0.05> 14, 0.06M 0.1> 14
= = 180 10 220 15 = 1800 + 3300
Fruther M 0 , > 0
= = 5100
227
Minimize T 12M 10> subject to

T 12 + 10 0 = 2800
700
0.1M 0.05> 14, 0.06M 0.1> 14 3
M 0 , > 0 T 12 100 10 80 1200 800
2000
Boundary line On X axis On Y axis T] 12 0 10 280 2800
Z has minimu value 2000 at pt 100, 80

equation
0.1M 0.05> 14 140, 0 ]0, 280
0.06M 0.1> 14

375. A carpenter has 45, 40 and 25 running feet of
700 0, 140
, 0 teak wood, plywood and rosewood respectively.
3 A table requires 2, 1 and 1 running feet and a
chair requires 1, 2, 1 running feet of teak wood,
plywood and rosewood respectively. If a table
would sell for Rs. 4800 per unit and a chair for
Rs. 1600 per unit, how many tables and chairs
should the carpanenter make and sell in order to
obtain maximum income out of his stock of
wood?
Solution:-
Let M chairs and > tables makes by a carpanenter
S.P. of 1 table = Rs. 4800
S.P of M tables= Rs. 4800M

Point p is thepoint of intersection of the lines
0.1M + 0.05> = 14 . .1
0.06M 0.1> 14 .2 S.P. of 1 chair = Rs. 1600
0.6 -Y 1 -Y 2 S.P. of > chairs= Rs.1600>
0.06M 0.03> 8.4 Total Income = T = 4800M 1600>

0.06M 0.1> 14
0.07> = 5.6 Collect the remaining deta in the following table
560
> = = 80 =X. H -Y 1
5.6
0.07 7
>= Tablels Chairs Maximum
0.1M 0.05 80 14
available
materials
10
0.1M 4 14 M = M = 100
0.1
Teak wood 2 1 45
100, 80
Plywood 1 2 40
Rosewood 1 1 25
To find the minimum value of the objective function
T 12M 10> on the vertices

From the above table teakwood, plywood and rosewood
, 0 , 100, 80 and ]0, 280

_^^
constraint are
2M > 45, M 2> 40 , M > 25

Fruther M 0 , > 0
228

on the vertices
45
0,0, , 0
, 20,5, 10, 15
0,20
2
equation
2M > = 45 45 ]0, 45 T = 4800 0 1600 0 0

, 0
2
45
M 2> = 40 40, 0 0, 20 T = 4800 1600 0 2400 45
2
M > = 25 25, 0 0, 25 T = 108000
T = 4800 20 1600 5

= 96000 8000
T = 104000
T = 4800 10 1600 15

= 48000 24000 72000

T = 4800 0 1600 20 32000
The carpenter has maximum income Rs. 108000 in

order to make 23 tables and 0 chairs
To find the co-ordinates
ordinates of point P and Q
376. A farmer mixes two brands A and B of cattle
Point P is the point of intersection of the lines feed. Brand A, costing Rs. 500 per bag, contains
2M > = 45 . .1
6 units of nutritional element P, 5 unit of
M + > = 25 2
element Q and 4 units of element R. brand B
costing Rs. 400 per bag contains 3 units
uni of
-Y 1 -Y 2
nutritional element P, 2.5 units of element Q and
6 units of element R. the minimum requirments
M = 20 =X. H -Y 2
of P. Q and R are 36, 25 and 48 units
respectively. Determine the number of bags of
20 > = 25 > = 5
each brand that should be mixed in order to
produces a mixture having a minimum cost per
20, 5
bag. what is the minimum cost of mixture per
bag ?
Point Q is the point of intersection of the lines Solution:-
M 2> = 40 3 Let M bages of brand A and > bages of brand B
M > 25 . .4
mixed by a farmer
cost of 1 bag of brand A= Rs. 500

-Y 3 -Y 4
cost of M bags of brand B= Rs. 500M
> = 15 =X. H -YX.HG 4
500
cost of 1 bag of brand B= Rs. 400

M 15 = 25 M = 10
cost of > bags of brand B= Rs.400>
10, 15
Rs.400
Total cost = T = 500M

