JUNE 2012

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LEDsmagazine.com

Retrofits
Bethesda, MD Marriott
headquarters P.27

Conference
Light+Building
show report P.32

TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Components

Diverse LED offerings
target specific
applications P.53

Outdoor Lighting
LEDs light the
Recouvrance Bridge P.19
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 ISSUE 52

june
2012
Cover Story
The Recouvrance Bridge in Brest, France
has been renovated and LED fixtures
from LEC Lyon provide color architectural
lighting on the lift towers (see page 19).
Photo courtesy of Jean-Yves Guillaume.

features
19 OUTDOOR LIGHTING
LED modules bring energy savings to high-mast
outdoor lighting
Maury Wright

19 ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING
columns/departments
LEDs light walkway and highlight structure of the
Recouvrance Bridge
Maury Wright 4 COMMENTARY Maury Wright
Would that be architectural lighting
or architectural lighting?
27 LIGHTING
GE LED lighting improves safety while reducing
energy cost at Marriott headquarters 9 NEWS +ANALYSIS
Testers accelerate LED and
Laura Peters luminaire development projects
Cree announces downlights
32 CONFERENCES and linear fixture
LED lighting quality shines at Light+Building
Everlight hits Nichia with LED
Tim Whitaker patent lawsuit in US
Zigbee targets consumers
39 LAMPS
with Light Link standard
Are MR16 LED lamps ready for the 50W-halogen
Energy Star Luminaires spec is in effect
switch?
Laura Peters
15 FUNDING+PROGRAMS

47 LIGHTING Winners of Next Generation Luminaires

competition announced at Lightfair
Software-based control will personalize lighting
DOE improves Lighting Facts label
Barry Hagglund

53 COMPONENTS 64 LAST WORD James Highgate

LED makers broaden product lines LED technology is rapidly evolving and
the lighting industry must keep pace
Maury Wright

59 DESIGN FORUM
Understand triac dimmer issues for compatibility
Marc Gallo & Michael Neary

LEDsmagazine.com JUNE 2012 3

commentary
Would that be
architectural lighting or
architectural lighting?
E
xcuse me if I dont understand the dif-
ference between architectural lighting
and architectural lighting. Im relatively new
to the lighting industry having only covered
it for the last few years with LEDs coming to
the fore as a light source. Ive spent far more of
my career focused on the electronics industry.
Still, I thought I understood that architec-
tural lighting referred to lighting on the out-
side of buildings, bridges, and other struc-
tures. Weve covered such lighting regularly
as LEDs have shown brightly in such applica-
tions. Indeed solid-state lighting (SSL) brings
energy efficiency to such applications, and
can easily include dynamic control and full-
color capabilities when fi xtures are equipped
with red, green, and blue (RGB) LEDs. There
is a good example of architectural lighting on
our cover with the blue light cast by RGB fi x-
tures on the Recouvrance Bridge lift towers
in Brest, France (also see page 19).
But do I really understand the meaning
of architectural lighting? Back in February
at the Strategies in Light (SIL) Conference, I
was in attendance at the LEDs in Lighting
track. Sarena McComas and Jennifer Rueth,
partners at lighting design fi rm Type A Pro-
ductions, discussed an SSL project at a Mar-
riott hotel in Indianapolis (www.ledsmaga-
__________
zine.com/features/9/3/5).
_______________ McComas at one
point used the term architectural lighting.
But she was discussing indoor downlights.
When I heard McComas use the term
architectural lighting, I wasnt exactly sure
of the meaning. But the context of the pre-
sentation led me to believe she just meant
lighting fi xtures that were perhaps speci-
fied by a building architect. But I heard the
term used relative to indoor lighting a cou-
ple of other times at the conference. Mean-
while, SIL also included a tutorial entitled
Architectural lighting design with LEDs
4 JUNE 2012
that was clearly focused on lighting the out-
side of structures.
I had not given the ambiguity much
thought until recently. But lately weve been
preparing to launch a new lighting-centric
magazine called Illumination in Focus (www.
___
illuminationinfocus.com). I was working on a
_______________
taxonomy for the site and thought about the
ambiguous use of architectural lighting and
how we should handle it.
Then Cree Lighting announced some
indoor fixtures the week before Lightfair
(page 9). And they explicitly referred to one
of the downlights as targeting architectural
lighting applications. I asked Cree about the
meaning. It seems in indoor cases, architec-
tural lighting can refer to a premium product.
Architectural-grade products are presum-
ably a cut above contractor-grade products.
It seems that architectural grade is used syn-
onymously with specification grade.
Who knew? Maybe a lot of you but not
me. Id certainly like to hear from you on
the topic. Ill post a discussion in our Linke-
dIn LEDs and Lighting group (http://www.
linkedin.com/groups?gid=2443165) once
this issue is out, and hopefully allow some
of you to address the ambiguity. From the
standpoint of a taxonomy or a topic center
on a website, it seems to me to be a fairly
major problem with loads of opportunity to
confuse readers. Id certainly like to see the
industry choose one meaning or the other.
Back to the cover, we on the staff were
especially fond of the photo of the Brest
bridge. And its a neat outdoor lighting proj-
ect. An old bridge with new LED lighting is
once again a proud architectural landmark.
Maury Wright, EDITOR
mauryw@pennwell.com
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT Christine Shaw
& PUBLISHING DIRECTOR cshaw@pennwell.com
EDITOR Maury Wright
mauryw@pennwell.com
ASSOCIATE EDITOR Nicole Pelletier
nicolep@pennwell.com
SENIOR TECHNICAL Laura Peters
EDITOR laurap@pennwell.com
CONTRIBUTING Tim Whitaker
EDITOR twhitaker@pennwell.com
MARKETING MANAGER Luba Hrynyk
PRESENTATION MANAGER Kelli Mylchreest
PRODUCTION DIRECTOR Mari Rodriguez
SENIOR ILLUSTRATOR Christopher Hipp
AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT Debbie Bouley
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ADVERTISERS index
Avantes BV ............................................ 61
Beautiful Light Tech................................ 17
Cirrus Logic............................................ 11
Cookson Electronics .............................. 31
Cree, Inc. ............................................. CV4
CSA International ................................... 21
Edison Opto Corporation ........................ 30
Indium Corp. .......................................... 23
Instruments Systems GmbH..................... 1
Intertek .................................................. 51
Inventronics (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd. ........... 38
Keystone Certifications, Inc. ................... 62
Konica Minolta Sensing Americas........... 63
Lauren Manufacturing ............................ 35
Ledlink Optics Inc. ................................. 13 Shenzhen Bang-Bell .............................. 55
Linear Technology ................................ CV3 Electronics Co., Ltd.
Lucite International ................................ 43 Shenzhen Refond .................................. 16
Optoelectronics Co., Ltd.
Matrix Lighting Limited, Hong Kong....... CV2
Sichuan Jiuzhou Electric ........................ 18
MBN GmbH............................................ 41 Group Co., Ltd.
Nusil ........................................................ 8 Signcomplex Limited .............................. 12
Optronics Laboratories ........................... 20 StellarNet, Inc. ....................................... 22
Philips Lighting ....................................... 46 The BOC Group/ Linde Electronics.......... 52
Philips Lighting BV .................................. 29 The Korean Consulate General ............... 26
Philips Lumileds ....................................... 2 Thomas Research Products...................... 7
Prolight Opto Technology ........................ 48 Underwriters Laboratories ...................... 25
Proto Labs, Inc. ..................................... 14 Unilumin Group Co. Ltd. ......................... 44
Shanxi Guangyu LED Lighting Co. Ltd. .... 57 Visa Lighting .......................................... 49
Shenzhen Baikang Optical Co., Ltd. ......... 5 Vossloh-Schwabe Deutschland GmbH .... 24

6 JUNE 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

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news views
TEST & MEASUREMENT
Testers accelerate LED
development projects
Weve seen a lot of recent activity in the area of test & mea-
surement instruments for LEDs and lighting. And while there
isnt a common theme in the announcements, each is signifi-
cant in spaces ranging from LED manufacturing to luminaire
design. Lets examine recent products from Orb Optronix,
Gigahertz-Optik, Instrument Systems, and Labsphere.
LM-80 testing is vital in the LED manufacturing space to
document component performance. Moreover, LM-80 under-
lies the TM-21 method for predicting lumen maintenance
(www.ledsmagazine.com/features/8/2/10). Orb Optronix
recently announced the LM-80 Active Control Lifetime Test
Chamber for what the company calls desktop testing of LEDs.
The test chamber can handle automated photometric
tests and push the LEDs through temperature-controlled
operational scenarios. The system automatically tracks the
components under test from the start of the process through
the generation of an LM-80 report. The compact unit allows
even small LED makers to perform their own LM-80 testing
INDOOR LIGHTING
Cree announces downlights
and linear fixture
Leading into Lightfair, Cree Lighting announced a high-end LED down-
light that it says targets architectural-grade applications, and a main-
stream downlight meant to match the price of compact-fluorescent
(CFL)-based downlights. In addition, the company launched the CS series
linear solid-state light-
ing (SSL) fi xture rated for
75,000 hours of life.
The new SR Series
Architectural Downlight
is available in a choice of
3000K, 3500K, and 4000K
CCTs with a CRI greater
than 90. Cree joins a num-
ber of companies in using
the word architectural to
imply a higher-perform-
page 10
LEDsmagazine.com
on hundreds to thousands of LEDs.
Gigahertz-Optik, meanwhile, announced a single-pulse
LED measurement system that can be used for binning of
components for light output and color. The BTS256-LED
tester and companion LPS-20-1500 power supply rely on
a photodiode for accurate characterization of packaged
or unpacked emitters (www.ledsmagazine.com/prod-
____________________
ucts/34994).
_______ The device also includes a spectrometer for
color measurement.
You can connect the unit to a PC via USB to automate the
collection of data. The power supply can out- page 10
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Everlight hits Nichia
with LED patent
lawsuit in US
Everlight has fi led an LED patent-infringement law-
suit against Nichia in a US court, and is also asking the
court to declare two Nichia patents invalid. The law-
suit was fi led in the US District Court for the Eastern
District of Michigan.
The lawsuit seeks to prevent Nichia from manufac-
turing, using, importing, offering for sale, or selling its
infringing products in the United States. It also seeks
monetary damages.
Everlights complaint alleges infringement of US
patent no. 6,653,215, which covers LED metallization
technology. Everlight is the exclusive US licensee of this
patent, which is owned by Emcore Corporation. The
action was brought jointly by Everlight and Emcore.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/4/18
JUNE 2012 9
news+views
Cree from page 9
ing product, although that terminol-
ogy can be confusing given that its
more widely used to describe outdoor
lighting of buildings and structures.
David Elien, vice president at Cree
Lighting, says the optical design of the SR
products sets it apart. He said, "Many LED
downlights have a gap between the light source and
the reflector in the can. With the new downlight, Cree
announced the Cree Light Source-Reflector Unity Opti-
cal system. What that means, according to Elien, is that the
light is uniformly and evenly spread across the surface of the optics
and the reflector.
With the SR Series, the high quality LED light you expect from
Cree comes in a package that you would expect from an architectural-
grade lighting manufacturer and at a price point consistent with the
industry, said Leah Robinson, lighting designer at Affi liated Engi-
neers, Inc. Plus, its high efficacy and color consistency allows design-
ers to put more thought into the details of their design and feel confi-
dent in the quality of their downlighting solutions.
The SR Series delivers 2000 lm, efficacy of 80 lm/W, and a lifetime
of 75,000 hours. The product is priced in the $200 range and Elien said
thats commensurate with architectural-grade products based on leg-
acy sources. That means, according to Elien, that payback is instant.
He said, The goal is no compromise for the user, but to drive payback.
Cree classifies the second new downlight the KR Series as
contractor grade, and the
product will sell in the
$150 range. Like the SR
Series, the KR Series uses
Cree TrueWhite tech-
nology that mixes amber
and red LEDs to produce a
warmer light and higher CRI. Indeed the
KR series delivers better than 90 CRI in
2700K, 3000K, and 3500K CCT options.
While the SR Series is 0-10V dimmable, the
KR series is dimmable via a triac to 5% of full output. Cree said the
product is a direct replacement for 13W and 26W CFL downlights
while offering 30% energy savings and superior efficacy at 54 lm/W.
The new Cree CS Series linear fi xtures, meanwhile, build on the
successful CR series (www.ledsmagazine.com/products/35006). The
CS Series does not include a lens but uses a new reflector design to
achieve even distribution of light.
Cree already has a happy customer. We researched the LED
market extensively and only Cree offered a solution that delivered
high-quality lighting and easy payback, said Jason D. Curtis, prin-
cipal of Cardinal Gibbons High School in Raleigh, NC. Since the
new CS Series is designed for 75,000 hours of life, Cardinal Gibbons
High School can benefit from ongoing operational savings due to
decreased maintenance and lower energy consumption compared
to the linear fluorescents we replaced.

