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Overview:

Fish research models

MAJ Eric D. Lombardini, VMD, MSc., DACVPM, DACVP
Chief, Division of Comparative Pathology Fish necropsy
Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute Research complications
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Infectious diseases
Neoplastic diseases
Non-infectious diseases
Photo:10 & 104

Teleosts Extraordinary diversity

Bony fish
Greater than 30,000 species described

Photo: 11 Photo 12
Photos: 1-4

Photo: 5

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More Toadfish in Space: NASA will Study Balance in Two

Woods Hole Toadfish, a Senator and Six Astronauts in
Upcoming Shuttle Mission (1996 mission)

Photo: 7
Photo: 6

1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology Historical use of fish in research

Phagocytosis after experimenting on the larvae of
starfish Genetics
Embryology
Renal physiology
Endocrinology
Nerve physiology
Toxicology
Morphology
Nutrition
Pharmacology
Photo: 8

Parasitology
Specific neoplastic models
Photo: 40

Photo: 41

More than just Zebrafish Fish Models

Swordtail- Genetics of melanomas in Xiphoporus fishes
Trout-coding sequences of the MHCII beta chain of homozygous rainbow trout Examples include:
White perch-Using white perch to study abnormal hepatic copper metabolism Melanoma
Japanese medaka-Freshwater fish in research on radiation biology
Diabetes Mellitus
Goldfish-The goldfish visual pathway: Intermediate filament proteins in nerve
growth and development Neurofibromatosis
Elasmobranchs-In vitro metabolism of the pre-carcinogen aflatoxin B1 by liver Hepatic copper storage disease (Wilsons disease)
preparations of the calf, nurse shark and clearnose skate Oro-facial-digital syndrome
Anglerfish-Simultaneous assessment of prohormone transport and processing Hepatocellular carcinoma
in four separate islet cell types
Dehydration studies
Salmon-Advantages of using aquatic animals for biomedical research on
reproductive toxicology Na/K-ATPase activity in muscle
Eel-Effects of anaesthesia and surgery on levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline Renal excretion of xenobiotics
in blood plasma of the eel Genotoxic and epigenetic carcinogenesis
Toadfish-Ichthyotoxins from the oyster toadfish Gene regulation and developmental genetics
Etc Mutagenesis

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Benefits of transgenic fish versus

mammals in research
Transparent
Zebrafish
External fertilization
Transparent embryos
Ploidy manipulation
Sex manipulation
Rapid growth
Total environment control Cell Stem Cell, Volume 2, Issue 2,
Increased availability of standardized genetic stock 183-189, 7 February 2008

Genetic mechanisms correlate well with rodents and

humans
Photo: 105

Embryology:
Convergent extension movements and ciliary function are
mediated by ofd1, a zebrafish orthologue of the human oral-facial-
digital type 1 syndrome gene Neuroanatomy:

Figure 1 - 4 day old zebrafish embryo

labelled with SV2 and acetylated tubulin
antibodies showing axon tracts(green)
and neuropil(red)viewed from lateral(top)
Glomerular function and structure in ofd1 and dorsal(bottom) orientations.
MO-injected embryos.
www.ucl.ac.uk/zebrafish-
Hum Mol Genet. 2009 January 15; 18(2): group/research/neuroanatomy.php
289303.

Carcinogenesis: Melanoma:
tp53 mutant zebrafish develop malignant peripheral
nerve sheath tumors

Fig. 5. Tumorigenesis features of tp53 M214K mutant zebrafish. (A-D)

When compared with wild-type zebrafish (A and C), zMPNST development in tp53 mutant zebrafish is identifiable upon external
observation because of ocular (B) or abdominal tumor localizations (D). (E-H) When compared with wild-type zebrafish (E and G),
histopathology staining with hematoxylin/eosin reveals zMPNST in the eye (F) and abdominal cavity (H), Review Article:
as indicated by the stars (4). (I-K) Histopathological features of tumors (I) composed predominantly of spindle cells (J) and Genetic and environmental melanoma models in fish
to a varying degree of epitheloid cells (K) are consistent with the diagnosis of zMPNST. [Bar, 200 m (E, F, I-K).] Pigment cell and melanoma research; 2010
-Gordon-Kosswig model (Sd- Spotted Disease)
PNAS January 11, 2005 vol. 102 no. 2 407-412 -Xmrk-2 Oncogene overexpression
-loss of the Diff tumor suppressor

