31.

Exhaust manifold system of pipes that conduct exhaust gases from the cylinder to the tailpipe

32. Engine Head mounts on top of the block and often contains valves, spark plugs, caps cylinders

33. Valves (poppet-valve nomenclature) valves open and seal the intake and exhaust ports in the
cylinder

34. Rings rings provide a tighter seal between the piston and cyclinder

35. Bore - the diameter of the cylinder

36. Stroke - the distance between TDC and BDC

37. TDC top dead center, the highest point of the piston

38. BDC bottom dead center, the lowest point of the piston

39. Clearance Volume the volume when the piston is at TDC

40. Displacement Volume The volume difference between TDC and BDC

41. Push Rod push rods transmit force from the camshaft to the valve

42. Cams cams are oblong ovals that allow for cyclical actuation of connected machinery

43. Crankshaft attaches pistons to one another and the power take off

44. Bowl and Squish zones regions of the piston that create mixing of injected fuel

45. OHC Overhead camshaft meaning the camshaft is above the cylinder

46. Swirl chamber a small chamber adjacent to the cylinder that allows for mixing of the air and
faster flame travel

47. Multiple Valve systems multiple valves for the intake and exhaust allow for faster movement of
the gases

48. Sac volume the volume in the fuel injector between the valve and the final exit orifice

Air and Fuel Delivery Terms

57. Naturally aspirated air is drawn in purely by the vacuum during intake

58. Boost extra pressure provided by a supercharger

59. VVT variable valve timing, allows for varied opening and closing of valves at different speeds
or loads

60. Charge the intake gases, could be just air or a mixture with fuel

61. Turbochargers driven by the exhaust gases, this pressures more intake gases into the cylinder

62. Turbo-lag the lag time between the engine speeding up and the turbo pushing more intake into
the cylinder

63. Superchargers superchargers function as a turbocharger, but on an auxiliary power source,

whether electric, belt, etc.

64. SCCI Stratified Charge compression ignition involves adding fuel at various times rather than at
once

65. HCCI homogeneous charge compression ignition involves premixing the fuel into the charge
and trying to ignite it through compression

66. Direct Injection fuel injectors spray directly into the cylinder

67. IDI - Indirect injection means fuel is injected upstream of the intake valve

68. Port Injection The typical method of IDI involves injecting fuel through a port in the intake
manifold

69. Carburetion a system of fuel delivery that relies on vacuum pressure to draw fuel into the intake

70. Fumigation injecting a gaseous fuel into the intake

71. Fuel tank contains fuel to be used by the engine

72. Fuel Pump the pump pressurizes fuel, whether to reach the engine from the tank or for high
pressure fuel injection

73. Fuel filter filters out contaminants in the fuel like rust

74. Fuel rail the high pressure line from the fuel pump to the injectors

75. Air filter filters particulate out of the air intake to provide clean combustion

76. Charge intercooler cools down the intake charge, thus allowing higher density of the charge

77. Intake manifold See #38

78. Control systems ECU this engine control unit coordinates component activity across the engine,
though there may be a separate, ICU for ignition

79. Preburn chamber a small side space in which combustion is started before traveling to the main
cylinder, typical of diesel engines instead of otto

80. Throttling throttling controls the intake of air into the cylinder, used to control combustion

81. MFC Mass flow controllers determine how much gas, by mass, is entering and controls it

82. Choke a valve that restricts air flow to the engine to change the F/A ratio

83. Knock a result of pre-ignition, where gases spontaneously combust throughout the cylinder,
damaging the cylinder

Analysis terms

84. Mean effective pressure the net work of the engine divided by the displacement volume

85. Max Brake Torque the maximum torque that would be applied at the output shaft to halt motion

86. Power Density the power produced by an engine relative to its displacement volume

87. Volumetric efficiency the ratio of mass density of the A/F mixture in the cylinder at the intake
stroke compared to that in the intake manifold

88. COV Coefficient of variation describes the variability of indicated work per cycle

89. Brake specific fuel consumption power at the output shaft divided by fuel consumption

90. Compression ratio the clearance + displacement volume divided by clearance volume

91. Cut-off ratio the ratio of volume during which the engine completes combustion

92. Total displacement clearance + displacement volume of a cylinder

93. Valve timing - the timing during which intake and exhaust valves open to allow gas movement

94. Valve Overlap the short time during which the intake and exhaust valves are open
simultaneously

95. Spark timing - the timing of piston position and sparking

96. Injection timing the timing of piston position with fuel injection
97. Ideal Operating Line the line of power output to RPM that describes optimal performance of an
engine