Test from page 9

put as much as 1500 mA of
current with 30 A res-
olution. The unit
includes a 16-bit
A/D converter to
monitor test volt-
age or current. The
device can operate in
continuous wave or pulse mode.
Moving to luminaire testing, Instru-
ment Systems recently announced a new
goniophotometer designed specifically for
SSL applications. The LGS 250 was designed
to analyze angle-dependent special radi-
ation, and is suited for use with small to
medium size LED retrofit lamps,
luminaires, and modules.
The LGS 250 can take mea-
surements in a range of +/-
160 on test units with a max-
imum diameter of 480 mm.
You can combine the unit with
a spectroradiometer to cap-
ture all spec- measurement systems from Labsphere. The
tral properties systems are designed for lighting manufac-
including chro- turers that want to move testing in house
maticit y a nd to accelerate the product-development
color temper- cycle. The company also earned accredita-
ature. Moreover, tion from National Voluntary Laboratory
Instrument Systems Accreditation Program (NVLAP) and NIST-
supplies the SpecWin traceable calibrated lamp standards adds
Pro software to automate to the accuracy of the Illumia systems.
the collection and presenta- MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/press/33977
tion of test data.
To measure thermal, optical, and electri- CONTROLS
cal properties of LEDs, LED arrays, and fi n-
ished SSL products, you can turn Zigbee targets consumers
to the Illumia and Illumia with Light Link standard
Pro spherica l light The ZigBee Light Link standard promises
to enable consumers to simply deploy solid-
state lighting (SSL) with adaptive controls
without having a complex dedicated con-
trol system. The standard is intended to
enable interoperable LED-based lighting,
sensors, timers, switches and other ele-
ments from multiple vendors that connect

10 JUNE 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

 Light Years Ahead
Setting the Standard for Dimmer Compatibility

CS161X Family of TRIAC Dimmable LED

Driver ICs
The CS161X family of digital LED controller ICs have been
tested to provide near 100 percent compatibility with a
wide array of dimmers worldwide. Featuring TruDim
technology, the CS161X's digital intelligence recognizes
the dimmer in use and adapts the algorithm to provide
smooth, flicker-free dimming in single and multi-lamp
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LEDMAG04152012
 news+views
over the ZigBee wireless mesh network.
ZigBee Light Link provides an easy-to-
use and intuitive approach to next gener-
ation lighting that has the backing and
support of top tier companies and product
development is already underway, said Jos
Bruins, ZigBee Light Link working group
chair from Philips. The ZigBee Alliance
provided our technical working group with
an excellent platform to complete ZigBee
Light Link in a fast and professional man-
ner a standard we know that will spur the
industrys new lighting propositions.
Light Link was defi ned to allow flexibil-
ity in terms of deployment. In its simplest
form, the standard will allow a consumer
to purchase a wireless-enabled SSL prod-
uct and an occupancy sensor, for instance,
and easily pair the devices for operation. At
the most complex end of the spectrum, con-
sumers can use Light Link-enabled prod-
ucts in whole-house networks and control
the network via dedicated ZigBee-enabled
________________
control panels or over the Internet with a
smartphone.
In related news, the ZigBee Alliance and
TRaC Global have announced that TRaC
Global has become the fi rst test house to
provide Light Link testing for the ZigBee
Certified products program.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/4/19
STANDARDS
Energy Star Luminaires
spec is in effect
As of April 1, the Energy Star Luminaires
V1.1 specification is officially in effect. The
new specification combined two previously
separate specs, the Solid State Lighting
Luminaires v1.1 spec and the Residential
Light Fixtures V4.2 spec. Any luminaire
bearing the Energy Star mark must be
third-party certified to the new perfor-
mance levels.
The new specification is essentially
designed to streamline the testing pro-
cess for luminaires. For instance, the sam-
ple size required for photometric testing of
directional luminaires has been reduced
from three units to one. One sample is like-
wise required for the in-situ temperature
test for lumen maintenance of SSL prod-
ucts. The spec also reduces sample-size
requirements for LM-80 lumen mainte-
nance testing to be consistent with the rec-
ommendation made by the TM-21 working
group. TM-21 allows the long-term lumen
maintenance projection of LED sources
using LM-80 data.
Other changes to the Luminaires specifi-
cation include an expansion of the allowable
mounting variations for outdoor luminaires.
The spec has added a directional fi xture type
for ventilation fans with a down light.
The new spec can be downloaded at
http://1.usa.gov/exxO6s. To date, Energy
Star has qualified over 1000 luminaires.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/4/5
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 funding
programs
Winners of Next Generation
Luminaires competition
announced at Lightfair
On May 10 at Lightfair, winners of the
fourth-annual Next Generation Luminaires
(NGL) Solid-State Lighting (SSL) Design
Competition were announced in the
indoor lighting category. Sponsored by
the US Department of Energy (DOE),
the Illuminating Engineering Society of
North America, and the International
Association of Lighting Designers,
the NGL competition is designed
to recognize products that lighting
designers would specify.
The NGL judging panel noted
marked improvement in lumi-
naires for general commercial
Intense Lightings MBW luminaire
applications, in particular recessed mod-
ulars (i.e., troffers) and linear pendant fi x-
tures. Of the 53 recognized products, the
panelists chose three Best in Class prod-
ucts (shown), which distinguished them-
selves in the majority of the evaluation cat-
egories. Best In Class recognition went to
Intense Lighting for their MBW2 accent
LEDsmagazine.com
lighting luminaire, Albeo Technologies for
its H-Series high-bay luminaire and Litho-
nia Lighting for the ST Series luminaire. The
NGL program requires extensive documen-
tation from the luminaire manufacturers
including LM-79 and LM-80 data.
The 53 winners were chosen among 187
submissions. The recognized winners by cat-
egory are shown below:
Amerlux Global Lighting Solutions, Juno
Lighting Group, Intense Lighting, Cooper
Lighting, and Focal Point recessed
accent lighting
Intense Lighting, Amerlux Global Lighting
Solutions, and Philips Lightolier accent
track lighting fi xtures
USAI Lighting (two fi xtures) and Amerlux
Global Lighting Solutions recessed wall
washing
The Lighting Quotient and Lumenpulse
cove lighting.
Pure Edge Lighting, Architectural
Lighting Works, and Eureka Lighting
(three fi xtures) decorative lighting
Juno Lighting Group linear lighting
fi xture
Digital Lumens and Lithonia Lighting
high-bay industrial lighting
Cooper Lighting, USAI Lighting (two fi x-
tures), Juno Lighting Group (two fi xtures),
and Amerlux Global Lighting Solutions
(two fi xtures) recessed down-lights
Cree Lighting, Finelite Inc., Osram
Sylvania, Galaxia Electronics Co., and
Lithonia Lighting (four fixtures)
recessed modular
Humanscale, Prism Co., page 16
DOE improves
Lighting Facts label
The US Department of Energy (DOE) has
made two enhancements to the Lighting
Facts label. Manufacturers can indicate
whether the product is supplied with
a warranty and can provide a lumen-
maintenance metric.
The optional lumen maintenance met-
ric estimates the amount of light by per-
centage that the LED light source prod-
uct is projected to produce at 25,000
hours at a given ambient test tempera-
ture compared to its initial light output.
Th is percentage is based on LM-80, in-
situ performance and TM-21 projections.
All metrics reported on the DOE
Lighting Facts label are results of third
party testing according to LM-79 guide-
lines from the IES and are verified by the
DOE before the label can be used.
Jim Brodrick, the DOEs lighting pro-
gram manager has noted that there is no
agreed upon way to measure or report
lifetime for solid-state lighting products,
but that these two metrics will provide
the user with some guidance as to prod-
uct stability. The decision was made not
to use lumen maintenance in terms of
L70, the point at which light output falls
below 70% of initial levels, because the
results may be misinterpreted as life-
time values. Instead, the metric will
identify the remaining useful percentage
of initial output projected to be reached
after three points in time, after 25,000,
15,000 or 10,000 hours, which the man-
ufacturer can select.
Other information displayed on the
label includes light output in lumens,
efficacy in lm/W, power required in W,
correlated color temperature in K, and
color rendering index.
It is important to differentiate the
DOE Lighting Facts label from the FTC
Lighting Facts label. The latter lists
light output (lm), required power (W),
appearance (CCT), presence of mercury,
a lifetime estimate in years (based on 3
hours of usage per day) and energy cost
($/yr based on 3 hr/day, $.11/kWh).
JUNE 2012 15
 funding programs
Albeo Technologies H-Series high-bay luminaire
Koncept Technologies Inc. task lights
Selux Corporation, Corelight-(a Cooper brand), Axis Lighting, and
GE Lighting Solutions linear pendant lights
Lumenpulse, MarulaLED, and Eureka Lighting pendant lights
Selux Corporation recessed linear lighting
Lighting Science Group surface mounted lighting
On-Q Lighting Systems utility lighting.
__________
Lithonia Lighting ST Series luminaire.
Awards were presented at Lightfair International in Las Vegas.
The Next Generation Luminaires competition was created to rec-
ognize and promote excellence in the design of energy-efficient
LED commercial lighting luminaires. By encouraging new designs
and technologies, Next Generation Luminaires aims to increase
market acceptance and awareness of LEDs for general illumina-
tion lighting.
_________
_______________
outdoor lighting | HIGH MAST

LED modules bring energy savings

to high-mast outdoor lighting
While LEDs have pervaded a variety of street- and roadway-lighting applications, most owners of high-
mast lights have stayed with HID lamps. MAURY WRIGHT reports that a Maine case study indicates
significant potential for SSL in the higher-power lights used in places such as freeway interchanges.

