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AbstractThis paper presents an analysis in Matlab/ Simulink voltage support must take place within 20ms after fault
environment of a three-phase photovoltaic (PV) system under detection [11, 12]. In response to abnormal grid conditions, the
various types of symmetrical and asymmetrical grid faults. The PV systems are currently required to disconnect from the
fault response performance of the PV system takes into power grid for safety reasons, also known as the islanding
consideration the factors of ambient temperature and solar protection [9].
irradiance, grid codes, power control strategies, and utility grid
conditions. Grid fault types occurring at different distances from
the point of common coupling (PCC) of the PV system are
simulated. The simulations presented in this paper show that the
short circuit faults in the power grid have disturbing effects on
optimal operation of grid-connected PV systems. The impact of
grid faults on the PV systems performance depends on the grid
fault type, and is less influenced by the distance of the fault
occurrence. Symmetrical faults have a higher impact on
performance than asymmetrical faults, both at the PCC and
inside the PV system.
I. INTRODUCTION
The decrease of greenhouse gas emissions can be
accomplished by shifting towards renewable energy systems,
such as solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays and wind turbines [1].
The usage of renewable energy sources offers the advantage of
sustainability in all aspects of the energy sector development
[2]. According to [3], during the five-year period (late-2007 to
2012), the total capacity of solar PV increased by 60%
annually [4].
A. The Grid Requirements for PV Systems Figure 2. Reactive current injection requirements during LVRT [9, 10].
Due to rapid growth of PV systems [7, 8], the grid
requirements are expected to be modified in order to
accommodate the increase of the PV penetration level. Low
voltage ride-through (LVRT) and reactive current injection
during low voltage ride-through depicted in Fig. 1 and in Fig. 2
are the main grid requirements of medium and high voltage PV
systems [9, 10]. The principle of voltage support requirement
under grid faults is depicted in Fig. 3 [11]. Those grid
requirements are necessary to ensure the safety of maintenance
personnel, protect the equipment, and guarantee the stability of
the power grid [9]. The voltage support of the PV system is
activated when a voltage dip of over 5% of the root mean
square (RMS) value of the PV inverter voltage occurs. The
Figure 3. The voltage support requirement during a grid failure [11].
Figure 4. Generic control structure of a typical PV system [9, 13]. Figure 5. General control structure of a three-phase PV system [9].
Figure 6. The Simulink model of 100-kW Grid-Connected PV Array.
The 5-kHz dc-dc boost converter increases the dc voltage Diode characteristic of PV array model is presented in (1):
from PV maximum natural voltage of 273V to 500V [5].
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is implemented in
the dc-dc boost converter by means of a Stateflow Id=Isat[exp(Vd/VT)-1], (1)
implementation using the incremental conductance technique
as in [6]. This kind of MPPT controller automatically varies the where: Id = diode current (A); Vd = diode voltage (V); Isat =
switching duty cycle in order to generate the required voltage diode saturation current (A); VT = temperature voltage =
to extract maximum power [5]. kT/qQdNcellNser; T = cell temperature (K); k = Boltzmann
constant (JK-1); q = electron charge (C); Qd = diode quality
The 2000-Hz three-phase three-level VSC converts the dc- factor; Ncell = number of series-connected cells per module; Nser
link voltage from 500Vdc to 260Vac and keeps unity power = number of series-connected modules per string.
factor. The three-phase VSC controls the dc-link voltage for
the utility grid connection using two control loops: an external
III. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
control loop that regulates dc link voltage of the two dc split
capacitors C1 and C2 to +/250V, and an internal control loop The three-phase PV system from Fig. 6 is simulated at
that regulates active and reactive current components Id and Iq various types of short circuit faults that occur in the 20kV
of the grid current (Fig. 8). The reference dc-link voltage is set utility grid as is shown in Fig. 7. The simulations are
at the nominal dc bus voltage of 500V. The Id current reference performing using the ambient temperature of 25C and solar
is the output of the dc voltage external controller. In order to irradiance of 1000W/m2. The short circuit grid faults are
maintain unity power factor, the Iq current reference is set to simulated at different distances away of point of common
zero. The Vd and Vq voltage outputs of the current controller coupling (PCC) of the PV System. The locations of the fault
are converted to three modulating signals Uref_abc used by the are chosen considering the network configuration (Fig. 7) as
three-level pulse-width modulation (PWM) generator [5]. following: at the location of PCC of the PV system, and at two
distant locations corresponding to the connection points of the
The Simulink model of PV Array uses the module three-phase loads. The distances are at 19km (at the end of the
specifications provided by manufacturer (open circuit voltage, power line, on the opposite side of the PV system) and at 5km
Voc, short-circuit current Isc, voltage at maximum power point, from the PCC of the PV system. The grid faults are applied at t
Vmp, current at maximum power point Imp) as well as = 0.1s and cleared after 150ms.
temperature coefficients. The four PV model parameters for
one module (photo-generated current Iph, diode saturation In order to analyze the PV system during faults on utility
current Isat, parallel resistance Rp and series resistance Rs) are power grid and to determine the effects of faults as a function
adjusted to fit Voc, Isc, Vmp, Imp at specified cell temperatures, of the location where the fault occurs, the simulation results are
while assuming a given diode quality factor (Qd) for the presented starting from PCC, followed by the VSC inverter and
semiconductor. Temperature-dependent PV array parameters boost converter and continuing with the PV array. The main
(Iph, Isat, VT, Rs, Rp) are implemented in look-up tables [5]. simulation results are centralized in Table I.
