Chapter 3: How To Solve Problems and Spreadsheet Analyses

Kosky, Wise, Balmer, Keat: Exploring Engineering, Second Edition 61
Chapter 3: How to solve problems and spreadsheet analyses
Make sure the students are reporting the solution to the proper number of significant
figures. The solution set uses the need-know-how-to-solve method. They should also be
encouraged to use spreadsheet analysis. Make sure they format their cells with the
appropriate number of significant figures; this will ensure they continually practice this
skill and not allow the calculator to decide on many non-significant figures and the
accompanying absurdities.
Often we use both need-know-how-to-solve and spreadsheet methods, even when the
solutions are obvious and the arithmetic is equally obvious since practice is the key.
========================================================
Copyright 2010, Elsevier, Inc

3-1. Suppose the ranch in Example 1 was a circle instead of a square. Using the same
financial information ($320,000 available funds, $10,000 a mile for fence, and $100,000
per square mile land cost), what would be the diameter of the ranch?
Need: Diameter of circular ranch
Know: $320,000 available funds, $10,000 a mile for fence, and $100,000 per
square mile land cost
How: Use sketch to visualize

situation and then make appropriate
mathematical model.
Solve: Cost of fence = $10,000 D

Cost of area = $100,000 D2/4
Total cost = $10,000 D + $100,000 D2/4 = $320,000

Hence diameter given by 10 D2/4 + D 32 = 0
Solution using Excel, Goal seek equation solver
A B C D E
Use "goal seek" First guess at Equation using Update using Updated
23 answer in miles 1st guess goal seek Equation
See Excel help 1.000 -21.004 1.828 -7.54E-05
24
A B C D E
Use "goal seek" First guess at Equation using 1st guess Update using goal Updated Equation
23 answer in miles seek
See Excel help
24 1 =10*PI()*B24^2/4 + PI()*B24-32 1.82838777060369 =10*PI()*D24^2/4 + PI()*D24-32
Diameter = 1.83 miles

3-2. Suppose the ranch in Example 1 was an equilateral triangle instead of a square.
Using the same financial information ($320,000 available funds, $10,000 a mile for
fence, and $100,000 per square mile land cost), what would be the length of one side of
the ranch?
Need: Diameter of equilateral ranch
Know: $320,000 available

funds, $10,000 a mile for
fence, and $100,000 per
How: Use sketch to visualize

situation and then make
appropriate mathematical
model. Assume length of a side
is 2x
Solve: Cost of fence = $10,000 6x

Cost of area = $100,000 3 x2
Total cost = $10,000 6x + $100,000 3 x2 = $320,000
Hence half side x given by 10 3 x2+ 6x 32 = 0
Solution using Excel, Goal seek equation solver
A B C D E
Use "goal seek" First guess at 1/2 Equation using Update using Updated
answer in miles 1st guess goal seek Equation
51
52 See Excel help 1.000 -8.679 1.197 0.000
A B C D E
Use "goal seek" First guess at 1/2 Equation using 1st guess Update using Updated Equation
answer in miles goal seek
51
52 See Excel help 1 =10*SQRT(3)*B52^2 + 6 * B52 - 32 1.19702198786=10*SQRT(3)*D52^2 + 6 * D52 - 32
Thus one side = 2x = 2.40 miles

3-3. Suppose the ranch in Example 1 was a rectangle with the long side twice as long as
the short side. Using the same financial information ($320,000 available funds, $10,000
a mile for fence, and $100,000 per square mile land cost), what would be the length of the
short side of the ranch?
Need: Short side of a 2:1 rectangular ranch
Know: $320,000 available funds, $10,000 a mile for fence, and $100,000 per
How: Use sketch to visualize situation

and then make appropriate
mathematical model. Assume length
of short side is x
Solve: Cost of fence = $10,000 6x

Cost of area = $100,000 2 x2
Total cost = $10,000 6x + $100,000

2 x2 = $320,000
Hence 20x2 + 6x -32 = 0
A B C D E
Use "goal seek" First guess at Equation using Update using Updated
answer x miles 1st guess goal seek Equation
81
82 See Excel help 1.000 -6.000 1.124 0.000
A B C D E
Use "goal seek" First guess at Equation using 1st guess Update using goal Updated Equation
answer x miles seek
81
82 See Excel help 1 =20*B82^2 + 6 * B82 - 32 1.12377040092609 =20*D82^2 + 6 * D82 - 32
Thus the short side of the ranch is 1.12 miles.

3-4. The great physicist Enrico Fermi used to test the problem solving ability of his
students at the University of Chicago by giving them the following problem: how many
piano tuners are there in the city of Chicago? Assume the population of Chicago is five
million people).
Need: ___________ Piano tuners in Chicago.
Know: Population of Chicago is 5. 106 people.
How: Estimate 1 person in 100 Chicagoans owns a piano and gets it tuned
yearly. A standard working year is about 200 days. Assume tuner can tune
a piano in 2 hours and, with travel, he/she can tune 3 pianos per day. Use
the method of dimensional analysis to aid in the solution.
Solve: Except for unemployed piano tuners, the required tunings = the
number of tuners available.
(5. 106/100.) 1 [Chicagoans][piano/Chicagoan][tunings/piano yr] =

50,000 [piano tunings/year].
50,000/200 [piano tunings/year][year/working day] = 250 [piano
tunings/day]
# tuners = 250/3 [piano tunings/day] [tuners day/tuning] = 83.3 = 80

tuners.
If think the assumptions are poor just use the spreadsheet program blow
and change them to reasonable ones you prefer.
A B C D E
1 Population 5000000 Fraction pianos =1/100
2 Pianos =B1*E1 Tuning days 200
3 Freq. tuning 1 per yr Tuned/day/tuner 3
4 Tuned/yr =B2*B3 per yr
5 Tuned/day =B4/E2 per day
6 Tuners =B5/E3

3-5. Of all the rectangles that have an area of one square meter, what are the dimensions
(length and width) of the one that has the smallest perimeter? Solve by graphing on a
spreadsheet.
Need: Minimum perimeter ____________ for 1 m2 enclosed rectangle.
Know: Perimeter, P = 2 (L + W) where L is length, W is width and area

enclosed, A = L W = 1 m2.
How: Set L = 1/W to guarantee 1 m2 area so that P = 2 (1/W + W). Plot