W
e routinely cover case studies of
LEDs used in outdoor, street- and
area-lighting applications where
solid-state lighting (SSL) is delivering sig-
nificant savings in both energy and mainte-
nance costs. But repeatedly at conferences
the prevailing wisdom among speakers has
been that the high lumen output required
in high-mast applications would require
SSL fi xtures that cost far more than metal-
halide (MH) or high-pressure sodium (HPS)
sources an even greater cost differential
than is the case with normal street lights.
Presumably the high cost can stretch the pay-
back beyond what municipalities or transpor-
tation departments are comfortable with.
The Maine Department of Transportation
In street-light installations, the light- poles. High-mast applications rely on more of
ing designer normally specifies a rectangu- a circular or square pattern and are designed
lar beam distribution or pattern that directs to distribute light evenly over a maximum-
the lumens precisely and eliminates light spill sized radius or area.
(see www.ledsmagazine.com/features/7/9/8 If you look at legacy lights installed in
for more information on beam patterns). The North America, you can generalize about the
pattern is designed to evenly illuminate the two disparate applications in terms of energy
roadway with maximum spacing between usage. Municipalities typically install 250-
LEDs light walkway and highlight
structure of the Recouvrance Bridge
Residents of Brest, France now enjoy both functional LED ambient lighting and dynamic
SSL architectural lighting on the historic and newly-renovated Recouvrance lift bridge.
Lighting manufacturer LEC Lyon and the Urban Community of Brest collaborated on the

Courtesy: Jean-Yves Guillaume

(MaineDOT), however, is testing LED-based
lights in a high-mast retrofit and the results
are promising.
High-mast lights are quite different in
nature from more typical street or road-
way lights. High-mast fixtures are regu-
larly mounted at 60 ft to more than 100 ft
above ground level and occasionally as high
as 250 ft. Normal street lights are typically
mounted at heights lower than 60 ft, and
many are in the 30-ft range.
The applications for high-mast lights
include installations at transportation ter-
minals, other large, outdoor maintenance or
storage yards, and specialty roadway appli-
cations. The aforementioned freeway inter-
change installations are probably the most
common roadway application, although
The LED-lit Recouvrance Bridge in Brest, France
you will find some high-mast lights within
municipalities in busy areas. project (www.ledsmagazine.com/casestudies/34964).
The city had added a new pedestrian walkway to the bridge. The footpath is now lit
MAURY WRIGHT is the Editor of LEDs with LEC School 5640 luminaires spaced at 3.75m and mounted in the handrail. The
Magazine. LED lights use a low-voltage power scheme ensuring pedestrian safety. And page 20

LEDsmagazine.com JUNE 2012 19

outdoor lighting | HIGH MAST
Global Tech manufactures LED
modules designed for use in high-
mast retrofit applications. The
modules include six clusters of
seven LEDs for a total of 42 Phil-
ips Lumileds LEDs per module
(Fig. 1). Global Tech has devel-
oped customized lenses that
cover each LED cluster to control
the beam pattern. Depending on
the application, as many as four of
the Global Tech modules might be
used to replace a single high-out-
put HID lamp.
Newman is quick to attack the
question of affordability of LEDs
FIG. 1. Global Tech LEDs high-mast retrofi t module.
in the high-mast application. He
laid out a theoretical comparison
400W HPS lights individually on a pole in where the LED alternative dissipates 600W
street-light applications. High-mast instal- while the incumbent lamp is the 1200W HPS
lations regularly gang 2, 4, 6 or 8 1000W HPS lamp and ballast. According to Newman the
fi xtures spaced evenly around a single pole. 600W LED reference case is a very conserva-
tive example, because most likely you would
Potential savings use a lower-power LED configuration.
Clearly there is potential for savings in such The LED approach saves 600W. Based on
high-mast applications. Including the bal- a burn time of 12 hours per night, the sav-
last, a 1000W HPS light actually consumes ings amount to 2628 kWh per year. At a rate
as much as 1200W. LEDs could certainly cut of $0.12 per kWh, that electricity saving
that energy usage. Plus consider the poten- equates to around $315 per year. The price
tial maintenance savings. About high-mast a municipality would pay for the retrofit
light owners, Jeffrey Newman, president would depend on distributor pricing, but
of Global Tech LED, said They have been Newman said that MaineDOT is paying in
replacing lamps once per year. the range of $1200 to $1300 per kit including
________________________________________
_____________________
20 JUNE 2012
from page 19
the LEDs focus all light on the path with no
light pollution.
During the renovation of the bridge we
had decided to implement corbels to achieve
a footpath on each side of the bridge, where
only thin pavements existed before, said
Hubert Le Sech, street lighting manager
at the Urban Community of Brest. At first,
lighting this new area with bollards had
been presented but the fear of vandalism
led us to look at alternatives. LEC proposed
the handrail scheme. Le Sech said, This
innovation seduced us immediately.
LEC Ligny 5635 fixtures provide the
architectural lighting evident on the iconic,
44-mm-high bridge towers. The fixtures
include red, green, and blue LEDs in 4.6m
lightbars. The dynamic lighting requires only
300W per pier. The system will enable Brest
to customize animations for festivals and
events and replaces neon lighting that was
costly in terms of maintenance and energy
usage.
credits supplied by the state. So the payback
is in the four-year range before you consider
maintenance costs, and perhaps a lower-
power LED implementation.
According to Newman, the LED project in
Maine is about more than savings and pay-
back and is focused on keeping the lights on.
He said, They were shutting the lights off at
LEDsmagazine.com
 



   

  

  
  
 
 
    
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__________________________________
 Bismuth
LOW MELTING
SOLDERS

11 pm at night because of the expense. The FIG. 3. An LED-based high-mast pole in

LED retrofit will allow the lights to burn all Waterville, Maine.
night, although the long-term plan may also
entail dimming the lights late at night. tively simple. Typically high-mast lights are
mounted in such a way that cables can be
Maine Interstate 295 used to lower the fi xtures to ground level
Ron Cote with MaineDOT said that he was as opposed to requiring a bucket truck for
doubtful that an LED-based product could service (Fig. 2). Cote said it typically takes
serve in the high-mast application when about 20 minutes to lower a set of lights and
Global Tech first approached the state. But another 20 minutes to raise the fi xtures back Available as:
after seeing the modular approach, MaineDOT up the pole once service is finished. He said
retrofitted one high-mast pole with the Global it also takes workers about 20 minutes per
Tech modules eight months ago. Cote reports fi xture to install the retrofit.
that the retrofitted fixtures on the pole have MaineDOT is able to afford to burn the
been problem free. LED lights all night. Cote said that the SSL
The LED kits replaced 1000W HPS lamps. retrofit is delivering about 66% in energy sav-
The project used four of the Global Tech mod- ings. The energy cost per freeway interchange
ules in place of the 1000W lamps. Each mod- has dropped from $800 to $266 per month.
ule dissipates 98W for a total of 392W per The lights are also superior in terms of Bismuth
fi xture. The retrofit relies on a
metal mounting plate with four
holes for the modules, and the
plate is attached to the reflec- Learn more:
http://indium.us/F302
tor of the existing fixture.
Once installed Cote said
that the LEDs provide 1 fc at
ground level out to a distance
of 200-300 ft. He said, Up until
now, there hasnt been an LED
fixture that could touch the
light distribution of HPS. But
Cote said that the installed
LEDs are providing compara-
ble performance.
After testing the one pole,
MaineDOT is retrofitting eight
additional poles at two free- www.indium.com/bismuth
way interchanges. Cote reports askus@indium.com
that the retrofit process is rela-
ASIA CHINA EUROPE USA

FIG. 2. Workers retrofit a 2012 Indium Corporation

lowered high-mast fi xture.

LEDsmagazine.com JUNE 2012 23

 outdoor lighting | HIGH MAST

poles the entire high-

mast inventory along I-295.
Moreover the department
may consider dimming the
lights for five to six hours
each night to further reduce
energy consumption.
Newman estimates that
with dimming the energy
savings could stretch to 80%.
Global Tech uses a combina-
tion of a custom microcon-
troller (MCU)-based con-
trol circuit on each module
along with a modular Phil-
ips Lighting driver. The
MCU can dim the lights to
any level required. The MCU
bases the dimming opera-
tion on the photocell that is
already used on each pole to
turn the lights on. Newman
said a typical scenario is
what he calls 561. Five hours
after the lights come on, the
MCU dims the lights. The
lights remain dimmed for
six hours and are brought
FIG. 4. LED high-mast lighting (top) compared with HPS
Light Controller LW back to full brightness for
high-mast lighting (bottom).
one hour.
Lighting Solutions for Newman said Global Tech
Indoor Applications quality. Fig. 3. shows one of the Maine LED has also developed a wireless control net-
high-mast lights. Cote said the broad-spec- work that can optionally be installed in the
 64 addresses/16 groups trum light and 5000K CCT provide better retrofit modules. For now, MaineDOT is not
 For installation in visibility. Before and after photos werent installing modules with wireless support.
distribution boards available for the Maine installation. But Fig. Cote said that MaineDOT will likely test
 Manual configuration 4 shows LED and HPS high-mast lights from dimming at a single interchange in the next
a Global Tech project at a Florida shipping phase of the project. The department will
 With wireless technology
container terminal. then seek input from the public and other
(EnOcean)
The energy-conservation-oriented Effi- interested parties on the light levels.
ciency Maine organization also commented The savings potential of LEDs on the Maine
on the quality of the SSL retrofit. I went by interstate system is significant. Cote said that
oducts:
CS Indoor Pr
Additional Li the Waterville exits this morning on the way the state spends $750,000 annually on inter-
S
ntroller L and in, said Michael Watson, project engineer at state highway lighting. Not all of the lighting
 Light Co
Efficiency Maine. The Kennedy Memorial is high-mast. But Cote thinks the state could
 Extender sors
Motions Sen Drive exit is done, all four towers have the definitely save a third of the total just through
 Light and
LED fi xtures and it looks great.They also had a move to LEDs on high-mast poles.
one done at the Main Street exit and what a MaineDOT also expects to realize signif-
difference it makes compared to the HPS fi x- icant maintenance savings, although they
www.vossloh-schwabe.com tures.The LEDs really light it up nice. havent projected a figure. Cote said, how-
ever, that they were expecting 50,000 hours
Controls and dimming of life from the LEDs. That would certainly
Looking forward, Cote said that MaineDOT curtail the maintenance cycles for replac-
is contemplating a retrofit of 108 additional ing HPS lamps.

