Lecture #1

1/11/2010
CIS
CIS 3003
3003 Fundamentals
Fundamentals of
ofInformation
InformationTechnology
Technology
1
Information Technology in Theory

By Pelin Aksoy and Laura DeNardis
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Information Technology
CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 2
Objectives
• Define
e e “information”
o at o and a d understand
u de sta d the
t e four
ou
methods of representing and conveying information
• Describe some important historical milestones in

recording and exchanging information
• Explain what technical topics are included in the field

of information technology
Information Technology in Theory 2
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Objectives (continued)
esc be tthee role

• Describe o e information
o at o tec o og es pplay
technologies ay in
modern society
• Articulate some cutting-edge trends in information

technology
• Gain familiarity with current career specializations in

information technology
Defining Information
• Defining “information” is not straightforward
– A fact or series of facts that carry meaning
– The value of these facts strongly depends on context
• Examples of information
– Spam
– 911 emergency call
– Air traffic control map
– Text message
– Instructions for building a bomb
– Sports scores
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What Counts as Information?

The Various Forms of Representing
Information
• The routes to representing information have not
changed
h d for
f centuries
t i
– Spoken word (sound)
– Text
– Pictures
– Numbers
• Today,
T d information
i f ti technologies
t h l i (e.g. ( Web
W b sites)
it ) still
till
represent information with text, images (including
video), numbers, and sound
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How Historically Have Humans
Conveyed Information?
Image Technology Milestones
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Sound Technology Milestones
Alphanumeric Technology Milestones
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The Speed and Scope of Information
• What has changed is the speed and scope of information
technologies
• Consider what a student can do in an hour:
– Check out the day’s most viewed videos on YouTube
– Make two cell phone calls
– Download a homework assignment for class
– Exchange several text messages with friends
– Book an airline reservation for a spring break trip
– Consult a news source
– Download a new music file
– Use the electronic library system to reserve a book
– Check the day’s sports scores
– Play an interactive online game
Defining Information Technology
• Information technologies are systems of hardware

and/or software that capture, process, exchange, store,
and/or present information using electrical, magnetic,
and/or electromagnetic energy
• Technologies meeting this definition range from
digital cameras to Internet radio to corporate
computer networks
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Two IT Examples
• Two examples of information technologies

that capture, process, exchange, store, and
present information:
– Cellular telephony
– Wireless Internet access
Cellular Telephony
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Wireless Internet Access
Organization of this Textbook

• I. Introduction to Information
f Technology
gy
• II. Fundamentals of Computers
• III. Creating Digital Multimedia
• IV. Transmission of Information
• V. Introduction to Computer Networking
• VI.
VI Telephony
T l h and Wireless
d Wi l Multimedia
M l i di
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IT-Enabled Activities
• People rely on information technology for

entertainment, communication, and a variety of day-
to-day functions
• Most national economies are enmeshed in
information technologies
• IT has improved government communications and
information sharing
IT-Enabled Activities for People:

Personal Communications
• Con
Conversations
ersations via
ia phones and cell phones
• Messaging via e-mail and text messages
• Video communications
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IT-Enabled Activities for People:

Entertainment
• Surfing the Web
• Listening to the radio
• Downloading MP3 files
• Watching television
• Playing interactive games
IT-Enabled Activities for People: Day-

to-Day Living
• Buying an airline ticket
• Ordering books
• Checking the weather forecast or news
• Electronic banking
• Investing in the stock market
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IT-Enabled Activities for Businesses:

Internal Communications
• Internall computer networks
k
• Internal corporate Web sites
• Video teleconferencing
• Phone systems, cell phones, voice mail
• essag g via
Messaging v a e-mail
e a anda d text
te t messaging
essag g

Electronic Commerce
• Call centers
• Electronic transactions with
suppliers
• Online sales
• Point of sale devices and
networks
• Customer transaction servers
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Business Operations
• Factory floor systems
• Inventory tracking systems
• Customer databases
• Payroll and human resources

IT-Enabled Activities for Universities
• University phone systems
• Messaging via ee-mail
mail and text messages
• University Web site
• Electronic course schedules
• Online academic calendar
• Electronic classrooms
• Library information systems
• Online registration
• Online applications system
• Payroll and human resources
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IT-Enabled Activities for
Government/Citizen Interaction
• Electronic votingg systems
y
• Motor vehicle registration
• Electronic tax filing
• Electronic voting systems
• Social Security transactions
• I f ti dissemination
Information di i ti

IT-Enabled Activities:
Government Functions
• Military information systems
• Electronic surveillance
• Intelligence networks
• Air traffic control systems
• IRS database
• Internal
I t l information
i f ti networks
t k andd phone
h systems
t
• Library of Congress catalogs
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The State of IT: Wireless

• What’s hot
– Being “unplugged”
– Wireless LANs (Wi-Fi)
– Mobile telephony
• What’s not
– Being “plugged”
– “Dark” fiber
– Traditional telephony
The State of IT: Security

• What’s hot
– Critical
C i i l infrastructure
i f protection
i
– Firewalls
– Biometric authentication
• What’s not
– Wi-Fi spoofing
– Unencrypted transmission
– Worms and Viruses
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The State of IT: Media-Free