P vs. W for minimum.
Solve: P minimum if L = W = 1.00 m.
B C D B C D
1 W , m L , m P, m 1 W, m L, m P, m
2 0.50 2.00 5.00 2 =0.5 =1/B2 =2*(B2+C2)
3 4.9 1.67
0.60 4.53 3 =B2+0.1 =1/B3 =2*(B3+C3)
4 0.70
4.7 1.43 4.26 4 =B3+0.1 =1/B4 =2*(B4+C4)
0.80
4.5 1.25 4.10 5 =B4+0.1 =1/B5 =2*(B5+C5)
Perimeter, m
5
6 0.90 1.11 4.02 6 =B5+0.1 =1/B6 =2*(B6+C6)
7
4.3
1.00 1.00 4.00 7 =B6+0.1 =1/B7 =2*(B7+C7)
8 4.1
1.10 0.91 4.02 8 =B7+0.1 =1/B8 =2*(B8+C8)
9 1.20
3.9 0.83 4.07 9 =B8+0.1 =1/B9 =2*(B9+C9)
2
10 1.30 0.77 4.14 10 =B9+0.1Area = 1.00
=1/B10 m=2*(B10+C10)
3.7
11 1.40 0.71 4.23 11 =B10+0.1 =1/B11 =2*(B11+C11)
3.5
12 1.50 0.67 4.33 12 =B11+0.1 =1/B12 =2*(B12+C12)
13 0.0
1.60 0.63 0.5 1.0 1.5
4.45 13 =B12+0.1 =1/B13 2.0 2.5
=2*(B13+C13)
14 1.70 0.59 4.58 14 =B13+0.1
Length, m =1/B14 =2*(B14+C14)
15 1.80 0.56 4.71 15 =B14+0.1 =1/B15 =2*(B15+C15)
16 1.90 0.53 4.85 16 =B15+0.1 =1/B16 =2*(B16+C16)

3-6. Suppose you want to make a cylindrical can to hold 0.01 m3 of soup. The sheet steel
for the can costs $0.01/m2. It costs $0.02/m to seal circular pieces to the top and bottom
of the can and along the long seam. What are the dimensions (radius and height) of the
cylindrical can that is least expensive to make?
Need: Minimum cost can = __________ $
Know: Volume of cylindrical can is V = D2/4 h where D is diameter and h is

height. Also seal length = h + 2 D. Total area of materials used = 2 D2/4 +
D h. Multiply by respective cost factors.
How: Since V = 0.01 m3 is fixed, h = 4V/D2
Solve: Multiply by cost factors and varying with the cans diameter. Minimum
can cost = $0.03 or 3 cents per can. (This big cans dimensions are 17 cm
diameter 44 cm tall).
A B C D E F G
2
1 D, m h, m Area, m $ material Seal, m $ seal Total $
2 0.01 127.32 4.00 0.04 127.39 2.55 2.59
3 0.03 14.15 1.33 0.01 14.34 0.29 0.30
4 0.05 5.09 0.80 0.01 5.41 0.11 0.12
5 0.07 2.60 0.58 0.01 3.04 0.06 0.07
6 0.09 1.57 0.46 0.00 2.14 0.04 0.05
7 0.11 1.05 0.38 0.00 1.74 0.03 0.04
8 0.13 0.75 0.33 0.00 1.57 0.03 0.03
9 0.15 0.57 0.30 0.00 1.51 0.03 0.03
10 0.17 0.44 0.28 0.00 1.51 0.03 0.03
11 0.19 0.35 0.27 0.00 1.55 0.03 0.03
12 0.21 0.29 0.26 0.00 1.61 0.03 0.03
13 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.00 1.69 0.03 0.04
14 0.25 0.20 0.26 0.00 1.77 0.04 0.04
15 0.27 0.17 0.26 0.00 1.87 0.04 0.04
16 0.29 0.15 0.27 0.00 1.97 0.04 0.04
17 0.31 0.13 0.28 0.00 2.08 0.04 0.04
18 0.33 0.12 0.29 0.00 2.19 0.04 0.05
19 0.35 0.10 0.31 0.00 2.30 0.05 0.05
H I
2 Constants
3
3 m can 0.01
4 $/m seal 0.02
2
5 $/m steel 0.01
A B C D E F G
1 D, m h, m Area, m2 $ material Seal, m $ seal Total $
2 0.01 =4*$I$3/(PI()*A2^2) =0.5*PI()*A2^2+PI()*A2*B2 =C2*$I$5 =B2+2*PI()*A2 =E2*$I$4 =D2+F2
3 =0.02+A2 =4*$I$3/(PI()*A3^2) =0.5*PI()*A3^2+PI()*A3*B3 =C3*$I$5 =B3+2*PI()*A3 =E3*$I$4 =D3+F3
4 =0.02+A3 =4*$I$3/(PI()*A4^2) =0.5*PI()*A4^2+PI()*A4*B4 =C4*$I$5 =B4+2*PI()*A4 =E4*$I$4 =D4+F4
3
0.01 m can
0.07
0.06
0.05
$ total can cost
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Diameter, m

3-7. Suppose the mass used in Example 3.3 was increased from 10.0 kg to 20.0 kg, and
the wire stretched by twice as much. If the 20.0 kg mass was then used to stretch a 4.00 m
piece of the same steel wire, how much will it stretch?
(Example 3.3: A 2.00 m steel wire is suspended from a hook in the ceiling by with a mass
of 10.0 kg that is tied to its lower end; the wire stretches by 15.0 mm under this load. If
this same mass is used to stretch a 4.00 m piece of the same steel wire, how much will it
stretch?)
Need: Stretch = ____ mm for a 4.00 m piece of wire under a 20.0 kg load.
Know: Answer to example 3.3: A 4.00 m wire stretched 30.0 mm with a

10.0 kg load.
How: We are assuming a plausible relationship that a wire stretches

proportional to its length and proportional to its suspended weight.
Solve: Since the 4.00 m wire was stretched 30.0 mm with a 10.0 kg load,
our proportionality law suggests the same wire will stretch 60.0 mm under
a 20.0 kg load.
An apparatus for this measurement is called Searles apparatus: http://www.s-

cool.co.uk/assets/learn_its/alevel/physics/stress-and-strain/stress-strain-
graphs/image4.jpg

3.8. Use the spreadsheet analysis in Example 3.4 to determine the total miles driven by
each driver and the average miles driven in each category for the following car renters:
Renter City Miles Suburban Miles Highway Miles

