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Tel:d Date: 28/08/17
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Rectangular column section

Calculation of main and link reinforcement for rectangular biaxial column in accordance with BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 and UK
National Annex to BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 using the equivalent rectangular concrete stress block method

Section details
Clear height L = 3.000 m
Overall depth of the column d = 600 mm
Breadth of the column b = 450 mm
w

Material details
Concrete strength class f = C30/37
ck
Partial safety factor for concrete = 1.5
c
Reinforcement steel design strength f = 500 MPa
yk
Reinforcement steel class Class - C
Partial safety factor for reinforcement steel = 1.15
s

Exposure class - XC1 (Corrosion induced by carbonation-Dry or permanently wet)

Structural class - S4 (Design working life 50 years-Building and other common structures)

Concrete cover details

Specified cover to links C = 30 mm
clear
Allowance for deviation C = 10 mm
dev

Link reinforcement details

Link bar diameter = 10 mm
links

Longitudinal reinforcement details

Main bar diameter = 16 mm
main

Design forces details

Ultimate axial load N = 3000 kN
ed
About the x-axis
Ultimate end moment at top of the column M = 0 kNm
tx
Ultimate end moment at bottom of the column M = 0 kNm
bx
About the y-axis
Ultimate end moment at top of the column M = 0 kNm
ty
Ultimate end moment at bottom of the column M = 0 kNm
by

Geometric imperfections details (EC2-Clause 5.2)

Total building height l = 3
Number of vertical members m = 1

Buckling about the x-axis

Frame type - Unbraced
Top end condition (x-axis) - Fixed
Bottom end condition (x-axis) - Fixed

Buckling about the y-axis

Frame type - Unbraced
Top end condition (y-axis) - Fixed
Bottom end condition (y-axis) - Fixed

Creep coefficient details (EC2-Clause 5.8.4)

Creep coefficient = 2.5
(t,to)

Main reinforcement calculations

Check for nominal concrete cover to link reinforcement
Minimum concrete cover to links based on main reinforcement bond requirements (EC2-Table 4.2)
C = -
bond main links
= 16-10
= 6 mm
Minimum concrete cover to links based on durability requirements
(UK National Annex to EC2-Table NA.1)
C = 15 mm
dur
Nominal concrete cover requirement to link reinforcement (EC2-Clause 4.4.1.1)
C = C +C
nom dur dev
= 15+10
= 25 mm
The specified cover satisfies the bond/durability requirement plus allowance for deviation.

Effective length (Designer's guide to EC2-Table 7.1)

Factor for effective length about the x-axis
= 1.2
x
Effective length for buckling about the x-axis
l = *SPAN
ox x
= 1.2*3
= 3.6 m
Factor for effective length about the y-axis
= 1.2
y
Effective length for buckling about the y-axis
l = *SPAN
oy y
= 1.2*3
= 3.6 m

Slenderness ratio
Radius of gyration about the x-axis
i = d/SQR(12)
x
= 600/SQR(12)
= 173.21 mm
Radius of gyration about the y-axis
i = b /SQR(12)
y w
= 450/SQR(12)
= 129.9 mm
Slenderness ratio for buckling about the x-axis
= (l *103)/i
actx ox x
= (3.6*103)/173.21
= 20.78
Slenderness ratio for buckling about the y-axis
= (l *103)/i
acty oy y
= (3.6*103)/129.9
= 27.71

First order moment (EC2-Clause 5.8.8.2)

Numerically largest first order end moment about the x-axis
 M = 0 kNm
02x
Numerically smallest first order end moment about the x-axis
M = 0 kNm
01x
Numerically largest first order end moment about the y-axis
M = 0 kNm
02y
Numerically smallest first order end moment about the y-axis
M = 0 kNm
01y

Effective creep coefficient (EC2-Clause 5.8.4)

Since the top and bottom end moments about the x-axis are zero, the effective creep coefficient is considered as zero.
= 0
0eqpx
Since the top and bottom end moments about the y-axis are zero, the effective creep coefficient is considered as zero.
= 0
0eqpy

Limiting slenderness ratio (EC2-Clause 5.8.3.1)

