Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
L Ngc Liu
Office: A1-706
Email: lnlieu@hcmiu.edu.vn
1
Introduction
What is difference between food science and food technology?
Food science comprises different fundamental areas such as food chemistry,
food physics, microbiology, preservation, food nutrition, food analysis
Apple Receiving Washing/ Grinding Pressing Separation/ Filtration Pasteurization Filling Packaging
harvest Sorting Centrifugation
Unit operation
2
Unit operation
Apple Receiving Washing/ Grinding Pressing Separation/ Filtration Pasteurization Filling Packaging
harvest Sorting Centrifugation
Filling:
Pasteurization:
Filtration:
3
Unit operation - Classification
Depend on the nature of transformation
5
6 Chapter 3: Drying
7
8 Chapter 4: Freezing
9 Mid-term examination
10 Chapter 4: Freezing
11
12 Chapter 5: Heat preservation
13
14
15 Chapter 6: Irradiation
16
17 Back-up week
18 Final examination
5
Course evaluation
6
References
1. Toledo, R.T. 1999. Fundamentals of Food Process Engineering, Aspen Publ. MD.
USA
2. R. Paul Singh, Dennis R. Heldman. 2009. Introduction to food engineering.
Academic Press. 4th Edition.
3. Ibarz, A., Barbosa-Cnovas, G.V. 2003. Unit operations in food engineering, Boca
Raton, Fla., CRC Press, 889p.
4. Evans J.A. 2008. Frozen Food Science and Technology. Wiley-blackwell Publishing
7
Table of content
Heat transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
8
Heat transfer
Heat as the form of energy that can be transferred from one system to
another as a result of temperature difference.
9
Thermal properties of foods
Specific heat: quantity of heat that is gained or lost by a unit mass of product to
accomplish a unit change in temperature, without a change in state
Thermal conductivity: amount of heat that will be conducted per unit time through a
unit thickness of the material if a unit temperature gradient exists across that thickness
Thermal diffusivity: a ratio involving thermal conductivity, density, and specific heat
Fouriers law
: rate of heat flow in the direction of heat transfer by conduction (W)
k: thermal conductivity (W/[m oC])
A: area (normal to the direction of heat transfer) through which heat flows (m2)
T: temperature (oC)
x: length (m) 11
Typical units for Fourier equation
S.I British
W Btu/hr
A m2 ft2
T K or oC oF
x m ft
k W/m K (Btu/hr)(ft-1)(oF)-1
Conversion:
12
Typical values for k
13
Steady-state and unsteady-state heat transfer
Unsteady-state condition:
temperature changes with location
and time.
14
Rectangular slab
Fouriers law
: rate of heat flow in the direction of heat transfer by
conduction (W)
k: thermal conductivity (W/[m oC])
A: area (normal to the direction of heat transfer) through
which heat flows (m2)
T: temperature (oC)
x: length (m)
Boundary conditions:
or
Thermal resistance
Driving force
or Rate of heat transfer =
Resistance 15
Composite rectangular wall
We will now consider heat transfer through a composite wall made of several materials of
different thermal conductivities and thicknesses. An example is a wall of a cold storage,
constructed of different layers of materials of different insulating properties.
or:
+
+
Thermal resistance:
RB RC RD
16
Tubular pipe
Fouriers law in cylindrical coordinates may
be written as
Substituting for circumferential area of the pipe
2
Boundary conditions:
Thermal resistance
2
or ln
ln
ln
2
2
17
Composite cylindrical tube
RA RB
# #
or
$ +
ln
ln #
+
2$ 2
18
Convective heat transfer
% & '
, ,
Ui, Uo: overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside and outside area of the pipe, respectively
20
Summary of heat equation
To calculate
Rate of heat transfer if there is a phase change /: H: enthalpy of phase change
2
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9
, To calculate Ai or to design equipment
21
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
Assumption:
Answer: T = 0.35 K
24
Example 1.2
A furnace wall is made of 230 mm thick layer of firebrick and a 75 mm layer of
insulating brick, with thermal conductivities of 1.3 and 0.14 W/m K respectively.
The inner surface is at 800 oC, the other at 40 oC.
a) What is the rate of heat loss per unit area through the wall?
b) What is the temperature at the junction of the two layers?
c) What is the rate of heat loss through a wall 6m x 6m under these conditions?
What assumptions are involved in your solutions?
Given: x1 = 230 mm = 230 x 10-3 m
x2 = 75 mm = 75 x 10-3 m
230 mm 75 mm k1 = 1.3 W/m K
800 oC k1 = 0.14 W/m K
T2 T1 = 800 oC
T3 = 40 oC
k1 k2 40 oC
Equations used:
Answer:
a) /A = 1066.5 W/m2
b) T2 = 611.3 oC
c) = 38.4 kW
25
Example 1.3
Saturated steam at 800 kPa flows through a pipe of outside diameter 4.8 cm. The
outside of the pipe is insulated with magnesia insulation, 5 cm thick; the thermal
conductivity of the magnesia is 0.07 W/m K. The outside pipe surface of the
insulation is at 35 oC. Calculate the rate of condensation of the steam in a 30 m
length of pipe.
The enthalpy of condensation of the steam at 800 kPa is 2040 kJ/kg.
Equations used:
<=
/
/:
2
Equations used:
/: ,
1 1 1
Answer: To = 1614 oC + +
, % %
27
Example 1.5
There is a heat exchanger designed as below. How much area is required for the
heat exchanger? With cp for oil is 0.74 Btu/lbm oF and Uo for the steam is 150
Btu/(hr ft2 oF)
/01
;
ln
, ; 28