Geske 35 57 93
Pollack 27 11 275
Loth 14 43 159
Sommerfeld 12 31 305
Thunes 22 16 132
Lu 5.0 21 417
Need: Average and total miles for drivers
Know: Matrix table of data as above
How: Spreadsheet analysis
Solve:
A B C D E
98 Renter City Miles Suburban Miles Highway miles Total miles
99
100 Geske 35 57 93 185
101 Pollack 27 11 275 313
102 Loth 14 43 159 216
103 Sommerfeld 12 31 305 348
104 Thunes 22 16 132 170
105 Lu 5 21 417 443
106
107 Average miles 19 30 230
A B C D E
98 Renter City Miles Suburban Miles Highway miles Total miles
99
100 Geske 35 57 93 =SUM(B100:D100)
101 Pollack 27 11 275 =SUM(B101:D101)
102 Loth 14 43 159 =SUM(B102:D102)
103 Sommerfeld 12 31 305 =SUM(B103:D103)
104 Thunes 22 16 132 =SUM(B104:D104)
105 Lu 5 21 417 =SUM(B105:D105)
106
107 Average miles =AVERAGE(B100:B105) =AVERAGE(C100:C105) =AVERAGE(D100:D105)

3-9. Using the renter mileage information given in the previous exercise and the miles per
gallon information given in Example 3.5, determine the average gallons per journey
segment and average per driver for this set of drivers.
Need: Average gallons by segment and by driver
Know: Matrix table of data as above plus mpg data
How: Spreadsheet analysis
Solve:
A B C D E
117 Renter City miles Suburban Miles Highway Miles Av gal/driver
118
119 Geske 35 57 93 9.7
120 Pollack 27 11 275 13.4
121 Loth 14 43 159 9.7
122 Sommerfeld 12 31 305 14.5
123 Thunes 22 16 132 7.8
124 Lu 5 21 417 17.6
125
126 Average gallons 1.6 1.7 8.9
127
128
129 City Surburbs Highway
130 mpg 12 18 26
A B C D E
118
119 Geske 35 57 93 =B119/B$130+C119/C$130+D119/D$130
120 Pollack 27 11 275 =B120/B$130+C120/C$130+D120/D$130
121 Loth 14 43 159 =B121/B$130+C121/C$130+D121/D$130
122 Sommerfeld 12 31 305 =B122/B$130+C122/C$130+D122/D$130
123 Thunes 22 16 132 =B123/B$130+C123/C$130+D123/D$130
124 Lu 5 21 417 =B124/B$130+C124/C$130+D124/D$130
125
126 Average gallons =AVERAGE(B119:B124)/B$130 =AVERAGE(C119:C124)/C$130 =AVERAGE(D119:D124)/D$130

3-10. Using the technique introduced in Example 8, create a spreadsheet graph of the
following data for the median annual salaries in dollars for engineers based on years of
experience, supervisory responsibility, and level of education 5.
Number of Years After BS Degree

0 5 10 15 25 35
Nonsupervisory
B.S. 55,341 63,649 73,162 80,207 85,116 92,748
M.S. 79,875 86,868 90,134 97,463 110,289
Ph.D. 91,352 98,053 108,747 122,886
Supervisory
B.S. 72,632 80,739 92,029 107,844
M.S. 99,367 109,450 110,360 113,916 117,146
Ph.D. 110,877 132,800 147,517
Need: Graph of salaries corresponding to table
Know: To plot mathematical data, normally need scatter plot (with true
Cartesian x axis)
How: Use Insert chart in Excel and follow instructions and/or intuition
Solve:
Median salary by experience
160,000
140,000
120,000
Non Super, BS
100,000 Non super, MS
Salary in $
Non super, PhD

80,000
Super, BS
60,000 Super MS
Super PhD
40,000
20,000
0
0 10 20 30 40
Years since BS
5
These data are from the 2007 report of the Engineering Workforce Commission
of the American Association of Engineering Societies (AAES).
Problems 11- 13 involve the following situation:
Suppose that the weight of the gasoline in lbf in a cars gas tank equaled the weight of the
car in lbf to the 2/3 power (If G = gasoline weight, then W = car weight, G = W2/3).
Assume further that gasoline weighs 8.0 lbf/gal, and gas mileage varies with weight
according to the empirical formula:
mpg = (84,500 lbf mi/gal) (1/cars weight in lbf) -3 miles/gal

3-11. What is the fuel usage of a 3.00 103 lbf car?
Need: mpg = ___________ for a 3.00 103 lbf car.
Know - How: Empirical formula for mpg:
Solve: mpg = (84,500 lbf mi/gal) (1/cars weight in lbf) -3. miles/gal
mpg = (84,500 lbf mi/gal) (1/cars weight in lbf) 3. miles/gal =

84,500/3.00 103 [lbf mi/gal][1/lbf] 3. [miles/gal] = 25 mpg.

3-12. What is the heaviest car that can achieve a range of 600. miles?
Need: Heaviest car with range of 600. miles.
Know: Weight and fuel capacity related by G = W2/3 and a formula

relating mpg and vehicle weight. Thus you can have high mpg in a small
car, but it also has a small gas tank and vice versa.
How: Spreadsheet analysis and graphing range in miles vs. tank capacity
in US gallons.
Solve: The heaviest car with a 600. mile range weighs 3.69 103 lbf.
A B C D E
2 lbf/gal 8.0
3
4 wt car, lbf mpg lbf gas/car Gal/car Range, miles
5 1500 53 131 16.4 875
6 1750 45 145 18.2 824
7 2000 39 159 19.8 781
8 2250 35 172 21.5 744
9 2500 31 184 23.0 711
10 2750 28 196 24.5 683
11 3000 25 208 26.0 657
12 3250 23 219 27.4 634
13 3500 21 231 28.8 612
14 3750 20 241 30.2 592
15 4000 18 252 31.5 574
16 4250 17 262 32.8 557
17 4500 16 273 34.1 541
18 4750 15 283 35.3 526
19 5000 14 292 36.6 512
20 5250 13 302 37.8 498
A B C D E
4 wt car, lbf mpg lbf gas/car Gal/car Range, miles
5 1500 =84500/A5-2.9 =A5^(2/3) =C5/$C$2 =B5*D5
6 =A5+250 =84500/A6-2.9 =A6^(2/3) =C6/$C$2 =B6*D6
7 =A6+250 =84500/A7-2.9 =A7^(2/3) =C7/$C$2 =B7*D7