Coefficient taking account of long term effects on the compressive strength and of unfavourable effects resulting from the way
the load is applied (UK National Annex to EC2-Subclause 3.1.6(1)P-Table NA.1)
= 0.85
cc
Design compressive strength of concrete (EC2-Clause 3.1.6)
f = ( *(f / ))
cd cc ck c
= (0.85*(30/1.5))
= 17 MPa
Relative normal force
n = (N *103)/(Ac*f )
ed cd
= (3000*103)/(270000*17)
= 0.65
Factor for effective creep coefficient for buckling about the x-axis
A = 1/(1+0.2* )
x 0eqpx
= 1/(1+0.2*0)
= 1
Factor for total area of longitudinal reinforcement ratio
B = 1.1
(Since the longitudinal reinforcement ratio is not known, B is considered as 1.1)

Moment ratio about the x-axis

r = 1
mx
(Since in x-axis the top and bottom end moments are zero, r is considered as 1.0)
mx

Factor for first order end moments about the x-axis

C = 1.7-r
x mx
= 1.7-1
= 0.7
Limiting slenderness ratio about the x-axis
= (20*A *B*C )/(SQR(n))
limx x x
= (20*1*1.1*0.7)/(SQR(0.65))
= 19.05
The column is slender for buckling about the x-axis

Factor for effective creep coefficient for flexure about the y-axis
Ay = 1/(1+0.2* )
0eqpy
= 1/(1+0.2*0)
= 1
Moment ratio about the y-axis
r = 1
my
(Since in y-axis the top and bottom end moments are zero, r is considered as 1.0)
my

Factor for first order end moments about the y-axis

C = 1.7-r
y my
= 1.7-1
 = 0.7
Limiting slenderness ratio about the y-axis
= (20*Ay*B*C )/(SQR(n))
limy y
= (20*1*1.1*0.7)/(SQR(0.65))
= 19.05
The column is slender for buckling about the y-axis

Geometric imperfections (EC2-Clause 5.2)

Reduction factor for the height of the building
= 1
h
Reduction factor for the number of vertical members sharing the bracing/sway system
= SQR(0.5*(1+1/m))
m
= SQR(0.5*(1+1/1))
= 1
Basic value
= 1/200
s
Inclination angle due to geometric imperfections
= * *
i s m h
= 0.005*1*1
= 0.005 radians
Eccentricity due to geometric imperfections for flexure about the x-axis
e = *(l *103)/2
ix i ox
= 0.005*(3.6*103)/2
= 9 mm
Eccentricity due to geometric imperfections for flexure about the y-axis
e = *(l *103)/2
iy i oy
= 0.005*(3.6*103)/2
= 9 mm

First order moment by including geometric imperfections (EC2-Clause 5.8.8.2)

Numerically largest first order end moment (including geometric imperfections) about the x-axis
M = M +N *(e /1000)
02x tx ed ix
= 0+3000*(9/1000)
= 27 kNm
Numerically smallest first order end moment (including geometric imperfections) about the x-axis
M = M +N *(e /1000)
01x bx ed ix
= 0+3000*(9/1000)
= 27 kNm
Numerically largest first order end moment (including geometric imperfections) about the y-axis
M = M +N *(e /1000)
02y ty ed iy
= 0+3000*(9/1000)
= 27 kNm
Numerically smallest first order end moment (including geometric imperfections) about the y-axis
M = M +N *(e /1000)
01y by ed iy
= 0+3000*(9/1000)
= 27 kNm

Equivalent first order moment at intermediate height of column

Equivalent first order moment about the x-axis
M = 0.6*(M )+0.4*(M )
0ex 02x 01x
= 0.6*(27)+0.4*(27)
= 27 kNm
Check for minimum value about the x-axis
M = 0.4*(M )
0eminx 02x
= 0.4*(27)
= 10.8 kNm
The Equivalent first order moment about the x-axis satisfies the minimum limit value

Equivalent first order moment about the y-axis

M = 0.6*(M )+0.4*(M )
0ey 02y 01y
 = 0.6*(27)+0.4*(27)
= 27 kNm
Check for minimum value about the y-axis
M = 0.4*(M )
0eminy 02y
= 0.4*(27)
= 10.8 kNm
The Equivalent first order moment about the y-axis satisfies the minimum limit value

Second order end moment (EC2-Clause 5.8.8.3)

Correction factor depending on axial load
K = 1
r
(Since the longitudinal reinforcement area is not known, K is considered as 1.0)
r

