Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
frame Structures
Michelle Kam-Biron, PE, SE, SECB
Director of Education
American Wood Council
Copyright Materials
Outline
Wood connection design
philosophy
Connection behavior
Serviceability challenges
Design software
Serviceability issues
Design software
Basic Concepts
Model wood cells as a bundle of straws
Bundle is very strong parallel to axis of the straws
Parallel Perpendicular
Not recommended
Initiators:
notches
large diameter fasteners
hanging loads
11
Notching
Problem Solution
12
Split
13
Beam to Concrete
alternate to beam
notch
14
N
A
N
A
T
15
Hanger to Beam
16
N N
A A
compression T
17
18
Framing
Wood Structural
Panel
Nail
1/8" Gap
Between Panels
Staggering
20
21
22
Mechanical fasteners
23
Next...
Connection behavior
Serviceability challenges
Connection techniques
Design software
24
Balance
Strength high strength
strength, poor ductility
L d
Load
Ductility-
Displacement
25
Connection Behavior
26
27
Connection Behavior
28
Balance
Strength Load high strength, poor ductility
Size
Si and d number
b off
fasteners good strength, good ductility
Ductility-
Fastener slenderness
Spacing
End distance low strength, good ductility
Displacement
29
Next...
Connection behavior
Serviceability challenges
Connection techniques
Design software
30
Bristlecone Pine
31
Connection Serviceability
No end
caps or
flashing
32
33
Connection Serviceability
Moisture trap -
No weep holes
34
water grain
Radially
35
Wood Shrinks
Woodmagazine.com
36
Moisture Effects
1% change in
dimension for
every 4%
change MC
37
Dowel-type connectors
bolts
Saturated drift pins
drift bolts
lag screws
19% MC
wood screws
nails
fabrication MC
in-service MC
Dry
CM 1.0 0.7 0.4* Lateral load (*CM=0.7 for D<1/4)
1.0 0.7 1.0 Withdrawal load - lag & wood screws only
1.0 0.25 0.25 Withdrawal load - nails & spikes
38
2+ fasteners
Dryy
CM 0.4 Lateral load (D>1/4) split splice
plates
fabrication MC
in-service MC Table 10.3.3 footnote 2
39
Beam to Column
40
transmit force
allow wood movement
41
Beam to Column
Problem
shrinkage
tension perp
42
Solution
b l near bottom
bolts b
minimizes effect of
shrinkage
Slotted hardware
43
Connection Serviceability
Beam on Shelf
44
Beam on Wall
45
Beam to Masonry
Application
Application
46
Problem
no weep holes in
closed shoe
moisture entrapped
decay can result
47
Column to Base
Angle brackets
anchor bolts in
brackets
48
49
50
51
Next...
Connection behavior
Serviceability challenges
Connection techniques
Design software
52
53
Traditional Connectors
All-wood solution
time tested
practical
extreme efficiencies
available with computer
numeric control (CNC)
machining
www.tfguild.org
www.timberframe.org
54
http://www.tfguild.org/downloads/T
FEC-1-2010-with-Commentary.pdf
55
Traditional Connectors
Schmidt, R.J. (2006): Timber Pegs Considerations for Mortise and Tenon Joint
Design, Structure Magazine, March 2006, NCSEA, 13(3):44-47.