800
750
700
650
Range in miles
600
550
500
450
400
1500 2500 3500 4500 5500
Wt of car in lbf

3-13) Suppose the formula for weight of the gas was G = Wb where b is can be varied in
the range 0.5 0.75. Graph the range of a 3.69 103 lbf car as a function of b.
Need: Range as function of 0.75> b >0.50
Know - How: Mpg formula, weight of a gallon of gas and that the weight
of a 3.69 103 lbm car is 3.69 103 lbf.
Solve: Notice in the graph just how sensitive the solution is to the
exponent. In effect, the cars designer can control b by appropriately
shaping and sizing the gas tank. Most cars have about a 400 mile range.
C D E F G H
3 Wt of car 3.69E+03 lbf Wt of gal gas 8.0 lbf
4
5 b lbf gas/tank Gal/tank mpg Range, miles
6 0.50 6.07E+01 7.59E+00 2.00E+01 1.52E+02
7 0.51 6.59E+01 8.24E+00 2.00E+01 1.65E+02
8 0.52 7.16E+01 8.95E+00 2.00E+01 1.79E+02
C D E F G H
3 Wt of car 3700 lbf Wt of gal gas =8 lbf
4
5 b lbf gas/tank Gal/tank mpg Range, miles
6 =0.5 =$D$3^C6 =D6/$G$3 =84500/$D$3-2.9 =F6*E6
7 =C6+0.01 =$D$3^C7 =D7/$G$3 =84500/$D$3-2.9 =F7*E7
8 =C7+0.01 =$D$3^C8 =D8/$G$3 =84500/$D$3-2.9 =F8*E8
9 =C8+0.01 =$D$3^C9 =D9/$G$3 =84500/$D$3-2.9 =F9*E9

1.2E+03
1.0E+03
8.0E+02
Range in miles
6.0E+02
4.0E+02
2.0E+02
0.0E+00
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75
Exponent b

Problems 1417: These problems are concerned with bungee jumping. At full stretch, the
elastic rope of original length L stretches to L + x. For a person whose weight is W lbf,
and a cord with a stiffness K lbf/ft, the extension x is given by this formula:
W W 2 2W L
x= + +
K K2 K
and which can be written in spreadsheet script as

(
x = W K + sqrt W 2 K 2 + 2W * L K .)

3-14. If the height of the cliff is 150. ft, K = 6.25 lbf/ft, L = 40.0ft and the persons weight
is 150. lbf, will the person be able to bungee jump safely? Support your answer by giving
the final value for length = L + x.
Need: Total length of extended bungee cord in ft.

W W 2 2W L
Know: Energy conservation equation: x = + + with W =
K K2 K
150. lbf, K = 6.25 lbf/ft, and L = 40.0 ft.
How: Set up spreadsheet as alternative to hand solving.
Solve: Final stretched length = L + x = 114 ft < 150. ft and OK.
B C D E F G
5 K lbf/ft W, lbf L, ft x, ft L + x, ft Max ht, ft
6 6.25 150 40 74 114 150
B C D E F G
6 6.25 150 40 =C6/B6+SQRT((C6/B6)^2+2*C6*D6/B6) =D6+E6 150

3-15. Americans are getting heavier. Whats the jumpers weight limit for a 40.0 ft
unstretched bungee with stiffness of K = 6.25 lbf/ft? Graph final length L + x vs. W for
weights from 100 lbf to 300 lbf in increments of 25 lbf. Print a warning if the jumper is
too heavy for a 150. ft initial height. (Hint: Look up the application of the IF statement
in your spreadsheet program).
Need: Total length of extended bungee cord in ft.

W W 2 2W L
Know: Energy conservation equation: x = + + with
K K2 K
300. > W > 100. and K = 6.25 lbf/ft, and L = 40.0 ft.
How: Set up spreadsheet as alternative to hand solving.
Solve: Final stretched length = L + x < 150. ft. Only the most foolhardy
250 lbf person would risk it! Definitely not heavier!
B C D E F G H
2 K lbf/ft W, lbf L, ft x, ft L + x, ft Max ht, ft Warning
3 6.25 100 40 55 95 150 alive
4 6.25 125 40 65 105 150 alive
5 6.25 150 40 74 114 150 alive
6 6.25 175 40 83 123 150 alive
7 6.25 200 40 92 132 150 alive
8 6.25 225 40 101 141 150 alive
9 6.25 250 40 109 149 150 alive
10 6.25 275 40 118 158 150 DEAD
11 6.25 300 40 126 166 150 DEAD
B C D E F G H
3 6.25 100 40 =C3/B3+SQRT((C3/B3)^2+2*C3*D3/B3) =D3+E3 150 =IF(F3 > G3, "DEAD", "alive")
4 6.25 =C3+25 40 =C4/B4+SQRT((C4/B4)^2+2*C4*D4/B4) =D4+E4 150 =IF(F4 > G4, "DEAD", "alive")
5 6.25 =C4+25 40 =C5/B5+SQRT((C5/B5)^2+2*C5*D5/B5) =D5+E5 150 =IF(F5 > G5, "DEAD", "alive")

350
Stupid!
300
250
Alive Dead
200
W, lbf
150
100
50
0
75 95 115 135 155 175
L + x, final extended length, ft

3-16. If the height of the parapet is 200. ft, and the weight of the person is 150. lbf, and
the unstretched length L = 45.0 ft, find a value of K that enables this person to stop
exactly five feet above the ground.
Need: Value of K to ensure a stop at L + x = 195 ft.
W W 2 2W L
Know: W = 150. lbf, L = 45.0 ft and x = + +
K K2 K
How: One way would be to write the extension equation explicitly in the
form K = function of (W, L, x). But that would take work. Another way is
to use an equation solver built into Excel called Goal Seek. However a
simple way is to just use our previous spreadsheet and vary K. From the
previous examples, it appears that K < 6.25 lbf/ft. Use range 1.0 to 6.25 in
increments of 0.25 lbf/ft as a guess range and graph the result.
Solve: By interpolation, the value for K is 2.60 lbf/ft. Presumably the 5 ft
clearance is to allow for his or her body length so shorter people win this
round.