24 JUNE 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

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lighting | RETROFITS

GE LED lighting improves safety while reducing

energy cost at Marriott headquarters
An LED lighting retrofit at Marriotts headquarters has delivered notable savings in energy use, but it
is the improvement in employee safety that one cannot put a price on, explains LAURA PETERS.

M
arriott Internationals 900,000- ft2 lighting situation because they had primar- now lit by more than 230 Evolve LED area
(83,600 m 2) headquarters located ily a metal-halide system that hadnt been lights, while the parking deck has nearly
in Bethesda, MD, has installed re-lamped in over five years. 400 Evolve LED garage light fi xtures (Fig.
LED lighting from GE Lighting Solutions Marriott purchased outdoor LED light 2), several Evolve LED tunnel lights and effi-
throughout the facility. The complete indoor fi xtures from three vendors and compared cient GE T8 fluorescent lamps. Collectively,
and outdoor lighting upgrade has provided a their performance for a year. We preferred a 280W reduction per outdoor lighting fi x-
66% reduction in energy usage for the light- the output and uniformity of GEs Evolve LED ture is expected to reduce electricity use by
ing system. Each year, Marriott expects to lighting, said Young. GE performed a com- 580,000 kWh/yr, equating to $70,000 in util-
use 860,000 kWh less
of electricity and will
save $120,000 in com-
bined energy and main-
tenance costs.
However, it is the bet-
ter quality of lighting
and the fact that light-
ing controls and motion
detectors have been tied
into the companys sur-
veillance system that
has improved the safety FIG. 1. Surveillance camera shot of the employee parking area before (left) and after (right) the LED
of the 3000 employees lighting upgrade shows the light-output level and distribution improvement.
on the premises.
The real payoff came
that first night we turned the lights on. The prehensive lighting audit of our existing sys- ity cost savings.
light output was so much better than what tem, provided photometric analysis with Our LED area lights consume between
we had previously the color, the distribu- 3D renderings of the new system, and fore- 97W and 220W and were designed to replace
tion of the light I knew we had made the casted our energy and maintenance savings. traditional 400W to 1000W high-intensity
right decision, said Jim Young, vice presi- GE excelled as both a trusted strategic con- discharge systems that can spill and waste
dent, corporate facilities for Marriott Inter- sultant and solutions provider, added Young. light, said Steve Briggs, vice president of
national, Inc. Security and energy savings were top pri- product management and marketing for GE
orities when considering new lighting to Lighting Solutions.
Parking lot and garage safety cover the nearly two million ft2 (45 acres) of Veit explained that in the garage area,
The parking lot and garage were dim and parking and garage space at Marriott head- roughly 150 motion sensors are in place.
poorly lit and Marriott executives started to quarters (Fig. 2). Veit explained that the So at 2 am, if motion is detected, the lights
get complaints from employees who worked outdoor area included around 400 metal- that are currently dimmed to around 30 per-
late and came in early, explained Sean Veit, halide fi xtures and 200 mercury-vapor fi x- cent will automatically raise to 80 percent
associate product manager of GE Lighting. tures. The ballasts of the mercury-vapor light output level. Th is is tied into the secu-
They knew they had to address their lamps had been legislated out in 1998 or rity system, so a camera will instantly show
1999, so a lot of rewiring was required on the security guard whether there is a deer in
LAURA PETERS is the Senior Technical Editor those fi xtures, but the decision was made to the garage or if something is going on that
of LEDs Magazine. go to nearly all LED. The outdoor lots are he should know about. That was a function-

LEDsmagazine.com JUNE 2012 27

FIG. 2. More than 230 Evolve LED area lights and 400 Evolve LED garage lights illuminate Marriotts 2-million-ft 2 lot and
garage.

ality that Marriott was very excited about. day to day maintenance and the yearly cost used a combination of halogen lamps, CFL
Before and after photos taken with the secu- associated with replacing ballasts or lamps lighting and a dimming system. The audi-
rity camera (Fig. 1) show the improved light when they went bad, he said. Then we all torium had insufficient light levels for their
output and distribution in the parking lot. agreed on what percentage would be saved needs and they were reluctant to implement
The corporate sign that welcomes visitors with the new LED lighting system, because no traditional LED lighting because of con-
to the Marriott headquarters had a prob- system requires zero maintenance. cern over glare with the relatively low ceil-
lem with moisture penetration, which often The headquarters has eight floors, which ing height, said Veit. In addition, while the
shorted out the ballast and led to frequent is lined with hallways containing artwork halogen lights could be dimmed, the CFLs
repairs. GE installed its Tetra PowerStrip LED lit by halogen track lighting. GE replaced could not. The lighting retrofit was able to
lighting to remediate this reliability issue. approximately 1000 65W incandescent bulbs utilize the existing dimming system while
In addition to its parking lot and garage with 7W LED PAR20 lamps in all hallways installing 140 GE 12W LED BR30 lamps
lighting, Marriott coordinated with Mont- (Fig. 4). The 58W difference will deliver a with plastic shrouds that control glare. The
gomery County government officials to
replace 32 180W metal-halide street lights
along the road that serves its headquarters
and neighboring companies. With the ini-
tial cost of GEs 106W Evolve LED Roadway
Cobrahead fixtures covered by Marriott,
the county will realize an energy savings of
using 10,000 fewer kWh each year or $1200
in annual energy savings.

Indoor LED retrofits

As with the outdoor area, all of the indoor
LED retrofits were 1:1 replacements for
existing bulbs. But when it comes to the
bottom line, Young stated The unspoken
thing we are very excited about is the main-
tenance and labor savings. He described
how scaffolding had to be constructed once
a year from the basement level to the sec-
ond floor to replace the twelve 90W bulbs
in the atrium area (Fig. 3), a task that was
performed on the weekends. The company
replaced the bulbs with 20W LED PAR38 FIG. 3. In the atrium, special scaffolding from the basement to second-fl oor ceiling
lamps that are rated for 50,000 hours, which was needed to replace the lamps at a cost of nearly $3000. Replacement with 20W
could allow the company to avoid the use of LED PAR38 lamps allows 24/7 operation for up to 7 years.
scaffolding for up to seven years.
Veit explained that the calculation of nearly $18,000 savings (150,000-kWh) in auditorium now has higher light levels, is
maintenance savings was a combined effort electricity expense over 261 working days. fully dimmable and saves $2300 annually
between Marriott and GE Lighting personnel. Veit described the challenge of providing in energy cost.
They were able to look at invoices from their improved lighting in the Marriott audito- In the buildings lower level, a combina-
contractors to calculate the yearly spend in rium, which has a 12-foot ceiling and had tion of 44-ft and 14-ft fluorescent fi xtures

28 JUNE 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

 Fortimo LED Systems
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 lighting | RETROFITS

FIG. 4. GE replaced one thousand 65W halogen bulbs with 7W

LED PAR20 lamps in all hallways.

were replaced with 72 GE Lumination 22-ft recessed LED troffers

(www.ledsmagazine.com/ news/9/3/13). When illuminated, the fi x-
tures produce even illumination. While off, they appear free of a
light source and provide a soft glow. The replacement produced a
dimmable, more elegant and uniform look in the companys lunch-
room and day-care area.

Conclusions
Marriotts comprehensive LED update at its headquarters was per-
formed over a 14-month period and has decreased annual electric-
ity use by 66% (680,000 kWh outside, 180,000 kWh inside), reducing
energy expense by an estimated $104,000. Maintenance mitigation
will yield an additional $210,000 savings over the next decade for a
total return exceeding $120,000 a year. To offset the upfront cost,
Marriott is receiving $50,000 in rebates from the local utility pro-
vider and $70,000 in EPACT (accelerated depreciation) savings. The
payback period should be slightly more than two years.
Marriott received LEED Gold certification in 2010, which the
company stated followed three years of work on its 30-year-old
building. Efforts such as the LED lighting upgrade have contrib-
uted to the maintenance of its LEED certification and ongoing
efforts to reduce its energy consumption year-over-year.
______________

LEDsmagazine.com
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show report | LIGHT+BUILDING 2012

LED lighting quality shines

at Light+Building
A few years ago, visitors to the Light+Building trade fair had to search quite hard to
find high-quality examples of LED lighting fixtures. But this year, LED lighting was
everywhere, and the focus has shifted towards lighting quality and reliability, rather
than looking primarily at efficiency. OLEDs were very much in evidence as well,
and seem poised to have a strong impact in the next few years. Many companies
had exhibits with themed application areas demonstrating the benefits of using
LEDs in retail, or hospitality, or residential environments, for example rather than showing products
in isolation. More than 196,000 visitors attended the event, and in this article we look at a small
selection of the products on show. For more facts and figures, and more pictures, see
www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/4/24.

LED fi xtures for outdoor area and roadway lighting were a common sight at
Light+Building, but some companies have taken things further and built very
large and powerful floodlight systems using LEDs. One example was Optogan's
sports-field illumination system (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/4/20), built
by AAALux, which consumes up to 1700W with an output of up to 187,000
lm. Elsewhere, ewo showed its F32 high-mast floodlight (pictured), which has
already been trialed at an airport in Germany. Power consumption fell by 46%
compared with conventional fi xtures (www.ledsmagazine.com/press/34989).