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Toxicology:
Identification of a Primary Target of Thalidomide Teratogenicity Necropsy:
Takumi Ito, Hideki Ando, Takayuki Suzuki, Toshihiko Ogura, Kentaro
Hotta, Yoshimasa Imamura, Yuki Yamaguchi, and Hiroshi Handa
Science 12 March 2010: 1345-1350.

MUTATION In embryos, thalidomide-induced malformations, bottom,

of a fin of a zebrafish, left, and a wing of a chick, right, using mutated cereblon,
a protein. NYTimes 17 March 2010

Fish Necropsy (Generic) Fish Necropsy (Generic)

Swim Bladder
Stomach Intestine/rectum

Gills

Heart
Liver
(Atrium;Ventricle; Pyloric ceca
Bulbus arteriosus) ovary

Fish Necropsy (Generic)

Kidney

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Pathology General Concepts Viral Infections

Necrotizing versus Granulomatous disease DNA:
Herpesvirus
Variation in leukocytes between species Iridovirus
74 bacterial pathogens of fish, dozens of fungi, Adenovirus
RNA:
hundreds of known viruses, thousands of parasites,
Picornavirus
innumerable toxins and miscellaneous or physiological Paramyxovirus
pathologies. Reovirus

Emerging diseases Togavirus

Birnavirus
Rhabdovirus
Retrovirus

Lymphocystis
Piscine iridovirus
Gross findings:
Range in appearance from miliary pale nodules to a
cutaneous mass effect.
Histopathological findings:
Markedly hypertrophic dermal fibroblasts (lymphocystis
cells). Cells may measure > 300 m with vacuolated to
granular pale basophilic cytoplasm surrounded by a 10-
30m amphophilic hyaline wall. Occasionally there is
the presence of basophilic fibrillar inclusion material.

Photo: 20

Lymphocystis Lymphocysitis

Photo: 46 Photo: 45

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Lymphocystis
Lymphocystis

Grouper Iridovirus (GIV)

Lymphocystis

Photo: 21

Journal of Fish Diseases, Volume 33 Issue 2 , Pages 93 - 186

(February 2010)
Iridovirus infections in finfish critical review with emphasis on Carp Pox (CyHV-1)
ranaviruses (p 95-122)

Photo: 114

Liver of redfin perch, found dead 10 days post-bath inoculation with epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus.
Hepatocytes that surround a focus of hepatic necrosis frequently contain basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion
bodies (arrows) (H & E, bar = 50 m).
Photo: 34 & 35

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Carp Pox
KHV
Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is a highly contagious viral
disease that may cause significant morbidity and
mortality in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (Hedrick
et al. 2000; OATA 2001)
The white patches are due to necrosis (death) of the
gill tissue. Gill lesions caused by KHV disease are the
most common clinical signs in affected koi. Other
external signs of KHV may include bleeding gills,
sunken eyes, pale patches or blisters on the skin.

Photo: 44

Koi herpesvirus (KHV) disease (CyHV-3) Koi Herpesvirus

Photos: 70 & 71
Photo: 14

KHV
IcHV-1

Photo: 99 & 100

Photo: 80

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VHS (Viral hemorrhagic septicemia)

Affects >50 species of fish (Fresh
water and marine)
Multiple strains
Family Rhabdoviridae
Gross: Visceral, cutaneous and
muscular petechial hemorrhage
Exopthalmus, ascites, eccymoses
around eyes, skin, gills and fins
Histo: Variable necrosis of
kidneys (hematopoetic 1st),
spleen, liver, and skeletal muscle

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VHS.png T Hastein

VHS VHS

Photo: 29
Photo: 30

Ulcerative Dermatitis in Winter

Spring Viremia of Carp Flounder

Photo: 83
Photo: 31

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Non-specific signs of septicemia