B C D E F G H
3 1.00 150 45 340 385 195 DEAD
4 1.25 150 45 279 324 195 DEAD
5 1.50 150 45 238 283 195 DEAD
6 1.75 150 45 208 253 195 DEAD
7 2.00 150 45 186 231 195 DEAD
8 2.25 150 45 169 214 195 DEAD
9 2.50 150 45 155 200 195 DEAD
10 2.75 150 45 143 188 195 alive
11 3.00 150 45 134 179 195 alive
12 3.25 150 45 125 170 195 alive
13 3.50 150 45 118 163 195 alive
14 3.75 150 45 112 157 195 alive
B C D E F G H
3 1 150 45 =C3/B3+SQRT((C3/B3)^2+2*C3*D24/B3) =D3+E3 195 =IF(F3 > G3, "DEAD", "alive")
4 =B3+0.25 150 45 =C4/B4+SQRT((C4/B4)^2+2*C4*D4/B4) =D4+E4 195 =IF(F4 > G4, "DEAD", "alive")
5 =B4+0.25 150 45 =C5/B5+SQRT((C5/B5)^2+2*C5*D5/B5) =D5+E5 195 =IF(F5 > G5, "DEAD", "alive")
450
400
L + x, Total drop in ft
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
K, Stiffness, lbf/ft

3-17. By copying and pasting your spreadsheet from problem 15, find and plot the values
of L needed (in ft) vs. W, weight of jumper (in lbf) for successful bungee jumps (coming
to a stop 5 ft above the ground) for K = 6.25 lbf/ft and from a cliff of height 150. ft above
the ground. The graph should cover weights from 100. lbf to 300. lbf in increments of 25
lbf. (Hint: The function Goal seek under Tools is one way to solve this exercise.)
Need: Value of L to ensure a stop at L + x = 145 ft.

W W 2 2W L
Know: K = 6.25 lbf/ft, 100 < W < 300. lbf, and x = + +
K K2 K
How: One way would be to write the extension equation explicitly in the
form L = function of (W, K, x). But that would take work.
Solve: First way: Just use our previous spreadsheet and manually vary L
until we achieve L + x = 145 ft.
Second way: Use Goal seek (under Tools). Guess all the initial
unstretched length in column D is 50 ft, or 75 ft etc. just something
reasonable). In Goal Seek, set cell = F3 (Excel will translate this as $F$3);
set To value as 145 (ft). Finally set By changing cell D3 (Excel will
translate this as $D$3) and hit OK. Cell D3 will then show the solution
for that case. Repeat for the rest of the table.
B C D E F G
3 6.25 100 77.1 68 145 150
4 6.25 125 69.0 76 145 150
5 6.25 150 61.5 83 145 150
6 6.25 175 55.0 90 145 150
7 6.25 200 49.0 96 145 150
8 6.25 225 43.0 102 145 150
9 6.25 250 37.0 108 145 150
10 6.25 275 32.0 113 145 150
11 6.25 300 27.0 118 145 150

80
Locus of bungee length

70
Unstretched bungee, ft vs. wt. for 145 ft plunge.
60
50
40
30
20
100 150 200 250 300
Person's wt., lbf

Problems 1820: The fixed costs per mile traveled of operating an automobile is
approximately 20% of the initial price of the car. Thus the operating cost/ mile = 0.20/yr
(purchase price of automobile)/(miles driven per year) + (price of gasoline/gallon)
(gallons used per mile). In the problems that follow, assume that the automobile is driven
2.00 104 miles per year. Assume gasoline costs $5.00/gallon.

3-18. Estimate the operating cost per mile of an automobile with a price of $15,000 that
gets 30. miles per gallon.
Need: Cost per mile to own a car.
Know: Annual mileage = 2.00 104. Cost of gas is $5.00/gallon and mpg
= 30.
How: Cost of ownership is in $/mile = 0.20 (purchase price of

automobile)/(miles driven per year) + (price of gasoline/gallon) (gallons
used per mile)
Solve: Cost of ownership per mile = 0.20 $15,000/(2.00 104)

[$/yr][yr/mile] + $5.00 30. [$/gallon][gallons/mile]= $0.32/mile.

3-19. If one were to double the price of the automobile in problem 18, what would its gas
mileage have to be in order to cost the same to operate per mile as the automobile in
problem 18?
Need: Gas mileage if total operating costs = $0.32/mile.
Know: Annual mileage = 2.00 104 and initial cost of car is $30,000.

used per mile)
Solve: 0.32 = 0.20 $30,000/(2.00 104) [$/yr][yr/mile]+ $5.00/mpg

[$/gallon][gallon/mile] = 0.30 + $5.00/mpg [$/mile]
$5.00/mpg = $0.02; hence mpg = 250 mpg!
What this problem says the car must be very efficient to offset the upfront cost of buying
the vehicle if the cost of running it is to be held to 32 cents/mile. Not too likely!

3-20. Suppose that the purchase price of automobiles varies with weight according to the
formula that cost in $ = weight in lbf $8.00, and gas mileage varies according to mpg =
(84,500 mile-lbf/gal)/W - 3. miles/gal. Graph the cost per mile of operating a car as a
function of the cars weight, in increments of 500. lbf from 2000. lbf to 5000. lbf.
Need: Graph of operating cost for owing a car.
Know: Annual mileage = 20,000 and annualized cost of car is 20% of

purchase price. Gas costs $5.00 per gallon.

used per mile)
Solve:
G H I
Annual 2.00E+04
1 miles
2 Cost of gas, $/gal $5.00
3 Cost of car, per lbf $8.00
4 Fixed cost ratio 0.20
A B C D E F
Wt, lbf Cost $ Annual mpg Fuel Total
1 operating cost/mile cost/mile
2 2,000 16000 $0.16 39 $0.13 $0.29
3 2,500 20000 $0.20 31 $0.16 $0.36
4 3,000 24000 $0.24 25 $0.20 $0.44
5 3,500 28000 $0.28 21 $0.24 $0.52
6 4,000 32000 $0.32 18 $0.27 $0.59
7 4,500 36000 $0.36 16 $0.31 $0.67
8 5,000 40000 $0.40 14 $0.36 $0.76
A B C D E F
Wt, lbf Cost $ Annual operating mpg Fuel cost/mile Total cost/mile
1 cost/mile
2 2000 =A2*$I$3 =I$4*B2/$I$1 =84500/A2-2.9 =I$2/D2 =E2+C2
3 =A2+500 =A3*$I$3 =I$4*B3/$I$1 =84500/A3-2.9 =I$2/D3 =E3+C3
4 =A3+500 =A4*$I$3 =I$4*B4/$I$1 =84500/A4-2.9 =I$2/D4 =E4+C4
5 =A4+500 =A5*$I$3 =I$4*B5/$I$1 =84500/A5-2.9 =I$2/D5 =E5+C5
6 =A5+500 =A6*$I$3 =I$4*B6/$I$1 =84500/A6-2.9 =I$2/D6 =E6+C6
7 =A6+500 =A7*$I$3 =I$4*B7/$I$1 =84500/A7-2.9 =I$2/D7 =E7+C7
8 =A7+500 =A8*$I$3 =I$4*B8/$I$1 =84500/A8-2.9 =I$2/D8 =E8+C8
$0.80
$0.70
$0.60
$/mile
$0.50
$0.40
$0.30
$0.20
2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000
Vehicle wt, lbf

