EE-211 Circuit Analysis

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, TOPI 23460
hadeed@giki.edu.pk

October 16, 2017

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Overview

1 Operational Amplifier
Introduction
Terminal behavior of OP-AMP
Regions of operation
Virtual short
How to verify linear region operation ?
Input current constraints
Simplification of op-amp symbol
Examples
Non-Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Amplifier
Summing Amplifier
Example

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Introduction
1
It is an electronic circuit. In this course the focus will be on the terminal
behavior of op-amp for circuit designing.

2
Circuit model requires a dependent source and hence practical experience
is acquired.

3
It can be used with resistance for summing, scaling, sign changing and
subtraction.

4
A black box approach will be used i.e we dont care about the internal
structure and voltage/current inside the op-amp.

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Introduction

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Introduction
For circuit analysis the interest is in the following pins.
Non-inverting input
Inverting input
Output
V
V+

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Terminal behavior of OP-AMP
The voltage is measured with reference to common node.
Vcc is between V + and ground.
Vcc is between V and ground.
Vn is voltage between inverting terminal and ground.
Vp is voltage between non-inverting terminal and ground.
Vo is output voltage between output terminal and ground.

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Terminal behavior of OP-AMP
All currents enter the node.
Ic+ is current into V + .
Ic is current into V .
Io is current into output terminal.
Ip is current into non inverting input terminal.
In is current into inverting input terminal.

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Regions of operation
It has three regions of operation.
Linear region.

Vcc A(Vp Vn ) +V cc (1)

+ve saturation region.
Ip is current into non inverting input terminal.
-ve saturation region.
Only linear region is of interest in this course.

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Regions of operation

It has three regions of operation.

Linear region.

Vcc A(Vp Vn ) +Vcc (2)

+ve saturation region.

A(Vp Vn ) > +Vcc (3)

-ve saturation region.

A(Vp Vn ) < Vcc (4)

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Virtual short

In linear region.

Vo = Vcc A(Vp Vn ) +Vcc (5)

Typically Vcc is less than 20V.
Typically A>10,000 or 104 .
20
Therefore, |Vp Vn | should be less than 104 =2mV.
This is a very small value compared to the node voltages therefore it can
be assumed to be zero. Therefore, Vp = Vn and it is called virtual short.

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Virtual short

How is it possible ? Because a signal

is fedback from output to the
inverting terminal.
This is called negative feedback
because the output signal subtracts
Figure: a from the input.
Due to the proportional relation to the difference of input the output also
decreases and hence the device stays in linear region.
A circuit without a feedback path normally goes into saturation region and
even with a feedback path linear region is not ensured.
Then how to verify if the device is in linear region or not ?

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How to verify linear region operation ?

We do this by analysis.
For instance let an op-amp in linear region and we compute the output to
be at 10V. On examining the circuit we discover that Vcc is 6V which is
not true because an op amp output cannot be greater than the Vcc .
Therefore, our assumption is wrong and that the circuit is saturated at 6V.

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Input current constraints
The input resistance of an operational amplifier is very high. Ideally it is
infinite therefore, Ip =In =0. Note that Io 6= 0.
This is not based on the assumption that the op-amp is operating in linear
region because even if the op-amp is in saturation region the constraint for
input current holds true.
If we apply KCL on op-amp the sum
of all the currents entering in an
op-amp is zero.

ip + in + Io + Ic+ + Ic = 0 (6)

Io = (Ic+ + Ic ) (7)
Figure: a This means that even if input current
is zero output has sufficient current.

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Simplification of op-amp symbol

+ and V do not
Omit the biasing voltage supply. In linear region the Vcc cc
have a role in circuit analysis. This does not mean Io = (Ip + In ).

+
The linear region must be within Vcc
. Therefore, If V + =15V and
and Vcc cc

Vcc =10V then
Vo = 10 Vo 15V .
The gain A is assumed to be
constant in this course.
Figure: a

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Example 5.1 [Nilsson]
Writing node equation at inverting
input terminal. Vn =Vp (from virtual
short) and Vp =Vb therefore, Vn =0.
Find Vo if Va =1V and Vb =0V. Apply Ohms law
Assume Vcc+ =10V and V =-10V
cc
Va Vn Va 1
i25 = = = mA
25000 25000 25
(8)
Vo Vn Vo
i100 = = mA (9)
100 100
Applying current constraint In =0
1 Vo
+ =0 (10)
Figure: a 25k 100k
Therefore, Vo =-4 which is less than
the biasing voltages and hence it is in
linear region.
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Assessment Problem 5.1 [Nilsson]
Writing node equation at inverting
input terminal. Vn =Vp (from virtual
Find Vo if Va =-2.4V. short) and Vp =0 therefore, Vn =0.
Assume Vcc+ =10V and V =-15V Apply Ohms law
cc
Va Vn Va 2.4
i16 = = = mA =
25000 25000 16
(11)
Vo Vn Vo
i80 = = mA (12)
100 80
Applying current constraint In =0
Vo
Figure: a 0.15mA = mA (13)
80
Therefore, Vo =12V=10V because
the op-amp is saturated.

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Non-Inverting Amplifier
Writing the equations,

Vp = Vn = Vg (14)
Configuration is shown here. Vg
represents the input signal. Since it In = Ip = 0 (15)
is an amplifier the operation is in
The path Rf and Rs becomes a
linear region.
voltage divider for Vo .
Vo Rs
Vn = Vg = (16)
Rs + Rf
Vg Rs +Rf
Therefore, Vo = Rs . For linear
operation,
Rs + Rf Vcc
<| | (17)
Rs Vg

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Inverting Amplifier
Applying KCL at Vn
Vs Vo
If + Is = In = + (18)
Rs Rf
Let us derive the transfer function of
this amplifier. Using the constraint that In =0
Rf Vs
Vo = (19)
Rs
The above equation has a negative
sign and hence it is called inverting
amplifier. The gain is controlled by
the ratio of Rf
Rs .
If Rs =0 then the gain is infinite.
However, the output voltage cannot
exceed the power supply voltage.

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Summing Amplifier
Applying KCL at Vn
Va Vb Vc Vo
+ + + = 0 (20)
Ra Rb Rc Rf
The summing amplifier scale the sum
 
of the voltages applied at the input. Rf Va Rf Vb Rf Vc
Vo = + +
Ra Rb Rc
(21)
If Ra = Rb = Rc = Rs

Rf (Va + Vb + Vc )
Vo = (22)
Rs
If Rf = Rs

Vo = (Va + Vb + Vc ) (23)

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Learning Assessment E4.1

Find Io in the network.

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Learning Assessment E4.4

Find I1 ,I2 ,I3 and I4 in the network.

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Assessment problem 5.4 [Nilsson]

Writing the equations,

Find Vo if Rx =60k. Vp = Vg V15k (24)

Vp = 320mV = Vn (25)
Vg Rs + Rf
Vo = (26)
Rs
320mV (4.5k + 63k)
Vo = (27)
4.5k
Vo =4.8V

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Example 6.4-3 [Dorf]

Find V45k .

Answer=-5.35V

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Problem 6.3-5 [Dorf]
Find Io .

Answer=2.5mA

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Comparator

Compares two signals. If negative

input is high output is low and vice
versa. Several IC are available that
are designed to work as comparator
e.g LM339 and MAX917.

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Assessment problem 4.6

Find V3 and Vo .

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