Factor for taking account of f and actual slenderness ratio about the x-axis
ck
= 0.4+(f /200)-( /150)
fcmx ck actx
= 0.4+(30/200)-(20.8/150)
= 0.4
Factor for taking account of effective creep coefficient about the x-axis
K = 1+( * )
cx fcmx 0eqpx
= 1+(0.4*0)
= 1
Modulus of elasticity of steel
E = 200000 MPa
s
Design yield strength of reinforcement steel (EC2-Clause 3.2.7)
f = (f / )
yd yk s
= (500/1.2)
= 434.8 MPa
Ultimate tensile strain in reinforcement steel
= f /E
yd yd s
= 434.8/200000
= 0.002
Effective depth about the x-axis
d = d-C - - /2
effx clear links main
= 600-30-10-16/2
= 552 mm
Factor depending upon on the curvature distribution about the x-axis
c = 8
x
Eccentricity due to second order effects about the x-axis
e = K *K *( /(0.45*d ))*(((l *1000)2)/c )
2x r cx yd effx ox x
= 1*1*((2.17*10-3)/(0.45*552))*(((3.6*1000)2)/8)
= 14.18 mm
Second order moment about the x-axis
M = N *(e /1000)
2x ed 2x
= 3000*(14.18/1000)
= 42.53 kNm

Factor for taking account of f and actual slenderness ratio about the y-axis
ck
= 0.35+(f /200)-( /150)
fcmy ck acty
= 0.35+(30/200)-(27.71/150)
= 0.32
Factor for taking account of effective creep coefficient about the y-axis
K = 1+( * )
cy fcmy 0eqpy
= 1+(0.32*0)
= 1
Effective depth
d = b -C - - /2
effy w clear links main
= 450-30-10-16/2
= 402 mm
Factor depending upon on the curvature distribution about the y-axis
 c = 8
y
Eccentricity due to second order effects about the y-axis
e = K *K *( /(0.45*d ))*(((l *1000)2)/c )
2y r cy yd effy oy y
= 1*1*((2.17*10-3)/(0.45*402))*(((3.6*1000)2)/8)
= 19.47 mm
Second order moment about the y-axis
M = N *(e /1000)
2y ed 2y
= 3000*(19.47/1000)
= 58.4 kNm

Minimum eccentricity based on cross section (EC2-Clause 6.1)

Minimum eccentricity about the x-axis
e = 20 mm
minx
Minimum moment due to eccentricity about the x-axis
M = N *(e /1000)
minx ed minx
= 3000*(20/1000)
= 60 kNm
Minimum eccentricity about the y-axis
e = 20 mm
miny
Minimum moment due to eccentricity about the y-axis
M = N *(e /1000)
miny ed miny
= 3000*(20/1000)
= 60 kNm

Design moments
Unbraced, single curvature
Resultant moment at top in x-axis
M = M +M
edx1 02x 2x
= 27+42.5
= 69.5 kNm
Resultant moment at intermediate height in x-axis
M = M
edx2 0ex
= 27 kNm
Resultant moment at bottom in x-axis
M = M +M
edx3 01x 2x
= 27+42.5
= 69.5 kNm
Minimum moment due to eccentricity in x-axis
M = M
edx4 minx
= 60 kNm
Final design moment in x-axis
M = ABS(M )
edx edx1
= ABS(69.5)
= 69.5 kNm
Unbraced, single curvature
Resultant moment at top in y-axis
M = M +M
edy1 02y 2y
= 27+58.4
= 85.4 kNm
Resultant moment at intermediate height in y-axis
M = M
edy2 0ey
= 27 kNm
Resultant moment at bottom in y-axis
M = M +M
edy3 01y 2y
= 27+58.4
= 85.4 kNm
Minimum moment due to eccentricity in y-axis
M = M
edy3 miny
= 60 kNm
Final design moment in y-axis
 M = ABS(M )
edy edy1
= ABS(85.4)
= 85.4 kNm
The final design moment M 85.4 kNm governs the design
edy

Revised second order end moment (EC2-Clause 5.8.8.3)

Required longitudinal reinforcement area, iterated from the equilibrium conditions
A = 690 mm2
screq
Mechanical reinforcement ratio
omga = (A *f )/(Ac*f )
screq yd cd
= (690*434.78)/(270000*17)
= 0.065
nu = 1+omga
= 1+(6.54*10-2)
= 1.07
nbal = 0.4
Revised correction factor depending on axial load
K = (nu-n)/(nu-nbal)
r
= (1.07-0.65)/(1.07-0.4)
= 0.62
Revised eccentricity due to second order effects in x-axis
e = K *K *( /(0.45*d ))*(((l *1000)2)/c )
2x r cx yd effx ox x
= 0.62*1*((2.17*10-3)/(0.45*552))*(((3.6*1000)2)/8)
= 8.77 mm
Revised second order moment in x-axis
M = N *(e /1000)
2x ed 2x
= 3000*(8.77/1000)
= 26.32 kNm