Problem 21 - 23: In visiting stores, one finds the following prices for various things.
Broccoli crowns cost $2.89 per pound. Soft drinks cost $2.00 per two-liter bottle (a liter
is 0.001 m3). A new automobile weighs 2.50 103 lbf and costs $1.50 104. A dozen
oranges, each of which is 0.06 m in diameter, costs $2.05. A 1.5 lb package of chicken
thighs costs $5.35. A dictionary weighs 5.00 pounds and costs $20. A refrigerator weighs
200. lbf and costs $900. Assume that one cubic meter of any solid object or liquid weighs
1.00 104 N.

3-21. For the objects listed above, make a table and graph of the cost of objects in dollars
as a function of their weight in newtons. It is suggested this graph uses a line graph using
line with markers displayed at each data value (get rid of the unwanted line at using the
format series function). The value of the line graph is that everything plotted is at the
same horizontal displacement and not dependent on its value.
Need: Table and graph of costs/N of various items
Know: Prices of items, density = 1.00 104 N/m3
How: Express weight for all units in newtons.

Use conversion factor for 1.00 lbf N is 9.81/2.205 [m/s2] [kg]/[lbf] =
4.45 [N]/[lbf].
Also volume of sphere (orange) is D3/6
Solve:
A B C D
Object Broccoli Drinks Automobile
1
2 Cost, $ 2.89 2 15000
3 Unit wt, lbf 1 --- 2500
3
4 m of liquid 0.002
Wt in N
5 =(B3/2.205)*9.81 =C4*10000 =(D3/2.205)*9.81
6 $/N =B2/B5 =C2/C5 =D2/D5
E F G H
Dozen oranges Chicken Dictionary Refrigerator
1
2 2.05 5.35 20 900
3 --- 1.5 5 200
4
5 =12*PI()*(0.06^3)*10000/6 =(F3/2.205)*9.81 =(G3/2.205)*9.81 =(H3/2.205)*9.81

$1.6
$1.4
$1.2
$1.0
$/N $0.8
$0.6
$0.4
$0.2
$0.0
Broccoli
Chicken
Refrigerator
Automobile
Dictionary
Drinks
Dozen oranges

3-22. What (perhaps surprising) simple generalization about the cost of things might one
make based on the table and graph of problem 21?
Need: Generalization from the solution to problem 21.
Know: Initial data set, table and graph of problem 21.
How: Look the data and deduce the information contained therein.
Solve: Look at the diversity of input data: cars, refrigerators, oranges, soft
drinks etc. Look at the graph: all of these items cost within less than one
order of magnitude. By eye, they all cost in order of magnitude around a
buck a newton of weight! More accurately the average is about 70
cents/N. A remarkable factoid!

3-23. Name a product or group of products that does not fit the generalization you made
in problem 22, and add and label the point on the graph in problem 21. To get a better
perspective use a log scale for the y-axis, $/N.
Need: Product with high cost to weight ratio.
Know: Hand made items, consumer electronics, drugs (licit and illicit!),
camera.
How: Look at your computer!
Solve: A 25 N laptop computer costs $1500, or about $60/N. Plot this

point on your graph. Point to the y axis and click; go to Format, Select
Axis, Scale, Logarithmic scale. Change the origin to $0.1/N. By stretching
the ordinate with a log scale, all of the values can be distinguished and not
all crowded along y ~ $0/N as they would display with an arithmetic
ordinate scale.
$100.0
$10.0
$/N
$1.0
$0.1
Dozen oranges
Automobile
Dictionary
Refrigerator
Broccoli
Drinks
Chicken
Computer

3-24. An unnamed country has the following population of passenger cars on its roads as
determined by 250 kg mass differences. You have to make these data clear to the
undersecretary to that countrys transport minister. Plot these data by two methods: 1) as
a pie chart and 2) as a histogram to show the distribution in an effective manner.
Need: Information display for non-technical audience showing

distribution of the weight of cars (for this audience, do not distinguish the
concepts of weight and mass!)
Know: Spreadsheets have multiply display types. Use pie charts and
histograms.
B C B C
1 Upper limit, kg % all vehicles 1 Upper limit, kg % all vehicles
2 1000 12.1 2 1000 12.1
3 1250 13.1 3 =B2+250 13.1
4 1500 15.4 4 =B3+250 15.4
5 1750 18.6 5 =B4+250 18.6
6 2000 14.8 6 =B5+250 14.8
7 2250 9.2 7 =B6+250 9.2
8 2500 7.5 8 =B7+250 7.5
9 2750 6.3 9 =B8+250 6.3
10 4000 3.0 10 4000 =100-SUM(C2:C9)
How: Pie Chart: Insert, Charts, Pie, Next, Series, Values: 'Prob
17'!$C$2:$C$10, Category labels: 'Prob 17'!$B$2:$B$10, Next: Category
labels. Finally toggle off Legend and Finish. You can display as colors
(default) but in the black-and-white of this text we will use patterns (see
under Format, Cells)
Histogram: Insert, Charts, Column, Next, Series1: Values: = 'Prob

17'!$C$2:$C$10, Category x axis labels: = 'Prob 17'!$B$2:$B$10, Finally
toggle off Legend and Finish.