32 JUNE 2012
 Although still primarily a curiosity,
rather than mainstream lighting
tool, OLED technology is improving Many companies used mocked-up retail lighting scenarios
rapidly. Osram said that since 2010 to illustrate the capabilities of LED lighting, particularly for
their OLED modules have doubled in high color rendering of foodstuffs or clothing. Japan-based
brightness and efficiency, but have manufacturer Endo had a side-by-side comparison of LED
also halved in price. Both Osram downlights and conventional lamps. The LED-lit store had an
(left) and Philips (right) used OLED illuminance of 4646 lux at a power consumption of 411.5W, while
luminaires to provide centerpieces for conventional lamps resulted in a lower illuminance of 3774 lux
their exhibition stands, with the latter with almost 2.5 the power consumption at 1019W. Interestingly,
company using some interesting the UV intensity was 0.012 mW/cm2 for the conventional
triangular-shaped modules. approach, versus zero for the LED scenario.
LG Chemical had several rooms lit
with OLEDs, and also exhibited Revel
and Kindred OLED luminaires (www.___
ledsmagazine.com/features/8/7/18)
________________________
from Acuitys Winona Lighting. LGs
latest OLED panels have an efficacy
of 60 lm/W.
Verbatim showcased its color-
tunable OLED technology (www.___
ledsmagazine.com/press/34896),
______________________
while Novaled, via its Liternity brand,
exhibited a number of high-end OLED
luminaires including its Victory desk
lamps (www.ledsmagazine.com/
features/8/10/13).
____________

Some lighting companies invest a small

fortune in Light+Building a giant LED
floor was just part of Italian lighting
manufacturer iGuzzinis booth.

JUNE 2012 33
 show report | LIGHT+BUILDING 2012

The Zhaga logo was seen widely at Light+Building, with at least

25 companies showing interchangeable LED modules that are
compliant with Zhagas ever-growing series of specifications (www.
___
ledsmagazine.com/press/34858).
______________________ Zhaga is a global consortium
of over 180 companies, and its specifications for LED-module
interfaces are intended to enable easy LED-module integration
into luminaire designs and to reduce overall system-design cost.

However, some companies using the Zhaga logo claimed erroneously
that their products were Zhaga-certified while in fact the
qualification procedures, including the relevant measurement labs,
are not yet in place, except for the Book 3 specification. Even so,
the widespread of adoption of Zhaga specs looks set to increase
over the next few years. For example, GE introduced a full range
of Infusion LED modules designed according to the Zhaga Book 5
specification for Socketable Light Engines with Separate Electronic
Control Gear (www.ledsmagazine.com/press/34852). Elsewhere,
Osram showed its Prevaled Core Z2 LED module that is built
according to Zhaga Book 3 Spot LED Light Engine with Separate
Electronic Control Gear (www.ledsmagazine.com/press/34861).
Megamans stand featured an 8m-diameter
reflective dome (www.ledsmagazine.com/
press/34960).
_________ Many of Megamans lamp
products are built around reflector technology,
which provides accurate and effective beam
control with little shadowing, says the company.
The dome was lit from below by four lamps
containing the companys new Tecoh MHx
module (pictured). This module occupies the
same space as a G12 ceramic metal-halide
(MH) lamp plus holder assembly, and offers a
true alternative to a 35W MH lamp, says the
company. The module has an array on each side
Chip-on-board (COB) LEDs were of the capsule head and is designed to fi t into
displayed by a large number of LED an existing reflector.
makers, including Nichia, Bridgelux, Sharp
and Citizen. The latter company showed its
CLL050-1825A1, which has an output of
9890 lm at 120 lm/W and 5000K, although
the typical CRI Ra is a low 65. The 3000K
version, with an Ra of 80 minimum, yields
almost 8000 lm at 97 lm/W. The diameter
of the emitting area is 32.8 mm. Osram Opto
showcased its new Soleriq E series, which
are the companys first COB LEDs (www.
___
ledsmagazine.com/products/34952).
_______________________ In
keeping with recent trends, Osram presented
performance data for these COB arrays at
both 25C and 85C. Meanwhile, companies
such as BJB and Molex showed connector
products that have been matched to some
of the different COB arrays in the market.
The photo shows Molex connectors for
Citizen arrays (www.ledsmagazine.com/
products/34958).
___________

34 JUNE 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

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show report | LIGHT+BUILDING 2012

The LED industry has seen a wide range

of designs for retrofit lamps, ranging
from designer models to junk built
from multiple 5-mm LEDs. The Bulled
range from Ledo LED Technologie GmbH
is in the former category, and priced
accordingly. Rather than having a
uniformly-lit envelope, the lamps contain
individual LEDs that are either integrated
into the finned heatsink, or mounted on
finned cones or star-shaped extrusions.
The goal in each case is obviously
enhanced thermal management. The
2800K lamps have a beam angle of 330
degrees and a typical CRI Ra of 90. They
were billed as being the equivalent of
60W incandescent lamps, although their
light output is only 700 lm (the European
Commission stipulates 806 lm as the
threshold to claim 60W equivalence).

The focus of Hall 5.0 at Light+Building was lighting for public
places, with LED fi xtures now at the forefront where in previous
years they had been something of an afterthought for some
companies. Many innovative LED fi xture designs emphasized
the opportunities available due to the use of multiple LEDs
versus a single conventional lamp. None were more striking
than the Aeroblades series from Cree, in which LEDs are
mounted onto streamlined blades either 2, 4 or 6 per fi xture
(www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/4/3). Keith Bradshaw of
Spiers+Major, a firm that helped design the product, said the
goal was to make it look like it could only have been designed
using LEDs and this is certainly the case when the luminaire
is viewed from above or below. Cree also unveiled its new XSP
outdoor fi xture, which includes advanced optics and other
features (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/4/11).

