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UNCLASSIFIED.
N CHARACTERISTICS OF CRYSTAL-VIDEO RECEIVERS
EMPLOYING R-F PREAMPLIFICATION
by
W. E. AYER
'C
Technical Report No. 150-3
September 20, 1956
Prepared under
Air Force Contract AF 33 (600)47784
1*
by
W. E. Ayer
Pre~pared under
Air For-ce Contract AF 33(600)-27784
I I
SUMMARY
-iii-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0 Introduction . * 0 0 a 6 a 0
* 1
2.0 The simple crystal-video receiver-., . . . . . , 2
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
1. Block diagram of receiver 1
2 Threshold sensitivity (Sx) of crystal - video re-
ceivers as a function of band ;idth (By) . ... . . 4
3 Variation of sensitivity with r-f gain. * ..... 5
4
gain*. oo o
. 9:
e......m
Variation of system sensitivity with preamplifier
:* . . o * 8
5 C-w detection receiver. . r c . a 9
A.1 Model of noise spectrum . . . . .. . . . . 12
A.2 Idealized noise output spectrum . . . ...... . 15
- iv -
CHARACTERISTICS OF CRYSTAL-VILZO RECEIVERS
EMPLOYING R-F PREAMPLIFICATION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
F R-f amplifier
Bandwidth = Br Square- Video amplifier
Power gain = Gdetector lawbnddh
andwidth
Noise figure = F
-1 -I
I - 5 w-
-2-
the front end of the amplifier. If carbon or composition
resistors are used, considerable amounts of "excess" noise
are produced, and overall performance will be degraded.
In Fig. '? data on the sensitivity of crystal-video
*receivers is presented. These curves are based upon the per-
formance of wideband detector mounts developed at this labo-
"atory. These mounts have been designed to work from a
50-ohm source. The threshold sensitivity figure (S ) gives
x
the amount of pulse power which must be applied in order to
produce an output Just discernible in the noise on a synchro-
nized CRT display. This measure of sensitivity corresponds
roughly to pulse power equal to average noise power. The
data are based upon input pulse lengths approximately equal to
0.6/B --conditions for maximum sensitivity. The "good" and
v
!poor" lines indicate the limits of performance for crystals
selected at random.
The sensitivity, as plotted in Fig. 2, varies inversely
with . This characteristic results from the square-law
nature of the detector. The noise output power will vary
directly with the video bandwidth; the square-law action causes
the output signal amplitude to increase as the square of the
input signal. Thus a doubling of the video bandwidth will
cause a 3 db increase In output noise, while a similar increase
in output signal will Le realized by a 1.5 db increase in
applied sigral.
1
D. J. Grace, "Analysis of two broadband untuned crystal
detector mounts," TR No. 14, (Nbonr 25132), rlectronics
Research Laboratory, 5t*.nford University, 10 June 1952.
2
D. J. Grace, 'Arialysis of a broadband untuned ur~stl
mount for X-band operation," TR No. 7, (Nonr 22510), Elec-
tronics Recearch Laboratory, Stanfo'-rd University, 10 March
1953.
-r-7 77.
-77
>
ICYi__ _ _,
4
- 0 T 3
____i c. Ulr
0 E'1
0 0 H
o% A I _A0
w.qp p Iqsatl.
3.0 EFFECTS OF PREAMPLIFICATIoN
Maximum sensitivity
, -Crystal-video aenettivity
Be = [2BEv
r -B
vv (2)
- 6-
detector action is square-law, a 1.5 db increase in input
signal will bring the output signal/noise ratio up by 3 db,
so that, for this particular amount of preamplifier gain, the
system sensitivity will be 1.5 db below Smax*
A plot of the variation of sensitivity with r-f gain in
= the region of G - Isax - Sxj is given in Fig. 4. When the
gain is 3 db greate;, than IS - Sxl, the sensitivity is
only 0.5 db lesn than S Accordingly, a reasonable prac-
tical rue for determinIng galn is:
Gt Sax - +
* (4)
S = -52 dbm
B = 0.6 Mc
B3r -. ?0 M.
r
F = 20 db
7
7.7
> 4
A-6 I
C)
I
S-8 -6 -4 -2 0 +2 +4 +6 +8 +0
Gain of preamplifier relative to s.. S, db
-8-
all of the TWT noise will be applied to the crystal. In some
applications an additional cavity ahead of the tube might be
needed to prevent overloading). From Eq. (3),
Be (2 x 20 x .6 = 4.9 Mc
- -114 + 20 + 7 ---87 db
, F.
___
Lossy
Modulator Preamplifier Detector
Tunedne
(Ikfv: I
5.0 CONCLUSIONS
- 10 -
realizable by superheterodyno techniques. For, such cases the
simplicity of the preamplifier crystal-video combination may
well indicate its use in preference to a superheterodyne.
Again, in many applications the simpler system wiil not
provide the ultimate in sensitivity, but its performance may
be entirely adequate for the specific problem at hand.
- 1
APPEINDIX: DERIVATION OF MAXIMUM SENSITIVITY 0? CRYSTAL-VIDEO
RECEIVER WITH R-F PREAMPLIRICATION
43
wI
0
R I ___
I .. llHLIII
eo x e (A-1)
-3i.4 -
L. -
eo = 2KxVn 2 [aI
[ -a2 + ... SBr] 2 (A-3)
+ 2a1 3 '24
2 I.....+ 2ala 4 + 2a2 a5
'A-4)
-13 -
There will be IBr d-c components, each of amplitude 1/2.
The difference frequency terms at 1 cycle/sec result from the
products of adjacent components 2ala,, 2a2 a3 , etc. There will
be a total of IBr - 1 such components, each of unit amplitude.
Similarly, at m cycles per second there will be IBr - Iml
components, each of unit amplitude.
Because of the random phase of the components oC the ori-
ginal r-f spectrum model, the difference-frequency components
occurring at each cycle in the video band must be added power-
wise. The expression for the video output is thus:
(A-5)
- 14 -
1A
1 KC2vn 4Br 1J2
0
04 2Kv 4 I
H I 2
0 r
Br
KxV s
=
Vs 2- K-xV-s2 where (A-9)
-15
V n (A-l0)
Be = [2BrB v - By 2 (A-14)
- 16 -
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