Revised eccentricity due to second order effects in y-axis

e = K *K *( /(0.45*d ))*(((l *1000)2)/c )
2y r cy yd effy oy y
= 0.62*1*((2.17*10-3)/(0.45*402))*(((3.6*1000)2)/8)
= 12.05 mm
Revised second order moment in y-axis
M = N *(e /1000)
2y ed 2y
= 3000*(12.05/1000)
= 36.14 kNm

Revised design moments

Unbraced, single curvature
Resultant moment at top in x-axis
M = M +M
edx1 02x 2x
= 27+26.32
= 53.32 kNm
Resultant moment at intermediate height in x-axis
M = M
edx2 0ex
= 27 kNm
Resultant moment at bottom in x-axis
M = M +M
edx3 01x 2x
= 27+26.32
= 53.32 kNm
Minimum moment due to eccentricity in x-axis
M = M
edx4 minx
= 60 kNm
Final design moment in x-axis
M = M
edx edx4
= 60 kNm
Unbraced, single curvature
Resultant moment at top in y-axis
M = M +M
edy1 02y 2y
 = 27+36.14
= 63.14 kNm
Resultant moment at intermediate height in y-axis
M = M
edy2 0ey
= 27 kNm
Resultant moment at bottom in y-axis
M = M +M
edy3 01y 2y
= 27+36.14
= 63.14 kNm
Minimum moment due to eccentricity in y-axis
M = M
edy3 miny
= 60 kNm
Final design moment in y-axis
M = ABS(M )
edy edy1
= ABS(63.14)
= 63.14 kNm
The final design moment M 63.14 kNm governs the design
edy

Neutral axis and longitudinal reinforcement area

Using the static equilibrium conditions, the longitudinal reinforcement area and the neutral axis are determined by iteration.
Area of a single main bar
A = ( 2)*(PI/4)
s main
= ((16)2)*(3/4)
= 201 mm2
Required number of bars
ntr = INT(A /A )+1
screq s
= INT(690/201)+1
= 4
Provided number of bars
Y-axis (Major axis bending) X-axis (Minor axis bending) Total number of bars
Left Right Far Near
2 2 2 2 4
Provided longitudinal reinforcement area
A = n *A
scpro t s
= 4*201
= 804 mm2

Neutral axis depth (Major axis bending)

X = 352 mm
u1
Axial resistance of concrete stress block and reinforcement in compression and tension
N = 3000 kN
edi1
Moment resistance (Major axis bending)
M = 278.7 kNm
edi1
Axial and moment resistances satisfy the design axial and moment forces (Major axis bending).

Neutral axis depth (Minor axis bending)

X = 470.7 mm
u2
Axial resistance of concrete stress block and reinforcement in compression and tension
N = 3000 kN
edi2
Moment resistance (Minor axis bending)
M = 376.4 kNm
edi2
Axial and moment resistances satisfy the design axial and moment forces (Minor axis bending).

Check for minimum reinforcement limit (EC2-Clause 9.5.2)

Based on design axial force and design strength of reinforcement steel
A = 0.1*((N *103)/f )
smin1 ed yd
= 0.1*((3000*103)/434.78)
= 690 mm2
Based on cross sectional area
A = 0.002*Ac
smin2
 = 0.002*270000
= 540 mm2
Overall minimum reinforcement
A = A
smin smin1
= 690 mm2
Provided longitudinal reinforcement area is greater than the minimum reinforcement limit.

Check for maximum reinforcement limit (EC2-Clause 9.5.2)

A = 0.04*b *d
smax w
= 0.04*450*600
= 10800 mm2
Provided longitudinal reinforcement area is less than the maximum reinforcement limit.

Check for minimum bars spacing limit (EC2-Clause 8.2)

Minimum spacing limit for longitudinal bars
S = RC_HAGG+5
Hmin
= 20+5
= 25 mm
Link standard internal bend radius
bendradi = 2*
links
= 2*10
= 20 mm
Maximum number of bars that can be allowed in left and right faces (Major axis bending)
no = INT(1+((d-2*C -2* -2*bendradi)/(S + )))
ymax clear links Hmin main
= INT(1+((600-2*30-2*10-2*20)/(25+16)))
= 12
Provided number of bars in left and right faces
no = 2
yaxi s
The provided number of bars is less than the maximum number of bars. Hence satisfies the minimum bar spacing limit.