Bacterial Infectious Diseases Ascites or Dropsy

In zebrafish, the pneumatic duct acts as the primary

point of invasion for systemic fungal and bacterial
infections, spreading to the gas bladder
Primarily opportunistic infections of which the 1
agents: Aeromonas sp. and Pseudomonas sp.
Clinical signs of Gram negative septicemia are non-
specific and include: ascites, exopthalmia, cutaneous
hemorrhages (body and fins), cutaneous ulceration

Photo: 43 &45

Dropsy Non-specific signs of septicemia

Exopthalmia

Tony Terceira
Photo: 28

Non-specific signs of septicemia Non-specific signs of septicemia

Cutaneous hemorrhages

Photo: 19 Practicalfishkeeping.com

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Non-specific signs of septicemia Aeromonas salmonicida

Ulceration Furunculosis of salmonids
Goldfish Ulcer Disease
Carp Erythrodermatitis
Trout Ulcer Disease.

Several other species of Aeromonas, including: A.

Photo: 36

hydrophila, A. formicans, A. liquefaciens, and A.

hydrophila complex are capable of causing a disease
known as Motile Aeromonas Septicemia or Bacterial
Hemorrhagic Septicemia.
Photo: 32

Furunculosis
Aeromonas salmonicida
Furunculosis
(4 subspecies: salmonicida, achromogenes, masoucida
and smithia
Opportunist resulting in septicemia
Predominantly salmonid fishes, but also affects
goldfish and other cyprinids.
Furunculosis is derived from the presence of
blisters or furuncules on the surface of chronically
infected fish
Significant resistance to both Terramycin and
sulfamerazine Photo: 78

Aeromonas septicemia

Photos: 37 & 91

Photo 121

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Koi Ulcer Disease Yersinia ruckeri

Photos: 48 & 49

Photo: 33

Enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) Edwardsiella tarda (Emphysematous

Putrefactive Disease EPD)
Edwardsiella ictaluri

Photos: 38 & 39

Photo: 53

Renibacterium salmonarium
Renibacterium salmonarium
Gross findings: Muscular cavitation; Vesicular
dermatitis (Spawning rash); necrotizing nephritis &
splenitis.

Histopathological findings: Granulomatous and

necrotizing nephritis, splenitis, hepatitis, endocarditis
and pancreatitis; occasionally with giant cell
formation. Histiocytes are expanded by
intracytoplasmic gram-positive bacteria

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Renibacterium salmonarium Renibacterium salmonarium

NWFSC NOAA

Renibacterium salmonrium
Streptococcus

Photo: 17

Streptococcus Vibriosis
Clinical findings: Ocular hemorrhage, cutaneous
hemorrhage, exopthalmia, corneal opacity, dropsy and
ulceration.
Gross Findings: Abdominal serosanguinous fluid,
splenomegaly, hepatic pallor, endocarditis and
nephritis. Many Streps infect the brain and nervous
system of fish, explaining the erratic swimming
frequently observed in infected fish.
Isolated Streptococcal pathogens in fish:
S. iniae
S. difficilis
S. parauberis
S. milleri
S. shiloi
Molly Monticello

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Mycobacteriosis
Mycobacterium marinum
Mycobacterium chelonae
Mycobacterium fortuitum

Photo: 89

Will Wooten

Mycobacteriosis Mycobacterium
marinum

Photo: 13

Abdominal cavity: Peritonitis, hepatitis, splenitis, granulomatous, multifocal, severe

Mycobacteriosis Gliding bacteria

Mycobacteria as Environmental Portent in Chesapeake Bay
Fish Species, Emerging Infectious Diseases: Volume 13,
Number 2February 2007

Occurrence of Mycobacterium spp. in ornamental fish in

Italy, Journal of Fish Diseases, 2008 Jun;31(6):433-41.