Cars by kg category Wt distribution of cars by kg

4000
2750 1000
20
2500
18
16
1250 14
2250 12
Problems 25 - 27 deal with Hubberts Peak 6.10This is a model of supply and demand for
oil. It looks at the amount of available oil and its
8
rate of consumption to draw
conclusions about continuing the current course6of our oil-based economy.
4
1500
2000 2
0
1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 4000
kg
1750
6. M. King Hubbert was a geologist with Shell Oil who, in the 1950s, pointed out that the US supply of oil
was going to fall short of demand by the 1970s. His methods have since been applied to world oil
production and, based on demand exceeding production, predicts an on-going oil supply crisis.
3-25. Suppose the world originally had three trillion (3. 1012) barrels (abbreviation is
BBL) of oil and its exploration began in 1850. Suppose 10.% of the remaining
undiscovered oil has been found in every quarter century since 1850. Call the discovered,
but not yet consumed oil, "reserves". Suppose oil consumption was 1. 108 barrels in
1850 and further suppose oil consumption has grown by a factor of 5 in every quarter
century since 1850.
When will the oil start to run out? (That is, when will the reserves become negative?).
Give your answer to the nearest 25 years and provide a spreadsheet showing reserves and
consumption as a factor.
Need: Model of oil reserves
Know: Total available oil = 3. 1012 BBL; initial consumption rate in

1850 = 1. 108 BBL/yr; Oil consumption growth rate = factor of 5 every
25 years.
How: Discovered oil grows at 10% of undiscovered oil and so forms a

progression; reserves increase by discoveries and are reduced by
consumption.
Solve: Reserves turn negative by about 2025.
B C D E F
Discovery Consumption
ability growth rate (per
3 quarter century)
4 0.1 5
5
Consumption
Oil Reserves
Undiscovere
increment
25 yr
Year
d oil
6
7 1850 0 3000000000000 100000000 0
8 =B7+25 =C7+25 =D7*(1-$C$4) =E7*$D$4 =F7+$C$4*D7-E7
9 =B8+25 =C8+25 =D8*(1-$C$4) =E8*$D$4 =F8+$C$4*D8-E8
10 =B9+25 =C9+25 =D9*(1-$C$4) =E9*$D$4 =F9+$C$4*D9-E9
11 =B10+25 =C10+25 =D10*(1-$C$4) =E10*$D$4 =F10+$C$4*D10-E10
12 =B11+25 =C11+25 =D11*(1-$C$4) =E11*$D$4 =F11+$C$4*D11-E11
13 =B12+25 =C12+25 =D12*(1-$C$4) =E12*$D$4 =F12+$C$4*D12-E12
14 =B13+25 =C13+25 =D13*(1-$C$4) =E13*$D$4 =F13+$C$4*D13-E13
15 =B14+25 =C14+25 =D14*(1-$C$4) =E14*$D$4 =F14+$C$4*D14-E14

BBL of oil by category 9.E+12 Oil reserves

Oil consumption
7.E+12 Undiscovered oil
5.E+12
3.E+12
1.E+12
-1.E+12
-3.E+12
-5.E+12
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
Year

3-26. Suppose the world originally had 10 trillion (10. 1012) barrels of oil. Use the data
of problem 25 to again predict when the oil will start to run out.

25 years.
How: Discovered oil grows at 10% of undiscovered oil and so form a

consumption.
Solve: Surprisingly the oil reserves turn negative by about 2040, only 15
years later than the previous case. The extra 7 trillion BBLs of oil did not
much help the longevity of the reserves. Much of it was simply consumed
more quickly than the previous case! The consequences of exponential
growth in resource demand were explored in an influential study 7 in the
early 1970s but its predictions were not universally accepted.
2.E+13 Oil reserves

BBL of oil by category
Oil consumption
1.E+13
5.E+12
0.E+00
-5.E+12
-1.E+13
1850 1950 2050
Year
7. Donella H. Meadows et al., The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the
Predicament of Mankind, (Potomac Associates, 1972)
3-27. Repeat problem 25 but instead of assuming the exponential growth in

consumption continuing unabated by a factor of 5 in every quarter century since
1850, curtail growth since 2000 and assume consumption has stayed constant since
then. Again predict when the oil will start to run out.
25 years until the year 2000 and then it will remain constant.
How: Discovered oil grows at 10% of undiscovered oil and so form a

consumption.
Solve: By curtailing the exponential growth in consumption, the reserves

do not turn negative until about the year 2100
1.E+13
Oil reserves
1.E+13
BBL of oil by category
Oil consumption
6.E+12
4.E+12
2.E+12
0.E+00
-2.E+12
-4.E+12
1850 1950 2050 2150
Year

3-28. Your friend tells you that the Know, Need, How, Solve problem solving method
seems overly complicated. He/she just wants to find the answer to the problem in the
quickest possible way, say by finding some formula in the text and plugging numbers
into it. What do you tell him/her?
a) Go ahead and do whatever you want, then youll flunk and Ill survive.
b) Talk to the instructor and have him/her explain why this methodology works.
c) Find someone who has used this method and ask to copy their homework.
d) Explain why this technique will leads to a fail-safe method of getting the correct
answer.
Options a) Go ahead b) Talk to c) Copy d) Explain

instructor homework method
Canons
Hold Does not Does not Does not Does not
paramount the apply apply apply apply
safety, health
and welfare of
the public.
Perform Does not Does not Does not Does not
services only apply apply apply apply
in the area of
your
competence
Issue public Does not Does not Does not Does not
statements apply apply apply apply
only in an
objective and
truthful
manner
Act for each Does not Does not Does not Does not
employer or apply apply apply apply
client as
faithful agents
or trustees
Avoid Does not Does not No Does not
deceptive acts apply apply apply
Conduct No Yes No Yes
themselves
honorably
Solution: This is not an ethical issue. A teacher should not require you to use a certain
method. The most a teacher can do is say, if you dont use the method, you may get a
F. If you dont use the method and you do get a F, then maybe you do have a problem.
But it is not an ethical problem.