36 JUNE 2012 LEDsmagazine.com


Jenoptik, a German company best known as an optics
specialist, showed a range of LED fi xtures for high-bay
applications such as warehouses and sports halls. The
Lucid series is available with optics producing either a
circular (60) beam pattern, or an oval (30/60) shape
suitable for corridors. The fi xtures are constructed from
boards that contain hundreds of LEDs, with each LED
comprising three blue chips coated in phosphor. The
secondary optic for each LED is built into a single sheet of
material that is placed over the LED board. The IP66-rated
fi xture consumes 105W (including power supply) and
has integrated temperature control to avoid accidental
overheating.
Among the noticeable themes was a shift in
emphasis from energy efficiency to lighting quality,
as lighting companies realize that end users require
more than simply saving money through reduced
energy consumption and maintenance savings. One
particularly impressive statement was made by UK-
based Projection Lighting, who claimed that they
would guarantee the quality and quantity of light.
Specifically this guarantee stated that luminaires will
exhibit no noticeable color shift, and a maximum of
5% lumen loss across the installation after 5 years.
Projection is able to achieve this level of control
through the use of Xicato remote-phosphor LED
modules, and (in some cases) lightweight passive
cooling systems from FrigoDynamics.
LEDsmagazine.com
LEDs and OLEDs were all over Light+Building, but
other new lighting technologies were also on view.
One example was high-efficiency plasma, exhibited
by companies such as UK-based Ceravision, which
is targeting the very-high-power applications. But
the most surprising inclusion was laser-based
white lighting, which was exhibited by Toshiba
alongside many examples of LEDs and OLEDs (www. ___
ledsmagazine.com/press/34811).
_____________________ Light from a source
containing multiple blue laser diodes is emitted into
an optical fiber, and phosphor downconversion takes
place at the exit end. This approach allows downsizing
of luminaires (since the source is remote) and
improved design flexibility, says the company.
While the LCD-backlighting industry may be moving towards so-
called chubby TVs, thin is in for lighting fi xtures. Many companies
exhibited square or rectangular fi xtures designed to be wall- or
ceiling-mounted. While OLED technology may ultimately dominate
the planar lighting segment, for now various LED-lit approaches
are being used. Both GE and Fern-Howard (www.ledsmagazine.
com/press/34977) displayed products that combine LED edge-
lighting with microlens technology licensed from Rambus. GEs
Lumination range (www.ledsmagazine.com/products/34987)
includes suspended fi xtures that are transparent when switched
off. Meanwhile, Zenaro Lightings Axenia LED panel has a mounting
height of only 9.5 mm and with dimensions of 595595 mm
or 620620 mm is designed for standardized, commonly-used
grid ceilings (www.ledsmagazine.com/press/34781). The light
output is up to 4450 lm. Sharp showed a different approach to
planar lighting, which it called flatter. This involves direct LED
backlighting with a small number of LEDs placed beneath a plastic
sheet containing a complex pattern of holes (see photo there are
four LEDs beneath this sheet). When a diffuser sheet is placed on
top, the result is uniform light distribution from the whole surface.
JUNE 2012 37
__________________________________
lamps | LED MR16 S
Are MR16 LED lamps ready
for the 50W-halogen switch?
The MR16 LED lamps face certain transformer and dimmer compatibility issues. Still, major lamp
manufacturers have introduced 50W halogen equivalents in 8-10W LED lamps and feel the lighting
market is ready to make the switch, reports LAURA PETERS.
O
f all the retrofit lamp sockets, the
MR16 is one of the most ubiquitous,
accounting for perhaps one billion
sockets around the world. The multifaceted
reflector (MR) lamp, very compact in size, is
used in retail and hospitality environments,
museums and homes, providing everything
from narrow spotlights to floodlighting. But
halogen MR16s are inefficient.
For this reason, MR16 LED lamps, with
their high efficacies and long lifetime offer a
very attractive alternative to halogen MR16s,
with their low efficacy of 15 lm/W and short
lifetime of approximately 1000 hours.
However, the use of MR16 LED lamps in
existing sockets is less than straightforward.
The user, whether a commercial lighting pro-
fessional or homeowner, must understand
the compatibility issues associated with
plugging in an MR16 lamp and its interac-
tion with existing transformers and dim-
mers. While all Energy Star qualified MR16
LED lamps are provided with a list of com-
patible dimmers and drivers, from a con-
sumer standpoint, this level of complexity
in purchasing a lamp can be limiting.
Moreover, due to its very small form fac-
tor, MR16s are subject to thermal manage-
ment issues, so the LED junction tempera-
ture must be kept in an acceptable range to
maintain lumen output and color quality,
and it must be used in a fi xture that allows
heat to be dissipated.
The two greatest challenges in solid-
state lighting retrofits today are MR16 and
GU-10, said Matt Reynolds, global IC appli-
cations manager at Texas Instruments. He
LAURA PETERS is the Senior Technical Editor
of LEDs Magazine.
LEDsmagazine.com
is referring to the two forms in which
MR16 lamps are offered: with GU-5.3
pins and powered by a transformed
low-voltage AC input, or the sec-
ond powered directly from the AC
main voltage (120V in US, 240V in
rest of world) through GU-10 pins.
Commercially-available MR16s
This article discusses the low-volt-
age MR16 LED lamps, the most
recent of which have been intro-
duced as replacements for 50W hal-
ogen bulbs, and some of which have
been certified by Energy Star. LED
MR16 lamps are commercially available
from companies including GE Lighting,
LEDnovation, Lighting Science Group, FIG. 1. Sylvania's ULTRA MR16 provides
Osram Sylvania, Philips Lighting and oth- a center beam candle power of 2325 cd
ers, with some of the more recent offer- and 67 lm/W at 25 beam angle and
ings shown in Figs. 1-3. In addition, a start- 8W of power (Photo courtesy of Paul
up company, Soraa, has designed an MR16 Piccone).
lamp based on GaN-on-GaN LEDs (www. ____
ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/18) and it has put. Energy Star certification requires ANSI-
told LEDs Magazine that its MR16 LED lamp standard dimensions and base, >40 lm/W
will be commercially available in 3Q 2012 efficacy, minimum CRI of 80, R9 greater than
(see sidebar, p. 42). 0, 70% maintenance of lumen output after
MR16 LED lamps are typically supplied 25,000 hours, and specific values for center-
with beam angles of 15, 25 or 36 and CCTs beam intensity based on 25W, 35W and 50W
of 2700K, 3000K, 3500K or 4000K. The main halogen equivalents. In addition, the change
limitation has been with thermal manage- of chromaticity from the lamps specified
ment, where we needed to combine high level over the lumen-maintenance period of
lumen output in a very compact form fac- 6000 hours must be within 0.007 on the CIE
tor, said Ellen Sizemore, product marketing 1976 (uv) diagram. Additional requirements
manager for Osram Sylvania. She added that can be found at the Energy Star website.
meeting Energy Star requirements is critical A report that tracks the commercial avail-
as well so that utility rebates are accessible. ability and competitive positioning of MR16
The directional MR16 lamp performance is LED and other retrofit lamps is available from
characterized by its center-beam intensity at Strategies Unlimited. The market research
its specified beam angle as well as lumen out- fi rm stated that worldwide revenues from
JUNE 2012 39
lamps | LED MR16 S
MR16 sales was $259 million in 2011, with 20
million units sold. Most of these units were
sold through professional channels for use in
the retail and hospitality sectors.
Real 50W-equivalent performance
Over the last several years, many companies
have announced LED MR16 lamps, claiming
that they perform equivalently to 50W halo-
gen bulbs in center-beam intensity and lumen
output. For instance, a 50W halogen equiv-
alent should perform in the 600-lm range
with an intensity of 2400 cd at a beam angle
of 25. However, testing by the US Department
of Energy (DOE) in the Caliper program has
indicated that only in the past year or so have
some MR16 LED lamps begun to achieve true
50W-equivalent center-beam intensity mea-
sured in center-beam candle power (Fig. 4).
Fit, form, function
According to the ANSI C78.24-2001 speci-
fication, the lamp diameter of the MR16 is
16/8-inches or 2 inches (50.7 mm) and the
length is also 2 inches (50.5 mm), leaving
very limited space for the lamp electronics
and optics. In addition to creating drivers
that fit in the very small base of the lamp,
retrofit-lamp manufacturers must choose an
optic or reflector that is sized accordingly.
Sizemore stated that from an optics perspec-
tive, broader beam angles in the 25 or 36
range are less challenging within the small
form factor of the MR16 to design than the
narrow-beam angles in the 10 or 15 range.
Mike Bean of Carclo Technical Plastics
further elaborated on this point, explain-
ing that physics dictates the correlation
between the source size, size of the optic
and the emitting beam angle that can be
achieved. For instance, if you have a 5-mm
diameter LED source and an appropriate
30-mm-diameter total internal reflection
(TIR) optic, you can achieve, for instance,
a 20 beam angle. If, on the other hand, you
double the source size to 10 mm and still
want the beam angle of 20, youd have to
double the size of your optic to 60 mm,
which would exceed the diameter of the
lamp. Arrow developed an MR16 reference
design last year using off-the-shelf compo-
nents to demonstrate a multi-vendor, mul-
tidisciplinary approach to MR16 design.
The design nearly met Energy Star speci-
40 JUNE 2012
FIG. 2. Lighting Science Groups Definity MR16 HO Series lamp features a center-
beam intensity of 2350 cd at 8W and 25 beam angle.
fications for a 50W-equivalent MR16 lamp
using either TIR optics or reflectors (www.
___
ledsmagazine.com/whitepapers/18).
Multichip LEDs & TIR optics
Many MR16 LED lamp designs begin with
a multi-die LED such as the Cree MT-G,
Philips Lumileds Luxeon S or Luminus
SSM-80. With multi-die LEDs, its much
easier to achieve the chromaticity target
and high CRI because you can mix and
match the slightly different choromatici-
ties of the chips in a single package, Bean
said. He added that by having a compact
source, the optic can be kept more compact
as well. That way, you can minimize the
beam divergence from the source and max-
imize the center-beam intensity.
Bean stated that for MR16 lamps using
such multi-die LEDs, TIR optics work very
well over a specific range of beam angles,
from around 27 to around 50. Above 50,
light begins to reflect off the top of the TIR
optic and it becomes more suitable to use a
reflector instead. Below 27 a larger TIR must
be used or a smaller source (LED diameter <5
mm) becomes necessary.
Transformer & dimmer compatibility
Evan OSullivan, vice president of engineer-
ing at LEDnovation explained the challenge
associated with installing LED MR16 retro-
fits. Existing transformers were designed
for 50W, and some for 75W lamps, not low-
wattage LED lamps. There is nothing wrong
with the transformer design but they were not
created with LED lamps in mind. Companies
designing LED MR16 lamps spend a lot of time
working with the transformer companies on
compatibility testing and LEDnovation, for
instance, has created intellectual property
in this area. LED MR16s are low-wattage
lamps with an integral power supplies and
the transformers were designed to drive a
resistive lamp with no power supply.
The transformer, whether an older mag-
netic transformer or newer electronic low-
voltage transformer (ELVT), which is really
a switching converter circuit, steps down
the voltage from line voltage to 12V AC.
Because these transformers are installed in
lamp housings inside walls and ceilings, LED
MR16s must be compatible with the existing
transformers, as explained in the recent arti-
cle, Low-voltage LED lamps present unique
driver challenge (www.ledsmagazine.com/
features/9/2/10),
__________ which ran in the Febru-
ary 2012 issue of LEDs Magazine. An exist-
ing 50W transformer needs a certain amount
of power being pulled through it to be oper-
ational, and a 50W-equivalent LED MR16
might only require 8W, and thats not when
its dimming, explained Reynolds. He said
this already tenuous issue becomes com-
pounded by the thousands of transformer
types and hundreds of dimmers available.
LEDsmagazine.com
 lamps | LED MR16 S

As mentioned, MR16 LED lamp manufac- environment, whereas restaurant down-

turers that are meeting Energy Star require-
ments provide transformer and dimmer
compatibility information. In addition, trans-
former makers have also begun to introduce
low-load ELVTs, which Reynolds describes as
very similar to the transformers that stepped
down to 10W levels, but these step down to a
5W range and have been described as LED
compatible. However, they use the same
topology, its still a self-resonating half bridge,
but it has a lower minimum load requirement.
The issue is that people are still designing for
a true retrofit environment, so that a given
socket can be compatible with an MR16 LED
lamp, but if someone wants to plug in a hal-
ogen lamp at a later date, that will still work
as well, said Reynolds.
Companies manage compatibility issues
using any variety of approaches. Phil-
ips uses a proprietary technology, essen-
tially extra stages in the circuitry, to trick
the transformer into thinking it is drawing
FIG. 3. LEDnovation EnhanceLite MR16
provides a center-beam intensity of 7360
cd and efficacy of 57 lm/W at 11 beam
angle and 8W operation.
more current than it is. Its still using 7W on
average, but the signal from the transformer
loads more while its drawing, said Andy
Mayo of Philips Lighting.
Dimmer or no dimmer?
Whether dimming is required with MR16
lamps really depends on the application. For
instance, museum spotlights rarely require
dimming, nor do spotlights in a retail
lights may. There are certain regional dif-
ferences in the way retrofit lamps are sold.
In Europe and China, for instance, consum-
ers are generally well aware of whether they
need to specify dimming or non-dimming
products. But in the US, the default, particu-
larly at big-box retailers, has become a pref-
erence for dimmable lamps. At least with
MR16 lamps, the non-dimmable versions
are less complex and costly, but may not be
presented as an option. Consumer education
regarding dimming, along with the general
education that is already being dedicated to
LED lamps and luminaires, seems necessary.
Driver electronics
Finally, in most LED retrofit lamp appli-
cations, one critical component is a large
storage element, the electrolytic capaci-
tor. Some MR16s use an electrolytic capac-
itor and others do not due to the sheer
size. The alternative, a ceramic capacitor,