M 400>
229
Collect the remaining deta in the following table Point P is the point of intersection of the lines
4M 6> 48 2M 3> 24 . .1
6M 3> 36 2
Types of Bag of Bag of Minimum
elements brand A brand B availability
P 6 3 36 -Y 2 -Y 1
Q 5 2.5 25 4M 12 M 3 =X. H -YX.HG 1

3
R 4 6 48 6 3> 24 3>
3 18 > 6
From the above table the constraint for elements P, Q 3, 6

and R are
M 6> 48
6M 3> 36, 5M 2.5> 25, 4M
To find the minimum value of z on the vertices

]0, 12
12, 0, 3, 6
Fruher M 0, > 0
T 500 12 400 0 6000
T 500 3 400 6 1500 2400

Minimize T 500M 400> subject to

T 3900
6M 3> 36, 5M 2.5> 90, 4M
M 6> 48
T] 500 0 400 12 4800
M 0, > 0
In order to mixes 3 bags of brand A and 6 bags of
Boundary line On X axis On Y axis brand B then minimum
nimum cost is Rs. 3900
equations
6M 3> 36 6, 0 ]0, 12

377. A company maufactures two types of bags,
hand bags and shoulder bags the raw material and
5M 2.5> = 25 5, 0 0, 10

labour available per day is given in the table below
4M 6> 48 12, 0 0, 8

Shoulder Hand Maximum
bag bag availability
10 8 120
Raw
material
10 6 100
Labour
If profit on a shoulder bag is Rs. 100 and that on a

hand bag is Rs. 200, determine the number of
shoulder bags and hand bags should be
manufactured, so that the income is maximum? (
assume that both types of bags can be sold.)
Solution:-
Let M hand bags and > sholder bags maufactures by

a company
Profite on one hand bag = Rs. 200

230
Profite on M hand bags = Rs. 200M
Profite on one sholder bag = Rs. 100
Profite on > sholder bags= Rs.100>

>
Total profite = T = 200M 100>
Collect the remaining deta in the following table
Shoulder Hand Maximum

bag y bag x availability
10 8 120
Raw
material
10 6 100 Point P is the point of intersection of the lines
8M 10> 120 1
Labour
6M 10> 100 2
From the above table raw material and labour
constraint are
8M 10> } 120 , 6M 10> } 100 -Y 1 -Y 2
Fruther M 0 , > 0 2M 20 M 10 =X. H -Y 2

10
Mathematical formulation of given LPP is 6 10 10> 100 60 10> 100
Maximize T 200M 100> subject to 10> 40 > 4

8M 10> } 120 , 6M 10> } 100
10, 4
M 0 , > 0
z on the vertices of region R
10,
0,0, 15,0, 4
0, 10
equations
8M 10> 120 15, 0 ]0, 12 T 200 0 100 0 0
6M 10> 100 50 0, 10 T 200 15 100 0 3000

, 0
3
T 200 10 100 4 2000 400
T 2400
T 200 0 100 10 1000
In order to maufactures 15 hand bags and 0 sholder

bags then the company has maximum profit Rs.
Rs
3000

231

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1

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

MODEL SOLUTION OF M. S. BOARD BOOK

MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS (40)

Price: 200 Rs.

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

Model Solution of M.S. Board Book

Mathematics and Statistics (40)