98. IMEP Indicated mean effective pressure the average pressure during the cycle of a reciprocating
engine.

99. Indicated work work per cycle as actually measured at the cylinder, before other friction losses

100. Indicator diagram relates pressure ad volume of a cylinder throughout a cycle

101. BMEP brake mean effective pressure refers to work done at the output shaft divided by cylinder
volume

102. Brake work work as measured at the output shaft, often by putting a brake to measure torque

103. FMEP Friction mean effective pressure- the mean effective pressure required to overcome
frictional losses in the engine

104. Quiescent describes air flow within the cylinder, as affected by piston design to mix gases.
Little mixing comes from a quiescent design

105. Swirl rotation of gases within the cylinder around the primary axis

106. Swirl ratio measures helicity of the gases in the cylinder, defined by tangential velocity over the
updraft strength at the center

107. Squish - regions of the piston shape that are squished against the head, leading to a high pressure
area.

108. Tumble rotation within the head along a cylinders secondary axes.

109. Scavenging efficiency the ability of an engine to scavenge exhaust gases back into the
cylinder, more common in 2-stroke engines.

110. Trapping efficiency ability of a cylinder to capture intake, intake gases in cylinder divided by
gases supposedly put in cylinder by intake

111. Purity describes the quality of the fuel, as impurities may remain after refining

112. Relative charge - total charge in the cylinder divided by the mass that would fill the cylinder at
ambient conditions

113. Charging efficiency mass of air-fuel in cylinder divided by the mass that would fill at ambient
conditions
114. Blowby describes the tendency of gas to escape past the piston rings

Combustion Terms

115. Premixed homogeneous combustion when the charge is a mix of fuel and air

116. Heterogeneous combustion- when the fuel is injected separately rather than mixed into the

air

117. Ignition delay the time between fuel injection and beginning of combustion.

118. Adiabatic flame temperature the temperature of the flame if no heat was transferred out

119. Chemical Equilibrium the air fuel ratio being stoichiometric.

120. Air:Fuel ratio the mass of air divided by the mass of fuel

121. Equivalence Ratio actual air-fuel ration divided by stoichiometric air-fuel ratio

122. Stoichiometric Ratio the ratio that would enable complete/perfect combustion

123. Excess Air - air above the stoichiometric ratio

124. Theoretical Air -the amount of air that would satisfy the stoichiometric ratio

125. Deficient air - a lack of air in comparison to theoretical

126. Heat of combustion the difference in enthalpy between the products and reactants.

127. Heat of vaporization the heat required to move a liquid from saturated liquid to saturated gas

128. Heat release models model how the heat released from combustion affects the pressure,
temperature and hence work done by the cylinder

129. Weibe form factor misspelled! Should be Wiebe- determines how the combustion within the
cylinder occurs, releasing heat, in relation to crank angle

130. Weibe efficiency factor this is another factor in the Wiebe function and is derived
experimentally.

131. Residual fraction- mass of burned gas that is leftover divided by total mass of the charge

132. Knock See #83

133. Quenching the effect where cooler cylinder surfaces prevent combustion at the surface by heat
transfer

134. Flame arrestors serve to prevent the flame front from moving past

135. Crevices small gaps that are likely to be susceptible to quenching leading to unburnt fuel

136. Oil layers oils ued to lubricate the piston-cylinder interface may remain afterward, creating
deposits

137. Deposits deposits can be formed by incomplete combustion or oil combustion, and are high in
carbon

138. Surface ignition ignition of the charge due to a hot surface, eg, not the spark

Fuel and Lubrication Terms

139. Lower heating value - the heat released by combustion and the product returning to 150 C

140. Higher heating value the heat released by combustion and the product returning to 25C

141. Anti-knock index an index describing the characteristic ability of a fuel to resist detonation

142. Octane number - describes the anti-knock index based on a comparison to isooctane and heptane

143. Cetane index - describes the anti-knock index of diesel based on a fuel density and distillation

range

144. Cetane number - describes the anti-knock index of diesel based on a comparison to cetane

145. Reid Vapor Pressure the absolute vapor pressure exerted by a liquid at 100F, measures volatility

146. API Gravity a ratio of a petroleum liquids density to that of water, with a factor included such
that 10 is dividing line between floating and sinking

147. Cloud Point the temperature below which waxes in diesel will solidify and cloud the liquid

148. Distillation Range the temp range over which a mix of close-boiling liquids will exist in vapor-
liquid equilibrium

149. Stability the ability of a fuel to maintain its qualities against aging/oxidation/heat

150. Flash point the lowest temp at which vapors of a substance will ignite
151. Aromatic vs Alkane content aromatics tend to give higher octane values, but may decrease
cleanliness (more deposits) Alkane contents improve ignition but have poor low-temp properties

152. Sulphur content describes the amount of sulfur in fuel, typically more of an issue in diesel

153. Low carbon fuel standard a standard designed to pressure fuel producers to reduce carbon
content of fuels as best they can

154. E85 a fuel composed of 85 ethanol, and the remainder is normal gasoline

155. Oxygenated fuels fuels with additives like ethanol that have oxygen groups attached and thus
require less air to be combusted

156. MTBE methyl tertiary-butyl ether- an additive oxygenate used to raise octane number

157. RFG Reformulated gasoline has been blended to burn cleaner and to reduce smog

158. Flammability Limits the range (as a volume percent concentration) that a flammable mixture
can be ignited at a given temp and pressure

159. SAE specifications of Engine Oil a standard for assessing the qualities of engine oil lubrication,
cooling, anti-rust properties, etc.