Figure 7. The Simulink model of the 20kV Utility Grid with position of the
short circuit faults applied at three distances from PCC. Figure 8. The Simulink implementation of the VSC Control.
TABLE I. SIMULATION RESULTS OF THE PV SYSTEM DURING VARIOUS TYPES OF GRID FAULTS
PCC of the three-phase grid-connected PV system VSC PV array
Type of short Distance of
Effective voltages (kV) Effective currents (A) Active power Frequency Dc-link Pmean
circuit fault PCC (km) Voltage (V) Current (A)
Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic (kW) (Hz) voltage (V) (kW)
Normal operating conditions 19.42 19.42 19.42 2.91 2.92 2.95 98.62 50 500.12 275.60 365.27 100.70
19 21.53 31.92 1.47 39.69 36.36 35.95 93.79 50.21 505.25 278.49 377.18 100.52
Single line-
5 0.26 22.86 25.69 69.04 73.56 65.08 93.69 50.05 508.02 279.01 375.75 100.54
to-ground
0 (in PCC) 0 23.14 25.35 41.47 43.46 39.17 93.67 50.05 508.08 278.87 379.29 100.43
19 19.45 9 9.74 5.72 4.24 4.89 73.46 50.11 708.65 287.26 379.90 99.76
Line-to-line 5 9.71 9.18 19.44 4.22 4.88 5.71 72.01 50.11 708.49 288.88 384.17 98.95
0 (in PCC 9.72 9.04 19.44 4.22 4.88 5.71 72.09 50.11 709.02 287.33 381.27 99.52
Line-to- 19 26.84 0.88 0.93 28.88 25.96 31.32 69.84 50.11 779.56 284.23 377.52 100.24
line-to- 5 0.18 0.19 24.72 17.85 23.68 20.82 62.87 50.17 939.04 289.77 382.91 98.52
ground 0 (in PCC) 0 0 24.77 18.23 24.02 21.12 62.43 50.18 943.29 286.67 379.57 99.79
19 0.06 0.09 0.13 7.73 11.05 12.26 0 49.41 1090 306.25 225.02 74.80
Three phase 5 0.27 0.24 0.11 9.91 12.17 7.11 0 49.32 998.10 305.93 228.13 75.92
0 (in PCC) 0 0 0 8.19 11.32 10.96 0 49.26 1016 306.35 223.96 74.70
The response and the comparison of the three-phase PV grid codes regardless of the location where the fault occurs. For
system operation during various types of short circuit grid line-to-line-to-ground faults, the frequency increases, but
faults such as symmetrical grid faults (three-phase faults) and remains within the limits of grid requirements. For the line-to-
unsymmetrical grid faults (unbalanced faults) are discussed and line faults, the frequency also increases but less than line-to-
presented graphically in the following paragraphs. line-to-ground faults. In case of single line-to-ground faults, the
frequency definitely remains inside the imposed limits.
Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 depict the effective values of grid
voltages and currents, measured in PCC (B20 measurement Fig. 12 depicts the waveform propagation of a three-phase
point) for various types of faults that occur at 5km away of short circuit that occurs at the PCC of the PV system through
PCC of the PV system. As can be observed from Fig. 10, the the 100kVA 260V/20kV three-phase coupling transformer.
evolution on the three phases of grid voltage during grid faults
is as it was expected for these types of short circuits.
Figure 10. The effective (RMS) value of short circuit grid currents in PCC
during short circuit faults at 5 km away of PCC of the PV system.
Figure 9. The effective (RMS) grid voltages in PCC during short circuit
faults at 5 km away of PCC of the PV system.
Figure 12. Phase-to-ground grid voltages, currents and the active power
delivered in the grid by the PV system measured in B20 and B260 points
during a three-phase fault that occurs at PCC of the PV system.
Figure 14. The Vd and Vq grid voltage components during short circuit faults
at 5 km away of PCC of the PV system.
Figure 15. The modulation index of Uabc_ref of VSC during grid faults at 5 km
away of PCC of the PV system.
Figure 13. The Id and Iq grid current components during short circuit faults at
5 km away of PCC of the PV system.
Citations:
I. V. Banu and M. Istrate, "Study on three-phase photovoltaic systems under grid faults," 2014 International Conference and
Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering (EPE), Iasi, 2014, pp. 1132-1137.
doi: 10.1109/ICEPE.2014.6970086
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6970086&isnumber=6969853