Mrs. Jyoti P. Wasankar

Sai Nagar Shegaon

Dist. Buldhana 444203

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

4 Pair of Straight Lines 101

6 Three Dimensional Geometry 158

7 Line And Plane 166

8 Linear Programming 211

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

Let A be a non singular matrix then 2 2 40 2 0

Keep 1 in the place of 

Keep 1 in the place of  Apply   

Keep 0 in the place of  

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

0 1 3 0 0 1 || = 12 6 0 + 10 2

Apply   5 || = 4 2 = 6 0

0 6 1515 6 0 exists

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

cos 2 sin 2 0 sin 2 1

sin 2 cos 2 0 0 1 0 || = 24 + 6 + 34 9 + 34 6

'1 0* ' 0 0* exists

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

|| = 110 0 20 0 + 30 0 2 1 1

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

17. Solve the equations 2M + > = 5 , 3M + 5> = 3 M+ =2M =2 M = M =

19. Solve the equations 3M > = 1 , 4M + > = 6 using

Solution:- reduction method

The given equations are Solution:-

2M + > = 5 , 3M + 5> = 3 The given equations are

8 3M > = 1 , 7> = 14 > = 2

reduction M + 3> + 3T = 12 , M + 4> + 4T = 15 ,

The given equations are and M + 3> + 4T = 13

==,>  5 7 M + 3> + 3T = 12 , M + 4> + 4T = 15 ,

0 55 The given equations are

2 3 M 9 M > T = 1 , 2M > + 0T = 1 , 3M 3> 4T = 2

M =2+1M =3 5> 5T = 15 > + T = 3 2

Required values are M = 3 , > = 1 , T = 1 8T = 8 T = 1

24. Solve the equations 2M > + T = 1 , =X. H -YX.HG 2 > + 1 = 3 > = 2

25. Solve the equations M + > + T = 6 ,

3M > 3T = 10 , 5M 5> 4T = 3by method of

M + 2> + 3T = 8 , 3M + > 4T = 1 Solution:-

Apply   3M > + 3T = 10 , 5M + 5> 4T = 3

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

2M + 3> T = 11 , 3M > 2T = 5by reduction Solution:-

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Model Solution Of M. S. Board Book Part I

M+31+22=6M =67 Let M , > 

Put > = 2 , T = 3 H -YX.HG 1

M + > + T = 2 , M 2> + T = 8 , 6M + 2> + 3T = 70

Keep 1 in the place of

Keep 1 in the place of Apply

Keep 0 in the place of

0 1 3 0 0 1 || = 12 6 0 + 10 2

Apply 5 || = 4 2 = 6 0

sin 2 cos 2 0 0 1 0 || = 24 + 6 + 34 9 + 34 6

|| = 110 0 20 0 + 30 0 2 1 1

==,> 5 7 M + 3> + 3T = 12 , M + 4> + 4T = 15 ,

24. Solve the equations 2M > + T = 1 , =X. H -YX.HG 2 > + 1 = 3 > = 2

Apply 3M > + 3T = 10 , 5M + 5> 4T = 3

M+31+22=6M =67 Let M , >

Put > = 2 , T = 3 H -YX.HG 1

Cost of one dozen pens = [. >

Price of one pen = [. M

Cost of one television = [. M 3 4 > 95

==,> 2 3

Selling price of one television = [. M + 1000 2 5 M 110

3M = 35000 26000 Cost of one book = [. M

= [. 3000 + 1000

E = 1K 3=3

38. Solve the equations 2M + 6> = 8

\ = ] 2 6 8 M

\ = ]

|| = 11 1 11 1 + 11 + 1 M 1 0 2 2 1

\ = ] 28 13 17

E = 1K 1 = 1

patterns= Y ~= Y = Y =Y ~Y = ~Y ~= ~Y

= ~Y i = = Y = Y ~= ~Y

= Y ~= ~Y ~Y ~=

= Y ~= ~Y ~Y ~=

g= Y ih g= Y ih is tautology

g= Y ih g= Y ih is tautology

g= Y ~Yh ~= is tautology

g= Y ~Yh ~=is tautology

= Y = iis contingency g= = Yh Y is tautology

64. g= Y ih g= Y ih 67. ~Y = Y

g= Y ih g= Y ih is tautology 68. = Y ~=

= Y ~= Y = ~Y ~= ~Yis

71. = Y ~= Y = ~Y ~= ~Y

= Y = Y ~= Y ~= ~Y ~= ~Y ~= Y = ~Yis verified

~= Y = ~Y Y ~=

~= Y = ~Y Y ~=

T T T F F F F Using truth table prove that ~~= =

Y ~i = Y giving justification

Using truth table prove that ~= Y = ~Y Solution:-

~gY ~i = Yh

= ~Y ~i ~= YNegation of conjunction

= g~Y ~~ih ~= ~Y Negation of disjunction Solution:-

= ~= ~Y i Negation of conjunction

~g= Y ~= ih = Y i giving justification

= = Y ~~= i Negation of implication Solution:-

= = Y g~~= ~ih Negation of disjunction The negation given statement pattern is