Husbandry stress exacerbates mycobacterial infections in

adult zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton), Journal of Fish Photos 18 & 90

Diseases, 2009, 32, 931941

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Flavobacterium columnare

Photo: 42 & 98 Photo: 50

Histopathology and Ultrastructure of Segmented Filamentous Bacteria

Flavobacterium sp. Associated Rainbow Trout Gastroenteritis; Veterinary Pathology 47(2) 220-230

Photo: 93

Piscirickettsia salmonis Protozoae

Ichthyobodo necator
Epistylis

Trichodina Glossatella
Photo: 81

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Microsporidiae Microsporidiae
Glugea, Ichthyosporidium, Loma, Pseudoloma,
Microgemma, Microsporidium Mrazekia, Nosema,
Pleistophora, Spraguea, Tetramicra, and Theragra.

Photo: 54

Microsporidiae Microsporidiae

Microsporidium sp. Microsporidium seriolae

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Microsporidia masu Pleistophora hyphessobryconis

S. Urawa Proudlydonut

Pleistophora hyphessobryconis Pseudoloma neurophilia

Photo: 75

Glugea stephani Glugea sp.

Photo: 67 Photos: 68 & 69

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Henneguya salminicola
Myxosporidiae

Photo: 51 Photos: 63 & 94

Henneguya sp. xenomas Myxoma and trematode

Photos: 65 & 66

Hamburger gill disease Myxobolus cerebralis

Gross Findings: Severe scoliosis, frequently with black
discoloration of the tail, and with chronicity,
misshapen head and jaws
Histopathological Findings: Cartilage degeneration
and necrosis, granulomatous chondritis with
intralesional ovoid to ellipsoidal spores (5-15m) with
2 piriform-shaped polar capsules at the anterior end

Photos: 119

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Myxobolus cerebralis Myxobolus cerebralis

Photos: 76 & 77

Myxobolus acanthogobii M. acanthogobii

K. Momoyama

K. Momoyama

Myxobolus sp. Myxobolus sp.

Figure 2Photomicrograph of an impression smear prepared from a biopsy specimen of the oral cavity mass in the Figure 3Photomicrograph of a paraffin-embedded section of a biopsy specimen of the oral cavity mass in the goldfish in Figure 1. The mass
goldfish in Figure 1. Notice a large cluster of epithelial cells (blue) and numerous mature Myxobolus sp spores (red). tissue contains a single large, late-stage, polysporous, histozoic plasmodial pseudocyst (borders of this structure are demarcated by arrows)
Modified acid-fast stain; bar = 25 m. and evidence of inflammation. H&E stain; bar = 100 m.

JAVMA, Vol 236, No. 6, March 15, 2010 JAVMA, Vol 236, No. 6, March 15, 2010

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Tetrahymena sp. infection in guppies, Poecilia reticulata Peters:

parasite characterization and pathology of infected fish, Journal
Myxozoa of Fish Diseases 2009, 32, 845855
Severe Scuticociliate (Philasterides dicentrarchi) Infection in a
Population of Sea Dragons, Vet Pathol 45:546550 (2008)

Photos: 115 & 116

Renal myxozoanosis in weedy sea dragons, Phyllopteryx

taeniolatus (Lacepe` de), caused by Sinuolinea phyllopteryxan.
sp.
Journal of Fish Diseases 2008, 31, 2735

Tetrahymena corlissi Tetrahymena corlissi

Tetrahymena
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
corlissi Gross findings:
Up to 1 mm elevated nodules in a miliary pattern along
body, gills and fins
May coalesce or progress to erosion and ulceration due
to irritation
Histopathological findings:
Oval holotrich ciliated parasite which forms
intraepithelial cysts composed of a 1-2 m hyaline wall.
Small circular oral opening, dark granules and a
horseshoe/crescent shaped basophilic macronucleus
+/- Hyperplasia of neighboring epithelium

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Ich

Photos: 95 & 96

Lacrosse Fish Health Center

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Cryptocaryon
irritans Cryptocaryon irritans

Photo 123
Photo 122

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Piscinoodinium sp. Piscinoodinium sp.