3-29. You Email a classmate in this course for some information about a spreadsheet
homework problem. In addition to answering your question, your classmate also attaches
a spreadsheet solution to the homework. What do you do?
a) Delete the spreadsheet without looking at it.

b) Look at their spreadsheet to make sure he/she did it correctly.
c) Copy the spreadsheet into your homework and change the formatting so that it
doesnt look like the original.
d) Email the spreadsheet to all your friends so that they can have the solution too.
Apply the Fundamental Canons: Engineers, in the fulfillment of their

professional duties, shall:
1) Hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public. Does not
apply
2) Perform services only in areas of their competence. Does not apply
3) Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
Turning in homework implies a public statement that the work
turned in is wholly your own. The only way this canon can be met
here is not looking at the spreadsheet. Do a).
4) Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees. The
teacher has an employer/client role here; being a faithful agent
requires you to do a).
5) Avoid deceptive acts. Looking at the spreadsheet and then
submitting any homework solution is a deceptive act. Do a).
6) Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so
as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession.
Again, do a).
In Engineering Ethics Matrix format:
Options a) Delete b) Look at and c) Copy d) E-mail to

check friends
Canons
Hold Does not Does not Does not Does not
paramount the apply apply apply apply
safety, health
and welfare of
the public.
Perform Does not Does not Does not Does not
services only apply apply apply apply
in the area of
your
competence
Issue public Does not Does not Does not Does not
statements apply apply apply apply
only in an
objective and
truthful
manner
Act for each Does not Does not Does not Does not
employer or apply apply apply apply
client as
faithful agents
or trustees
Avoid Does not Does not No Does not
deceptive acts apply apply apply
Conduct Yes No No No
themselves
honorably
Solution: No tension here. Do a).

3-30. Stephanie knew Adam, the Environmental Manager, would not be pleased with her
report on the chemical spill. The data clearly indicated that the spill was large enough that
regulations required it to be reported to the state. When Stephanie presented her report to
Adam, he lost his temper. "A few gallons over the limit isn't worth the time it's going to
take to fill out those damned forms. Go back to your desk and rework those numbers until
it comes out right. What should Stephanie do? 8
a. Tell Adam that she will not knowingly violate state law and threaten to quit.
b. Comply with Adams request since he is in charge and will suffer any
consequences.
c. Send an anonymous report to the state documenting the violation.
d. Go over Adams head and speak to his supervisor about the problem.
Options a. Tell b. Comply c. Send d. Go over

Adam anonymous Adams head
Canons report
Hold Yes No. Would Yes Yes
paramount knowingly
the safety, put public at
health and risk
welfare of
the public.
Perform Yes Yes Yes Yes
services
only in the
area of your
competence
Issue public Does not Maybe - no Does not Does not
statements apply statement apply- apply- action
only in an may be action is not is not public
objective viewed as public
and truthful approval
manner
Act for each No - as an Maybe- No. Going Yes
employer or agent, you depends on behind
client as are expected the basis for employers
faithful to alert Adams back is not
agents or management request faithful
trustees to potential service
problems
Avoid Yes is not No- act is No- Yes
deceptive deceptive deceptive deceiving
acts employer
8
Abstracted from Engineering Ethics: Concepts and Cases at
http://wadsworth.com/philosophy_d/templates/student_resources/0534605796_harris/cases/Cases.htm.
Conduct Yes No No Yes

themselves
honorably
You probably have to go above Adams head (even though that could be very
uncomfortable).

Chapter 3: How To Solve Problems and Spreadsheet Analyses

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Kosky, Wise, Balmer, Keat: Exploring Engineering, Second Edition 61

Chapter 3: How to solve problems and spreadsheet analyses

Copyright 2010, Elsevier, Inc

Need: Diameter of circular ranch

How: Use sketch to visualize

Solve: Cost of fence = $10,000 D

Total cost = $10,000 D + $100,000 D2/4 = $320,000

Diameter = 1.83 miles

Copyright 2010, Elsevier, Inc

Need: Diameter of equilateral ranch

Know: $320,000 available

How: Use sketch to visualize

Solve: Cost of fence = $10,000 6x

Total cost = $10,000 6x + $100,000 3 x2 = $320,000

Hence half side x given by 10 3 x2+ 6x 32 = 0

Solution using Excel, Goal seek equation solver

Thus one side = 2x = 2.40 miles

Copyright 2010, Elsevier, Inc

Need: Short side of a 2:1 rectangular ranch

How: Use sketch to visualize situation

Solve: Cost of fence = $10,000 6x

Total cost = $10,000 6x + $100,000

Hence 20x2 + 6x -32 = 0

Thus the short side of the ranch is 1.12 miles.

Copyright 2010, Elsevier, Inc

Need: ___________ Piano tuners in Chicago.

Know: Population of Chicago is 5. 106 people.

(5. 106/100.) 1 [Chicagoans][piano/Chicagoan][tunings/piano yr] =

# tuners = 250/3 [piano tunings/day] [tuners day/tuning] = 83.3 = 80

Copyright 2010, Elsevier, Inc

Need: Minimum perimeter ____________ for 1 m2 enclosed rectangle.

Know: Perimeter, P = 2 (L + W) where L is length, W is width and area

How: Set L = 1/W to guarantee 1 m2 area so that P = 2 (1/W + W). Plot

Solve: P minimum if L = W = 1.00 m.

Copyright 2010, Elsevier, Inc

Need: Minimum cost can = __________ $

Know: Volume of cylindrical can is V = D2/4 h where D is diameter and h is

How: Since V = 0.01 m3 is fixed, h = 4V/D2

Copyright 2010, Elsevier, Inc

Know: Answer to example 3.3: A 4.00 m wire stretched 30.0 mm with a

How: We are assuming a plausible relationship that a wire stretches

An apparatus for this measurement is called Searles apparatus: http://www.s-

Copyright 2010, Elsevier, Inc

Renter City Miles Suburban Miles Highway Miles

Need: Average and total miles for drivers

Know: Matrix table of data as above

How: Spreadsheet analysis

Copyright 2010, Elsevier, Inc

Need: Average gallons by segment and by driver

Know: Matrix table of data as above plus mpg data

How: Spreadsheet analysis

Copyright 2010, Elsevier, Inc

Number of Years After BS Degree

Need: Graph of salaries corresponding to table

Median salary by experience

Non super, PhD

Problems 11- 13 involve the following situation:

mpg = (84,500 lbf mi/gal) (1/cars weight in lbf) -3 miles/gal

Copyright 2010, Elsevier, Inc

3-11. What is the fuel usage of a 3.00 103 lbf car?

Need: mpg = ___________ for a 3.00 103 lbf car.

Know - How: Empirical formula for mpg:

mpg = (84,500 lbf mi/gal) (1/cars weight in lbf) 3. miles/gal =

5 =12PI()(0.06^3)10000/6 =(F3/2.205)9.81 =(G3/2.205)9.81 =(H3/2.205)9.81