http://www.structuremag.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/SF-Timber-Pegs-March-
061.pdf 56
Common Fasteners
Nails
Staples
p
Wood Screws
Metal plate
connectors
Lag screws
Bolts
57
Fastener Values
Included in U.S. design literature
58
59
Load
60
61
4 Modes of failure
6 Yield equations
62
MODE I
b i d i
bearing-dominated d
yield of wood fibers
MODE II
pivoting of fastener
with localized crushing
of wood fibers
63
Yield Modes
MODE III
fastener yield in
b di att one
bending
plastic hinge and
bearing
dominated yield
of wood fibers
MODE IV
fastener yield in
bending g at two
plastic hinges and
bearing
dominated yield
of wood fibers
64
4 Modes of failure
6 Yield equations
Single
Si l & double
d bl shear
h
Wood-to-wood
Wood-to-Steel
Wood-to-Concrete
65
66
67
68
http://www.awc.org/publications/TR/index.php
69
TR 12
70
71
TR 12
72
73
74
75
Chapter 11-Dowels
Threaded
length < lm/4 lm
Dia. Fastener = D
Threaded
length < lm/4 lm
Dia. Fastener = D
76
lm
Dia. Fastener = Dr
77
78
82
Closely spaced
fasteners
brittle failure
lower capacity
wood failure
mechanisms need
to be considered in
design
83
increased ductility
higher capacity
84
Net tension:
'
Z NT Ft ' Anet
Row tear-out:
'
Z RT ni Fv'tsmin
i
nrow
'
Z RT Z RT
'
i
i 1
85
Group tear-out
' '
Z RT top Z RT bottom
'
Z GT Ft' Agroup net
2 2
86
Geometry factor, CD
Side Grain
87
Geometry factor, CD
End Grain
88
89
Plates
Steel ASTM A36
Hot-dipped
H t di d galvanized
l i d if
in wet service
90
Rivet yielding
Pr parallel to grain
Qr perpendicular to grain
Wood failure
Pw parallel to grain
Qw perpendicular to grain
Plate yielding
Enhanced ductility
Lowest value governs design
91
92
93
Reiterative process
Parallel to grain timber rivet capacity
Pr = 280 p0.32 nR nC (13.2-1)
188 2012 NDS
Perpendicular to grain timber rivet capacity
Qr = 160 p0.32 nR nC
94
http://www.awc.org/pdf/
WDF17-4-rivet-pw.pdf
95
Reiterative process
96
97
Next...
Connection behavior
Serviceability challenges
Connection techniques
Design software
98
Must evaluate:
forces present
environmental effects
material effects
aesthetics
99
Connection Techniques
100
Post to Beam
Beam to Beam
101
Pre-engineered Connectors
102
103
Pre-engineered Connectors
Hanger hardware
104
Truss hardware
105
Custom Hardware
106
107
Connection Techniques
Steel
108
Concrete
109
Connection Techniques
110
111
Connection Techniques
112
113
Connection Techniques
114
115
Connection Techniques
116
A blend of art
and technology
117
Concealed Connectors
Proprietary Systems
118
Hollow steel
connection
tube
Expanding
cross pins
119
Concealed Connectors
Self-tapping
dowel s-w-s
Threaded screw
w-w
120
121
Connection Techniques
122
123
Concealed Connectors
Non-shrink grout
124
Archer Western
Contractors
Raleigh, NC
125
Connection Techniques
126
127
Concealed Connectors
Steel pipe
Stitch bolts
Tie-Bolt
128
129
Concealed Connectors
130
131
Connection Techniques
132
CANNON Design
Gerald Epp, Fast + Epp
Richmond (south of Vancouver) 133
Connection Techniques
Richmond Olympic Oval
CANNON Design
Gerald Epp, Fast + Epp
Richmond (south of Vancouver)
134
Next...
Connection behavior
Serviceability challenges
Connection techniques
Design software
136
http://www2.wwpa.org/TECHGUIDEPAGES/DesignSoftware/tabi
d/859/Default.aspx
137
Connection Calculator
AWC.org
138
Connection behavior
Serviceability challenges
Connection techniques
Design software
139
More info
2012 NDS
140
M4.4
M4 4 Special Design Considerati
ons
Mechanical Connections
Dowel-Type Fasteners
Split Ring and Shear Plates
Connectors
Timber Rivets
http://www.awc.org/pdf/2012ASD-LRFD_Manual_WEB.pdf
141
More info???
2015
142
143
More info???
144
145
Connections
and
and you
thought
connecting wood
was complicated!
146
Questions?
www.awc.org
info@awc.org
148