Ichthyobodo
Ichthyobodo
necator

Mark Owen

Photos: 118

Ichthyobodo necator
Coccidiae

Photos: 101 & 103

Tavitodiscus

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Hole-in-the-Head Disease
Cresthead flounder Head and Lateral Line Erosion

Mark Freeman Photo: 52

Lateral Line Erosion Disease

Fungal

Adam Dagna Photos: 79 & 92

Saprolegnia
Saprolegnia

Photo: 22 Tanglenet

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Saprolegnia
Parasitic
Nematodes
Cestodes
Trematodes
Pentastomes
Arthropods

Photo: 23

Nematodes Roundworms

Photo: 47 L. Aretta

Eustrongylides sp.
Eustrongylides ignotus infecting commercial bass, and other fish in the southeastern USA, Journal
of Fish Diseases 2009, 32, 795799
Acanthocephalids

Photos: 15 & 26

Photo: 107

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Acanthocephalus minor Cestodes

T. Awakura

Asian Fish Tapeworm:

Bothriocephalus acheilognathi
Ligula intestinalis

Photo: 97

Photo: 24

Digenetic trematodes Black spot disease

Photomicrographs: MAJ Jeremy Bearss Photo: 86

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Trematode metacercariae

Photo: 27

Monogenean trematodes Monogenean

trematodes

Diplostomum sp.

Photomicrographs: MAJ Jeremy Bearss Photo: 109

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Pentastomes Arthropods

Photo: 16 & 108 Photo: 25 & 117

Lernaeocera branchialis Parasitic copepods

NOAA Fisheries

Learnea sp.
Neoplastic

Photo: Sarah Johnson & 120

Aline de Marco Viott

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Melanoma Melanoma

Bi-colored Damselfish
Fibrosarcoma Schwannoma

Photo: 61 Photo: 73

Neurofibroma PNST

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Peripheral Nerve Sheath tumor Dermatofibroma of Angelfish

Photo: 113

Walleye Dermal sarcoma Walleye Dermal Sarcoma

Photo: 87 Photo: 88

Lymphoma Lymphoma

Photo: 85 & 110

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Lymphoma Basal cell carcinoma

Branchial carcinoma
Seminoma

Photo: 58

Seminoma
Nephroblastoma

Photo: 59

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Ependymoma

Neuronal Embryonal Tumors in Fish; Vet Pathol Hepatocellular carcinoma

published online 31 December 2009

Photo: 102

Photo: 92

Cholangiocarcinoma Papilloma (Cyrinid herpesvirus 1)

Photo: 60 112 Photo: 72

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Viral papillomas of Brown bullhead

catfish Reported Zebrafish tumors
Seminoma (Most common spontaneous Myxoma/myxosarcoma
tumor) Fibrosarcoma
Ovarian papillary adenocarcinoma Chordoma
Adenocarcinoma Hemangioma (Retrobulbar hemangioma)
Small cell carcinoma of intestine at Ampulla of Rhabomyoma/rhabdomyosarcoma
Vater Chondrosarcoma
Hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma Osteoma/osteosarcoma
Biliary carcinoma/Cholangiocarcinoma PNST
Hepatoblastoma Melanoma
Nephroblastoma Complex-compound odotoma of the
Renal cell carcinoma pharyngeal teeth
Thyroid adenocarcinoma Neuroblastoma/neuroectodermal tumor
Ultimobranchial tumor Medulloepithelioma
Gas bladder adenoma/adenocarcinoma Ganglioglioma
Pancreatic acinar cell adenoma/carcinoma Branchioblastoma
Pancreatic ductal adenoma Epidermal papilloma
Islet cell adenoma SCC
Lymphoma Teratoma
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Photo: 111

Ammonia burn
Miscellaneous

Figure 1. Internal view of stomach prolapse Figure 2. Adult female sand tiger shark with
in a sand tiger shark. Note also the spleen stomach prolapse through the right third gill
(arrow) is pulled up into the ventral throat slit.
region.
Journal of Fish Diseases 2008, 31, 311315; Gastric prolapse in sand tiger sharks

Lipid degeneration Congenital abnormalities

K. Momoyama Eric Lombardini

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Congenital abnormalities Congenital abnormalities