Aftertreatment Terms

160. Oxygen sensor senses how much oxygen remains in the exhaust to gauge the combustion
process

161. Close coupled catalyst placement of the catalyst is near the exhaust manifold so that it heats up
faster, allowing efficient operation at cold-start

162. Criteria Pollutants specific pollutants that are monitored by the EPA: CO, lead, ground level
ozone, NO2, particulate and sulfur dioxide

163. HAPs (hazardous air pollutants) a list of air pollutants known to cause cancer and other serious
health effects. Regulated by EPA as a result of Clean Air Act

164. TWC (three way catalyst) catalyzes CO to CO2, hydrocarbons to CO2 and water, and NOx to
nitrogen and oxygen

165. Unburned hydrocarbons fuel that has escaped the cylinder due to incomplete combustion

166. Reburn a way to clean particulate filters on diesel engines by injecting fuel into the exhaust to
burn off the particulate
a. Rich done by injecting fuel into the exhaust to be burned

b. Lean - achieved by natural temperature of the exhaust gases without extra fuel

167. EGR -exhaust gas recirculation puts exhaust gas back into the intake for cooling and more
complete combustion

168. Catalysts these catalyze the reaction of pollutants to safe gases in the catalytic converter.
Include palladium, platinum, rhodium

169. Reduction addition of electrons to an atom to render it electrically stable, less reactive

170. Oxidation - the removal of electrons from an atom to render it more chemically stable

171. Pelletized Catalyst inclusion of the catalyst material by a number of small pellets contained in
the converter

172. Monolith Catalyst inclusion of the catalyst as a monolithic piece, replaced pelletized versions

173. Emissions A/F Window the fuel mixture required for proper conversion of pollutants by the
converter

174. SCR Selective Catalytic reduction uses a liquid reductant aent to help catalyze nitrogen oxides,
typically incorporated into diesel. Removes up to 90%

175. PM traps filters that capture particulate matter, usually requiring reburn

176. Catalyst light off the required operating temperature of a catalytic converter

177. Hot start and cold start emissions - emission types change during hot and cold operation, as cold
engines will produce higher hydrocarbon emissions, while hot engines produce more NOx

178. Evaporative emissions emissions due to evaporation, typically of fuel

179. Drive cycles data representing a vehicles speed over time, used to assess performance or
monitor pollutants

180. ZEV zero emissions vehicle- electric or fuel cell

181. SULEV -super ultra low emissions vehicle- 90% cleaner than average new model year car

182. Bins and Tiers -methods of sorting vehicles by pollution content and by weight, as trucks may fall
under different restrictions than passenger cars
183. Engine Out emissions emissions that continue to come out of an engine after the engine is shut
off

184. BACT (Best Available Control Technology) requires equipment to meet certain performance

requirements

Heating and Cooling System Terms

185. Heater core used to heat the cabin by passing air across coolant

186. Radiator - similar to heater core in that it cools of coolant, but the heat is output as waste,
generaly

187. Thermostat cuts off flow of coolant from engine to radiator when engine is cold

188. Cooling system effectiveness CSE

189. Working fluid the fluid in a system used to perform a function, like coolant transferring heat

190. Active Charge Cooling involves using fans to pass more air in order to cool when natural
airflow is insufficient

Performance Terms

191. Tank to Wheel LCA an analysis of the life cycle, energy usage, and pollution from a car tank
forward in its propulsion

192. Well to Wheel LCA an analysis, as above, but starting from the harvesting and refining of
petroleum

193. Imbedded energy the total sum of energy in an object granted by the energy used in producing it

194. Braking distance the distance it takes a vehicle to stop from a given speed

195. 0-60 acceleration time required to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph

196. Cornering the ability of a car to handle turns

197. Weight distribution (center of gravity) the balance of weight across a vehicle, both side to side
and front to back, has important effects on steering, cornering, stability, etc.

198. Understeer - the tendency of a car to turn less than indicated by the steering wheel

199. Oversteer -the tendency of a car to turn more than indicated by the steering wheel
200. Balance similar to weight distribution, in that it describes how evenly weighted a car is across
the four tires.

201. ESC Electronic Stability control the ability for a car to automatically change steering capacitie
based on live data, such as loss of traction, etc.

202. Antilock brake systems a system that improves control during maxium braking that would
normally result in uncontrolled skidding