• What’s hot
– Distributed file sharing
– Video downloads
– Digital audio files
• What’s not
– CDs
– DVDs
– Floppy drives

The State of IT:
Interoperability and Openness
• What’s hot
– O
Open source code
d
– Interoperable approaches
– Open standards
• What’s not
– Closed source code
– Proprietary technology
– IM incompatibility
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The State of IT:
Small Technologies
• What’s hot
– Mobile
bil devices
d i
– Nanotechnology
– Distributed processing
• What’s not
– Personal computers
– Macrotechnology
– Centralized processing
The State of IT:

Convergence
• What’s hot
– Voice over Internet
– Video phones
– Multimedia
• What’s not
– Traditional telephone service
– Voice only cell phones
– Data only LANs
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The State of IT:

Speed
• What’s hot
– Compressed formats
– Broadband
– Gbps+
• What’s not
– Uncompressed formats
– Dial-up
Dial up
The State of IT Careers

• Information security jobs
• p
Computer/IT analyst
y
• Network administration
• Management consulting
• Database administration
• Computer forensics
• IT sales
• Software development
• IT advocacy and marketing
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Information Security Jobs
• Implement and test intrusion detection

systems (IDS)
• Configure firewalls
• Implement encryption technologies
• Perform security audits
Computer/IT Analyst
• T
Translate
l t business
b i requirements
i t into
i t technical
t h i l
specifications
• Work with business units to document
requirements
• Support end-user desktop applications,
a dwa e, and
hardware, a d shared
s a ed systems
syste s
• Train employees who use these systems
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Network Administration
• Install and manage networks

net orks
• Provide direct end-user support
• Troubleshoot and fix network problems
• Performs hardware and software upgrades
• Certifications are often required
Management Consulting
• IT consultants work as part of a team on
limited term engagements for clients
limited-term
• Involves considerable travel
• Some consultants specialize in specific
industries
• Some consultants specialize in specific
technologies
h l i
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Database Administration
• Businesses have database management
systems that track thousands,
thousands millions,
millions or
billions of records.
• Database administrators design, create, and
maintain these computer systems
• Requires programming skills such as SQL
and familiarity with specific database
products such as those created by Oracle,
Microsoft, or Sybase
Computer Forensics
• Detect and prosecute IT crimes

• Determine whether information has been deleted or
modified
• Recover deleted information
• Trace and locate the source of transmitted or stored
material
• Search enormous stores of data for evidence
• Serve as expert witnesses in court
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IT Sales
• Must understand business requirements

• Must understand technology
• Usually involves extensive travel
Software Development
• Programming opport
opportunities
nities eexist
ist in eevery
er industry
ind str
• Programming touches upon every type of information
exchange: music, video, images, voice, etc.
• Requires skills like C++ and Java
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IT Advocacy and Marketing
• “IT activists”
• Non-profit groups
• Think tanks
• Lobbyists for corporations
• Marketing engineers for IT companies
• M k t researchers
Market h
What Affects Job Prospects?
• Regional
i l differences
diff
• Overall economic conditions
• Geopolitical circumstances
• Industry trends
• O s o g
“Offshoring”
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Summary
• Information Technology in Theory
– Introduces students to IT concepts
– Explains computational methods in IT
– Explores social issues in IT
• Information is represented in four ways
– Text, numbers, images (including video), and sound
Summary (continued)
• IT hardware and software can capture, process,
exchange store,
exchange, store and present various types of
information using electrical, magnetic, or
electromagnetic energy
• Cutting-edge IT trends include technologies that
are secure, high-speed, interoperable, mobile,
small, and user controlled
23

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1/11/2010

Information Technology in Theory

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 2

• Describe some important historical milestones in

• Explain what technical topics are included in the field

Information Technology in Theory 2

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 3

esc be tthee role

• Articulate some cutting-edge trends in information

• Gain familiarity with current career specializations in

Information Technology in Theory 3

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 4

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 5

What Counts as Information?

Information Technology in Theory 5

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 6

Information Technology in Theory 6

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 7

Information Technology in Theory 7

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 8

Image Technology Milestones

Information Technology in Theory 8

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 9

Sound Technology Milestones

Information Technology in Theory 9

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 10

Alphanumeric Technology Milestones

Information Technology in Theory 10

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 11

Information Technology in Theory 11

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 12

Defining Information Technology

• Information technologies are systems of hardware

Information Technology in Theory 12

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 13

• Two examples of information technologies

Information Technology in Theory 13

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 14

Information Technology in Theory 14

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 15

Wireless Internet Access

Information Technology in Theory 15

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 16

Organization of this Textbook

Information Technology in Theory 16

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 17

• People rely on information technology for

Information Technology in Theory 17

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 18

IT-Enabled Activities for People:

Information Technology in Theory 18

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 19

IT-Enabled Activities for People:

Information Technology in Theory 19

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 20

IT-Enabled Activities for People: Day-

Information Technology in Theory 20

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 21

IT-Enabled Activities for Businesses:

Information Technology in Theory 21

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 22

Information Technology in Theory 22

CIS 3003 Fundamentals of Information Technology 23