Eric Lombardini

BSCMan

Congenital abnormalities

Polycystic kidneys Pericardial effusion and dilated

cardiomyopathy

Photo: 55

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Nephrocalcinosis Hepatic megalocytosis

Photo: 56

Gas Bubble Disease Gas Bubble Disease: Supersaturation

Photo: 57 Photo: 84

Goiter Goiter

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Cardiomyopathy syndrome Cardiomyopathy syndrome

Fisheries Research Services

Photo: 82

Knockdown of Bicaudal C in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Causes Cystic

Kidneys: A Nonmammalian Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease
Bouvrette et al.
Comparative Medicine, Volume 60, Number 2, April 2010 , pp. 96-106(11)
Cardiac dissecting hemorrhage

Figure 1 Dissecting haemorrhage of the ventricle in rainbow trout. (a) Cut surface
of the formalin-fixed ventricle showing haemorrhage along the lateral wall. (b) Sickle-shaped haemorrhage
between compact and spongious ventricular myocardium (H&E, bar = 1 cm). (c) Detail
showing haemorrhage and compact myocardium with focus of inflammation to the left (H&E, bar = 50 lm).
Photo: 106
Journal of Fish Diseases 2009, 32, 10411043; Dissecting haemorrhage in rainbow trout
Dilatation of the pronephric ducts (arrows) and cysts which form in the single glomerulus (arrowheads)

Photography credits:

65. http://www.maine.gov/ifw/fishing/health/vol4issue5.htm
66. http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/courses/aq448/images/henneguya1.jpg

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Histology:
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Neoplasia:
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5. Dr. Jan Spitbergen POLA notes 2008
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30. http://www.focusonfishhealth.org/signs-of-disease.p hp
95. http://nippyfish.net/Ich4.jpg

6. Registry for Tumors in Lower Animals

31. www.mwra.state.m a.us/h arbor/omsap/graphic/o msap_0 50811_fl ound er.ppt
32. http://www.blueridgekoi.com/i mages/ categories/C 76.jpg 96. http://www.vet.cornell.edu/PUBLIC/FishDisease/AquaticProg/highlights/Ich/ICH1.JPG
33. http://www.ponddoc.com/koihospi tal/Di agnosti c/B ac teri al/Advan ced Ulc er.jpg 97. http://www.cnr.vt.edu/fisheries/afs/AFS_education_fisheries_techniques_visuals_chap_14_add.htm
34. http://www.backyardpuddl e.c a/im ages/h eal thpi x/sm april02-4.jpg 98. http://www.cnr.vt.edu/fisheries/afs/fisheries_techniques

General:
35.http://www.spfdwatergardensoc.bi zlan d.com/si tebuild ercon tent/si tebuild erpic tures/po x.jp36.h ttp://ww w.cnr.vt.ed u/fish eries/ afs/
AFS_education_fisheries_techniq ues_visuals_c hap_14_ add.h tm 99. http://www.cnr.vt.edu/fisheries/afs/fisheries_techniques/Chapter14/Channel%20catfish%20virus%202.jpg
37.http://www.aquacul tuur.w ur.nl/NL/Vis teel t/Produ cti e+en+teel t/Zi ekten/ Bac teri%C3%AB n 100. http://www.cnr.vt.edu/fisheries/afs/fisheries_techniques/Chapter14/Channel%20catfish%20virus%201.jpg
38.http://www.aquacultu ur.wur.nl/ NL/Visteel t/Prod uc tie+ en+ teelt/ Ziek ten/ Bactari%C3%A Bn 101. http://www.alaineknipes.com/parasite_photos/index.html
39. http://www.time4fish.net/F DB.h tml
7. Edward Noga, Fish Diseases, Diagnosis and treatment, 2010
102. http://www.nature.com/nprot/journal/v5/n3/thumbs/nprot.2010.8-F5.jpg
40. http://phlogthat.wordpress.com/200 7/0 7/16/ two-star-fish-maki ng-love-in-th e-san d-at-m orro-bay-ca/
103. http://www.alaineknipes.com/parasite_photos/index.html
41. http://www.odec.ca/projec ts/200 7/sank7b 2/figure1.jpg
42. http://www.blueridgekoi.com/Dis eas e-Fish-Heal th-sc-1 7.html
104. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/F_de_Castelnau-poissonsPl12.jpg
43. http://www.flippersandfins.net/ Dropsy.h tm 105. http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2009/05/090507121953-large.jpg



