Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Prerequisite:
Steam, Steam generation, Boiler, Boiler operation
Objective:
1. Intellectual skills:
i. To know the variation of efficiency by using various fuels.
ii. Understand the steam generation process.
2. Motor skills:
. To determine enthalpy of feed water.
i. To determine enthalpy of wet steam.
ii. To determine heat produced in the combustion chamber
iii. To determine heat loss
Various fuels used in the Boiler, Efficiency calculation, Heat Balance Sheet
Apparatus: 1.Boiler2.Drynessfractionmeasuringdevice3.Fluegasanalyzer
Theory:
Fig. Packa
aged Steam
m Boiler
Theory
y:
Therma al efficienc
cy of boiler is deffined as the perce
entage of heat input that iss
effe
ectively uttilized to generate the steamm. There are two methods of assess sing boiler
effic
ciency.
A) T
The Directt Method: Where thhe energy gain of tthe workin ng fluid (w
water and steam) is s
com
mpared with the energy contennt of the boilerr fuel.
B) T
The Indire
ect Methodd: Where the
t efficiency is the
e difference between n the lossees and the
e
energy input. (Energy produced
p from
f the coombustionn of fuel is taken as 100% ene ergy input)
)
Indirec
ct Method
d:
Lo
oss due to dry flue gas (sensibble heat) .............. L
L1
Lo
oss due to hydrogen in fuel (H2)............. L2
Lo
oss due to moisture in fuel (H2 2O)............. L3
Lo
oss due to moisture in air (H2O O) L4
Lo
oss due to carbon monoxide (C CO) ...... L5
Lo
oss due to surface raadiation, co
onvection and otherr unaccoun nted L6
Un
nburnt loss
ses in fly ash
a (Carbo on) ... L7
Un
nburnt loss
ses in botttom ash (C Carbon) L8
Boiler Efficiency by indirect method = 100 - (L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + L5 + L6 + L7 + L8)
The following parameters need to be measured, as applicable for the computation of boiler
efficiency and performance
Fuel
Steam
Feed water
Condensate water
Combustion air
Flue gas
Steam
Makeup water
Condensate return
Combustion air
Fuel
Boiler feed water
Fuel
Steam
Combustion air, both primary and secondary
Draft
e) Water condition
Theorettical (Stoic
chiometric) air fuel ratio
r and e
excess air supplied a
are to be d
determined
d
firstt for computing the boiler
b losses. The following rellation can be used fo or the sam
me.
Whe
ere,
L1=
= % Heat loss due to
o dry flue gas
g
m = Mass of dry
d flue ga
as in kg/kg
g of fuel
=C
Combustion
n products from fuel:
Cp = Specific heat of fu
uel gas in kJ/kg
k K
Ta = Ambientt temperatture in C
Where:
Cp = Sp
pecific hea
at of superrheated ste
eam in kJ//kg C
Tf = Flu
ue gas tem
mperature in C
Ta = Am
mbient tem
mperature in C
2676 = Latent he
eat corresp
ponding to pressure of water v
vapour in k
kJ/kg
10 Humidity in ambien
nt air (kg /kg dry air)
11 Surfac
ce temperature of boiler (C)
12 Wind velocity
v aroun
nd the boiler (m/s)
13 Total surface
s area of boiler (m2
2)
14 GCV of
o Bottom ash
h (kJ/kg)
15 GCV of fly ash (kJ/kg)
2 Moisture in coal
3 Carbon content
4 Nitrogen content
5 Oxygen content
A. E
Efficiency of
o boiler byy using
o a. C
Coal Lignitte: ________________________
o b. C
Coal Anthrracite: ___________
_____________
o c. C
Coal Bitum
minous: __ ________
______________
o d. L
Light Dieseel Oil: ____
_________________
___
o e. F
Furnace Oill: _______ ________________
Inference
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