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lamps | LED MR16 S
leads to audible noise from the capacitor
and potentially soft short, which can lead
to fi re. There are many large and small
companies trying to solve this problem
by using different topologies and different
capacitors. Generally, high-end MR16 solu-
tions work better but they are much more
expensive. Honestly theres nothing on the
market right now that is outstanding, that
meets lumen output requirements with
most phase dimmers, said Reynolds.
Thermal limitations
As LED technology becomes more effica-
cious, it will become practical to manufac-
ture smaller multi-die LEDs with higher
lumen output. For the time being, due to
the small form factor of the MR16, which
cannot dissipate greater than 20W of load,
operating current for existing chips, such
as the MT-G from Cree, must be maintained
close to the binning current, or at 1.1A (Fig.
Soraa to unveil MR16 lamp based on GaN-on-GaN
Soraa, a startup firm based in Fremont, CA,
will introduce a line of MR16 LED lamps
in the 3Q of 2012. The LED lamps will
be available to commercial but not retail
customers. Soraas MR16s will be available in
two color temperatures (2700K and 3000K),
consume 12W of power and are offered with
beam angles of 10, 25or 36. They have
been described as having 50W-halogen
equivalent performance. The 3000K Premium
lamp (shown) has a center-beam candle
power (CBCP) of 2375 cd at 25.
At Lightfair International in May,
Wilem Sillevis Smitt, director of product
marketing at Soraa, provided more
details about the performance of these
MR16 lamps, which are based on gallium
nitride on gallium nitride (GaN-on-GaN)
LEDs. Most commercially available LEDs
use GaN epitaxy on sapphire or silicon
carbide substrates. Soraa claims that GaN
epitaxy on GaN substrate wafers are a
manufacturable method for LEDs.
Smitt gave three reasons why the
GaN-on-GaN approach produces better
performance in lighting. The LED material
has up to a 1000-fold reduction in
42 JUNE 2012
Intensity (cd) better way to design the
8000 lamps, optimizing every-
7000 thing from the LED out,
50W
6000 equivalent he said. We spend a lot of
5000 time on the heat sink, not
35W
4000 equivalent just the outside structure.
3000 As a result, LEDnovation is
2000 20W going away from the famil-
equivalent iar aluminum high-sur-
1000
0 face-area finned approach
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 to a completely new design
Beam angle ()
for MR16 and PAR lamps.
FIG. 4. Energy Star criteria for center beam intensity as a Lighting Science Group
function of beam angle for 20W, 35W and 50W halogen- has also gotten away from
equivalent LED lamps. a traditional heat-sink. We
do not use run-of-the-mill
5) (www.ledsmagazine.com/features/9/2/3). heat sink material in our MR16 LED lamp,
OSullivan said that because of the MR16s said David Henderson, chief development
thermal, electronic and form-factor limita- officer at Lighting Science Group. He added
tions, its really better to design the lamp that the companys heat sink is designed to
from the ground up. What we have found achieve air flow around the LED board.
using simulation and empirical data is a For years, Philips has taken an alterna-
dislocation density compared with layers
grown on sapphire. This means that the
GaN-on-GaN LEDs can be operated at a
much higher current density (around 250
A/cm2) than other LEDs.
The second reason relates
directly to the color spectrum of
the companys high CRI (95) lamp.
This spectrum is closer to the
blackbody curve, said Smitt. He
added that the spectrum is both
broader at higher wavelengths
than traditional LEDs and the
influence of the blue overshoot
portion of the spectrum is nullified. He
said these spectral characteristics allow
Soraa MR16 produces a center-beam intensity
improved color rendering, especially of reds.
of 2375 cd at 25 beam pattern using 12W.
The third reason relates to the
overall beam pattern. MR16 lamps are developed creates minimal spill, soft
characterized by center-beam intensity transitions in lumen output and high center-
and field, which lighting designers consider to-edge color consistency.
as usable lumens. Lumens falling outside Soraa was founded by Shuji Nakamura,
the usable area are referred to as spill. A known for his work in inventing the blue laser
halogen source creates an uneven beam and blue LED, Steven DenBaars, founder of
pattern, with approximately 35% wasted Nitres and James Speck of the University
lumens projected from the top of the lamp. of Californias Santa Barbara College of
Smitt claims the MR16 design that Soraa Engineering.
LEDsmagazine.com
 IMAGINATION COMES IN A WILD ARRAY OF
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lamps | LED MR16 S
tive approach to thermal management in
its MR16 LED lamps by using active cooling
with a fan combined with a traditional heat
sink. The cool air at the bulb face is drawn
in and across the heat sink, then sent back
out through the top of the lamp, said Todd
Manigold of Philips Lighting. He explained
that the lamps lifetime rating depends on
maintenance of the case temperature below
a certain maximum specified level. With
MR16s, as with most of our professional
products, we help people design for their
application, Manigold said.
Next-generation MR16s
Due to the sheer high-volume demand for
MR16 LED lamp replacements, the technol-
ogy will continue to march at a rapid pace
from the LED, electronics, optics and lamp
design perspectives. Energy Star certifica-
tion and DOE Caliper testing has helped
users differentiate between higher and lower
performing products. However, as Philips
LPW efficacy with high-CRI, or CRI above 90,
ut
utp said OSullivan. He added that cer-
ht o MT-G
Lig operating
capacitytain applications demand excellent
Light color rendering, such as in museums.
output,
efficacy
Beyond that, OSullivan indicated
MR16
Thermal System
that another next step would be to
Binning capacity limit Max drive produce an MR16 LED lamp that
current current
(1.1A) 4 amps meets the performance of a 75W hal-
Input current ogen lamp. In the meantime, people
(If, mA) are finding other solutions, such as
using a PAR20 or PAR30 LED with
FIG. 5. The MT-G LEDs in the MR16 lamp should be a different transformer. They would
operated near the binning current due to thermal prefer a one-to-one swap, but the
constraints of the heat sink. (Source: Cree) industry just isnt there yet, he said.
In addition, having only recently
Manigold pointed out, Energy Star is con- achieved the target that had eluded the LED
sidering dropping its label for MR16 lamps industry for so long, the 50W equivalent
due to the myriad of transformer-compat- lamp, most retrofit lamp suppliers are reluc-
ibility issues that users have encountered. tant to put any timeline on that next huge
Meanwhile, Energy Star remains an impor- milestone. Instead, resources appear to be
tant product differentiator. focused on improving the quality of MR16s
I think the next step will be for com- in terms of light quality, consistency, life-
panies to produce 50W equivalent MR16s time and compatibility.
_______________________
 Re or

EA ter ly B
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! 12
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lighting | PERSONALIZATION

Software-based control will personalize

lighting and deliver broad benefits
Programmable systems and software will revolutionize lighting just as it has other technology sectors
says BARRY HAGGLUND. The result will be improvements in productivity and our wellbeing.

T
he lighting industry will be the next the new LED replacement bulbs fit exist- such as iTunes. The photography industry
technology segment revolutionized ing sockets? Will they work properly with was a stable marketplace for a handful of
by programmable digital systems already installed dimmers? Can they inte- well-established incumbents until digital
and software controls. Purpose-designed grate with energy-saving, centralized con- cameras and software-enabled, image-cap-
semiconductors with robust operating sys- trol systems? These are all good questions ture and editing capabilities arrived. Those
tems and programmable power electronics during the early days of market adoption. two industries that were tightly held by a
will unleash the capabilities, many of them few are widely owned
unimagined, that lay waiting in the com- Benefits
and persona lized
ing revolution within the lighting industry. by many. This hap-
Personal Financial
In the future programmable lighting will pened when the value
What we see  Energy efficiency
have a broad impact ranging from a boost shifted from hard-
 Accuracy
in worker productivity to enhanced happi- Visual performance ware to software.
 Productivity
ness and health. In lighting, were
 Safety
We live in a time when change is the only on the precipice of
constant. Technology unlocks new possibil-  Empowerment c omple t e d i g it a l
ities on a daily basis, and the pace of change Lighting How we function  Focus control. Digital con-
 Achievement
is only accelerating. We expect everything trol will not only
 Personal energy
we touch to be just the way we want it, and allow for indiv id-
we all want it differently! In the I world in  Absenteeism
ual lighting devices
which we live today, industry after indus- Non-visual  Morale to be controlled, but
try has already, or will soon need to come biological effects  Employee retention enable communica-
to terms with this new market dynamic. What we dont see  Productivity tion between devices
The convergence and synthesis of multiple and interaction with
Source: Adapted from CIE 2006, Wout van Bommel
new technologies shift market and prod- t he env i ron ment .
uct developments from evolutionary to rev- Control, through an
FIG. 1. A new model defines the impact and benefits of lighting
olutionary. History tells us that only those extremely flexible and
who can quickly and successfully adapt to adaptable interface,
change survive these shifts. The lighting What however, are the real mid to long term delivers endless possibilities for each of us.
industry is next. implications for the lighting industry result- We already see advancements in the
Indeed the unfolding commercial deploy- ing from the arrival of SSL? Are there rele- industry in terms of the methods and gran-
ment of LEDs into general lighting applica- vant examples we can learn from? ularity of control for lighting. Methods of
tions is the beginning of massive changes control include user interfaces for manual
for the global lighting industry. On the sur- Parallels from other industries adjustments and the intelligence necessary
face, we might think that all were doing There are many examples of industries that for automatic adjustments in response to
is deploying a new, energy-efficient light have seen their ongoing technical evolution external factors such as daylight availabil-
source into our existing infrastructure. experience a revolutionary pivot brought on ity, occupancy, or time of day.
And at the leading edge of market adoption by the dominant emergence of digital con- Granularity of control consists of two
for LED-based solid-state lighting (SSL), trol and software-enabled functionality. The distinct elements: the physical axis and the
this simplistic view is somewhat true. Will recorded music industry went from vinyl dynamic axis. The physical axis is the num-
to compact discs fairly smoothly but was ber of fi xtures, and hence loosely the size of
BARRY HAGGLUND is the Chief Technology completely re-shaped by compressed dig- a space, that is controlled by a single control
Officer with Light-Based Technologies. ital music and the onslaught of platforms channel. The dynamic axis represents what

LEDsmagazine.com JUNE 2012 47

lighting | PERSONALIZATION
characteristics of the light can be controlled
within the physical space.
Intuitive interfaces
User-friendly, accessible interfaces brought
on the explosive growth of PCs and then
smart phones. We anticipate that similar
capabilities will unlock new functionality
in lighting. For office workers, control may
come via a desktop computer, or for edu-
cational institutions through a handheld
mobile device for the teacher. Technology
will not only allow manual adjustments,
but automatic ones to deliver desired light-
ing outcomes in the best possible manner.
Much like your computer hibernates to save
energy if not used for a period, so too will
lights turn off without occupants. Lights
will dim when the light coming through
the window becomes more intense, and
even adapt spectral content to suit individ-
ual needs and time of day.
With the physical axis, you will individ-
FIG. 2. A Light-Based Technology
dimmable LED driver and the
programmable SSL controller IC
used in the driver.
ually control each element in a
lit environment, from an entire
building down to a personal work-
space. One example of the benefit
of a more granular physical scale
of control would be in a classroom
where the lights nearer to a window
would dim more in response to bright
sunshine streaming in the window, as Temperature (CCT)
the desks they illuminate receive more which can eventually lead
natural daylight than those farther from to full control of the spectral con-
the window. tent. Such granular dynamic control will
On the dynamic axis, the progression enable fi xtures to replicate natural light,
will move towards a wider range of capa- address user preferences, and potentially
bilities. The coarsest dynamic control is offer other tangible benefits.
simply on or off , followed by dimming of We will see this combination of improved
light levels. More sophisticated dynamics methods and granularity of control deliver
include adjustments to Correlated Color added value across all lighting applications,
_______________________
lighting | PERSONALIZATION

and result in the mass-customization of lighting outputs, or what

we call the personalization of light. Just as your mobile phone auto-
matically detects available networks, your lights, when you enter a
room at any specific time of day will automatically adjust to deliver
your preselected settings of dimming and color temperature.