44. http://www.blueridgekoi.com/Disease-Fish-Health-sc-17.h tml
45. http://www.drpez.net/p anel/s how thread.php ?t= 167187
46. http://www.drpez.net/pan el/sho wthread.php? t=16 718 7


106. http://renalfellow.blogspot.com/2009/05/zebrafish-model-of-cystic-kidney.html
107. http://www.mybay.umd.edu/parasites.html
8. Ronald Roberts, Fish Pathology, 2003
108. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FA/FA11400.pdf
47. http://www.fishbase.org/diseases/ DisPi c/N em tod D5.jpg



48. http://web.abo.fi/instut/fisk/Fig/yr1.jpg
49. http://www.daff.gov.au/_medi a/im ages/ anim al-plan t/ aquatic/ aqu ati c-cd/ enteric-red mou th1.jpg
50. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columnaris



109. http://www.thefishsite.com/articles/102/invasion-of-the-eye-flukes\
110. http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/fisheries/img/parasites/lymphosarcoma_b.jpg
111. http://www.glfc.org/tumor/f2b.gif
9. Greg Lewbart, Ornamental fish (Self assessment colour review), 1998
51. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hennegu ya_ zschokk ei.jpg

10. Gary Ostrander, The laboratory fish, 2000

112. http://www.glfc.org/tumor/f5a.gif
52. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Osc ar2.jpg
113. http://www.ultimatebettas.com/index.php?showtopic=8863
53.http://coursewares.mju.ac.th/s ec tion 2/fb406/000 2lecture/h tm/0 03all ch apter3/im age/i mag e003_5/ edw ardsi ella.gif
54. http://zebrafish.org/zirc/heal th/dis eas eManu al.php 114. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/123227302/PDFSTART
55. http://zebrafish.org/zirc/health/ Dis eas e_imag es/BigHeartGross4.jpg 115. http://vet.sagepub.com/content/45/4/546.full.pdf+html



56. http://zebrafish.org/zirc/heal th/dis eas eMan ual.php
57. http://zebrafish.org/zirc/health/ Dis eas e_imag es/Gas Bubbl eDis4.jpg
58. http://zebrafish.org/zirc/heal th/Dis eas e_im ages/GrossSemino ma4.jpg


116. http://vet.sagepub.com/content/45/4/546.full.pdf+html
117. http://www.state.me.us/ifw/fishing/health/vol2issue2.htm
11. Erwin Amlacher, Textbook of fish diseases, 1970
118. http://www.drpez.net/panel/showthread.php?t=330799
59. http://zebrafish.org/zirc/heal th/ Disease_im ages/s emin om a24.jpg



60. http://zebrafish.org/zirc/health/Dis eas e_imag es/LiverT umorsD MBA4.jpg
61. http://zebrafish.org/zirc/heal th/Dis ease_im ages/Spinc leCell GrossB4.jpg
62. http://zebrafish.org/zirc/heal th/ Disease_im ages/Spin dleCel lEye4.jpg



119. http://www.forumaquario.com.br/portal/tx_doencas.html
120. http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/aoc/presque/catfish-tumors.jpg
121. http://www.cnr.vt.edu
12. Fish diseases vol 1 and vol 2, (Ed.) J Eiras et al., 2008
63.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henn egu ya_sal mini cola_in_fl esh_of_coh o_salmo n,_BC,_Canada.J PG 122. Http:// www.monsterf ishkeepers.com
64. http://www.virtualslides.psu.edu/zebrafish.jsp?co mpar e1=08 B98770-2FC7- 5057-42CF-8695A7F 9C030&
123. Http://www.reef land.com

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