Maximum number of bars that can be allowed in far and near faces (Minor axis bending)
no = INT((b -2*C -2* +S )/(S + ))
xmax w clear links Hmin Hmin main
= INT((450-2*30-2*10+25)/(25+16))
= 9
Provided number of bars in far and near faces
no = 2
xaxi s
The provided number of bars is less than the maximum number of bars. Hence satisfies the minimum bar spacing limit.

Check for interaction (EC2-Clause 5.8.9)

Slenderness ratios x-axis versus y-axis
= /
axy actx acty
= 20.78/27.71
= 0.75
The slenderness ratios x-axis versus y-axis is less than 2 (satisfies the limiting value)

Slenderness ratios y-axis versus x-axis

= /
ayx acty actx
= 27.71/20.78
= 1.33
The slenderness ratios y-axis versus x-axis is less than 2 (satisfies the limiting value)

Equivalent depth
d = i *SQR(12)
eq x
= 173.21*SQR(12)
= 600 mm
Equivalent width
bw = i *SQR(12)
eq y
= 129.9*SQR(12)
= 450 mm
Relative eccentricity x-axis versus y-axis
e = (e /d )/(e /bw )
xy ix eq iy eq
 = (9/600)/(9/450)
= 0.75
The relative eccentricity x-axis versus y-axis is greater than 0.2 (exceeds the limiting value)

Relative eccentricity y-axis versus x-axis

e = (e /bw )/(e /d )
yx iy eq ix eq
= (9/450)/(9/600)
= 1.33
The relative eccentricity y-axis versus x-axis is greater than 0.2 (exceeds the limiting value)

Since the relative eccentricity x-axis versus y-axis & y-axis versus x-axis both are greater than 0.2, interaction check is
necessary.
Design axial resistance of section
N = (f *(Ac-A )+f *A )/1000
rd cd scpro yd scpro
= (17*(270000-804.25)+434.78*804.25)/1000
= 4926 kN
Ratio of N and N
ed rd
N = N /N
ratio ed rd
= 3000/4926.001
= 0.609
Exponent value for rectangular secton (Interpolated for the ratio 0.61 )
a = 1+(((N -0.1)/(0.7-0.1)*(1.5-1)))
ratio
= 1+(((0.61-0.1)/(0.7-0.1)*(1.5-1)))
= 1.42
Interaction value
M = ((M /M )a)+((M
/M )a)
ratio edy edi1
edx edi2
= ((63.144/278.686)1.424)+((60/376.424)1.424)
= 0.194
The interaction value is less than 1.0, the design is safe.

Link reinforcement calculations

As there is no applied shear force, supply nominal links only

Check for minimum link bar diameter

= 6 mm
lmin
The link bar diameter satisfies the minimum.

Recommended maximum link spacing

S = (20* )
vmax main
= (20*16)
= 320 mm
(Note: Link arrangement should also satisfy the requirements of EC2-Clause 9.5.3)

Results summary

Main reinforcement details

Characteristic strength of reinforcement steel = 500 N/mm2
Characteristic cylinder strength of concrete = 30 N/mm2

Nominal cover criteria - Pass

Slenderness ratio for buckling about the x-axis = 20.78

Limiting slenderness ratio for buckling about the x-axis = 19.05
The column is slender for buckling about the x-axis

Slenderness ratio for buckling about the y-axis = 27.71

Limiting slenderness ratio for buckling about the y-axis = 19.05
The column is slender for buckling about the y-axis

Required reinforcement area = 690 mm2

Provided number of bars
Y-axis (Major axis bending) X-axis (Minor axis bending) Total number of bars
Left Right Far Near
 2 2 2 2 4
Main bar diameter = 16 mm
Provided reinforcement area = 804 mm2

About the y-axis (Major axis bending)

Neutral axis = 352 mm
Design axial force = 3000 kN
Axial resistance = 3000 kN (Pass)
Design moment = 63.1 kNm
Moment resistance = 278.7 kNm (Pass)

About x-axis (Minor axis bending)

Neutral axis = 470.7 mm
Design axial force = 3000 kN
Axial resistance = 3000 kN (Pass)
Design moment = 60 kNm
Moment resistance = 376.4 kNm (Pass)

Minimum reinforcement criteria - Pass

Maximum reinforcement criteria - Pass

Minimum bar spacing criteria - Pass

Interaction check = 0.194 (Pass)

Link reinforcement details

As there is no applied shear force, supply nominal links only

Link bar diameter = 10 mm

Minimum link bar diameter criteria - Pass

Recommended maximum link spacing = 320 mm

(Note: Link arrangement should also satisfy the requirements of EC2-Clause 9.5.3)