Advantages of personalized light

The personalization of light will bring benefits to all the stakehold-
ers in a lit environment. Recent research supports an updated model
for our view of lighting, its impact and potential benefits, which can
be seen in Fig 1. Th is framework underpins the value that we see
coming from the personalization of light. The US Department of
Energy (DOE) has projected that employers will see fi nancial bene-
fits from higher employee productivity. The Lighting Research Center
at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute expects improved learning from
students. The Maastricht University Medical Center and Philips
Lighting have published research that indicates medical patients
rest better in a lighting environment that mimics the natural day-
night outdoor cycle (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/11/33) stimu-
lating health and wellbeing.
Metrics exist for what constitutes proper lighting. Traditionally,
lux or foot-candles on a surface and color rendering index (CRI) met-
rics have been widely used. But research documenting the non-visual
effects of lighting and how they combine with visual lighting eff ects
to improve how we function will change how we think about defin-
ing optimal lighting.
The visual impact of light includes the amount and intensity of
light delivered and its color temperature. It comes as no surprise
that task performance suffers if an area is under lit but the qual-
ity of work and the user satisfaction is also affected by the appro-
priateness of the color temperature of the light in the space. As a
result, current lighting control strategies focus on delivering energy
efficiency while maintaining sufficient light to maximize accuracy,
productivity and safety. The intensity of light delivered impacts the
most widely understood aspects of the user experience, but is not
the only aspect.
The non-visual impacts of light in response to fl icker have long
been known. These impacts were first noted with fluorescent lights,
as people reported headaches, eye-strain and other ill effects under
magnetic ballasts, even among individuals who were not able to con-
sciously detect fl icker.

Dynamic lighting research

Recent studies, however, have shown that people significantly
respond to color temperature, spectral content and modulation
of light. The concept of dynamic lighting is based on the natural
light outdoors under which we evolved. Just as the sun changes
color temperature throughout the day, seasons and weather, artifi-
cial light can be adapted to mimic nature. Dynamic lighting influ-
ences human performance metrics through setting our biological ___________________________

clock, and providing non-visual cues that stimulate our brains.

The Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering (Fig. 3), for
instance, has documented positive qualitative reports from subjects
in dynamic lighting tests (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/1/1).

LEDsmagazine.com
FIG. 3. The Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering tested the impact of dynamic lighting that mimics natural light on
workers under programmable LED-based ceiling tiles.
Adjusting the spectral content of light, as
well as its brightness, throughout the day,
and thereby mimicking the natural environ-
ment, will set internal cycles that support
our natural rhythms. The biological clock,
or circadian rhythm, is affected more by the
presence and absence of blue light than any
other portion of the light spectrum. During
the active parts of the day, blue light, around
460 nm, should be present in larger quan-
tities to support hormone production for
alertness and activity. If blue light is then
removed later in the day it will stimulate
a reduction in the hormone cortisol that is
correlated with wakefulness, and begin the
production of melatonin, associated and
required for proper sleep. Proper biological
rhythms are accepted to have positive effects
on cognition, well-being and sleep.
The walls and ceiling of our indoor envi-
ronments must be able to mimic the out-
door environment in delivery of light as
well as spectral content. The center of the
eye is used for what you consciously focus
on, which has driven the traditional focus
of lux on a work surface. The receptors that
influence your circadian rhythm, however,
are more equally distributed throughout
the eye. The delivery of light across a wider
portion of an observers vision will impact
fi xture design and placement.
Human performance metrics that mea-
sure learning, safety and retention capac-
50 JUNE 2012
ity are becoming scientifically proven and
well understood. These studies show that
dynamic lighting will have positive effects
on healing and disease avoidance. Dynamic
lighting translates into better educational
outcomes, more productive workers and
improved health, safety and quality of life.
Delivering personalized light
Though some forward looking devices exist
on the market today, they are predomi-
nantly indicators of the changes contem-
plated above. They are not yet fully inte-
grated or personalized, and there is no
accepted standard operating system. To
date, these early devices make up a very
small portion of the industrys sales and
their adoption issues are still being resolved
while sustainable solutions are being iden-
tified. As early smart phones did not seam-
lessly integrate all the functionality possi-
ble, we expect personalization features will
be rolled out in stages and sooner than
many might think.
What this means for the industry is
that platforms focusing on flexibility will
become dominant. Inputs and outputs will
change over the coming decade, as will the
means of feature implementation. Niches
will emerge that value diff erent parts of
personalization at different stages. This
diverse level of customization will not work
well with the analog solutions used for
most LED drivers to date. Hardware based
systems will give way to fi rmware based
platform solutions that can easily adapt to
a wide range of control, system wide or at
the device level.
As recently as 2009, the DOE was pro-
jecting 140 lm/W efficacy by 2015 for warm
white LEDs. We have achieved this already.
The SSL industry is accelerating beyond
expectations and is now poised to explode,
which will naturally pull forward perfor-
mance and cost target timelines. The com-
munication and control capabilities neces-
sary for the personalization of light exist
today, but in fragmented, costly systems.
Time will tell when various features and
functions will become widely adopted,
but if history repeats itself, we will see the
exciting iteration of user flexibility and cus-
tomization begin in parallel with expanded
programmability. Once this personaliza-
tion of light begins, and it becomes more
commonly understood, it will accelerate.
What is important to note is that,
whether it be the most basic early adop-
tion requirements or the most forward
looking personalization, there are critical
common elements that we have seen before.
Purpose-designed semiconductors with
robust operating systems and program-
mable power electronics will unleash the
capabilities that lay waiting in the coming
revolution within the lighting industry.
LEDsmagazine.com
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components | LED DIVERSITY
LED makers broaden product lines to
match application requirements
While LED makers have consistently delivered efficacy breakthroughs, the industry leaders are
now launching broader product portfolios with varying packages trying to match component
characteristics to specific applications, reports MAURY WRIGHT.
L
uminaire or light-engine designers have
a broader portfolio of packaged LEDs to
choose from than ever before. The main-
stream single-emitter, high-power LEDs offer
greater efficacy than even the most optimis-
tic prognosticator would have predicted a few
years ago. But LED makers are also slicing
and dicing the finished wafers and combin-
ing multiple emitters in a package in a variety
of ways to meet specific requirements such as
a high-input voltage for a simpler driver. At
the other end of the spectrum, manufactur-
ers are leveraging the plastic packages devel-
oped for low-power LEDs for backlighting and
combining lighting-class phosphor technol-
ogy and testing to offer a new approach to
some applications such as linear lighting.
Looking back, the LED offering for general
illumination was quite simple. LED makers
offered relatively-small LEDs in square or
rectangular packages ranging between 1
and 4 mm on a side.
Over the course of the last couple of years,
however, the top manufactures have sig-
nificantly expanded their portfolios. They
have continued to push efficacy, but have
also optimized packages, turned to arrays
of emitters, and delivered many options in
forward voltage.
The impetus for the change has come from
an increasingly fragmented lighting market
with numerous types of end products. Ray
Chock, global segment marketing manager
at Philips Lumileds, said, We are providing
application-specific LED solutions for the
fragmented segments. Still, high efficacy
and low cost are the primary avenue to more
MAURY WRIGHT is the Editor of LEDs
Magazine.
LEDsmagazine.com
SSL uptake and Chock said
that the LEDs in the broader
Lumileds portfolio were con-
ceived trying to optimize sys-
tem efficiency and cost.
Larger LED packages
Lets jump right into a dis-
cussion of larger packages
as an example of the diver-
sity of LED offerings. Osram
Opto Semiconductors recently
introduced the Soleriq E series
(Fig. 1) of LED arrays that come
in 3030-mm and 3636-mm
packages (www.ledsmagazine.
com/press/34952). The series
includes products that range FIG. 1. Osrams chip-on-board Soleriq LED.
from 1500-4500 lm output in a
single package, and efficacy hits 103 lm/W fall that measure 1619 mm, and output 990
in a 4000K CCT model. to 1230 lm. And Cree targets non-directional
Brian Terao, director of SSL products at applications with the XLamp CXA2011 that
Osram, said that the large package with a measures 2222 mm and outputs as much
single optic simplifies the coupling of the as 1040 lm.
source to secondary optics and ultimately
the luminaire design. Terao also said, We Efficacy gains enable smaller die
were looking ahead to comply with a Zhaga But not all of the activity is at the large-
standard. While Zhaga doesn't specify LED end of the package spectrum. Indeed Cree
type, Terao said the Soleriq form factor will kicked of the year announcing the 2.452.45-
simplify the design of some Zhaga-compli- mm XLamp XB-D series (Fig.2) (www.leds-
______
ant modules. magazine.com/news/9/1/16).
__________________ The series
The Soleriq series is based on multichip tops out at 136 lm/W in efficacy and at 139
arrays with the emitters connected in par- lm in output. Increased efficacy, in part,
allel and series with a number of configu- enabled the announcement as Crees main-
ration options. You can choose models with stream single-emitter product family mea-
forward voltage as high as 44V. sures 3.53.5 mm. Cree said at launch that
Other vendors offer components based the XB-D outperformed competitors' 3.53.5
on a chip-on-board (COB) package similar mm products.
to Soleriq. Nichia, for instance, announced The XB-D is targeted at reducing system
the NSBWl110 and NSBLL110 products last cost in applications such as retrofit lamps
JUNE 2012 53
 components | LED DIVERSITY

according to product marketing manager of the fi rst in FIG. 2. Crees XLamp

Paul Scheidt. He said the small size provides
flexibility and simplifies the integration of the
LED with other components such as optics.
Scheidt also said that the LED can be placed
deeper in the neck of a retrofit lamp rather
than at the equator of the globe, thereby pro-
viding better light distribution.
Subsequent to the XB-D launch, Cree
announced the XT-E family that matches
the 3.53.5-mm footprint of the main-
stream XP-E family (www.ledsmagazine.
com/news/9/2/7). The XT-E offers double
the efficacy of the XP-E predecessor, hit-
ting 148 lm/W in cool white. Cree said the
new devices would be priced the same as
the predecessors, although thats a signifi-
cant decrease in dollars per lm.
In addition to efficacy gains, there are
other design elements in single-emitter
LEDs that are application specific. For
example, Lumileds announced the Lux-
eon A series last year. The product was one
t he compa-
nys Freedom
From Binning
program that
includes hot test-
ing and binning within a
3-step MacAdam ellipse.
Lumileds Chock said Luxeon A offers
the best color over angle on the market. The
Luxeon A uses a phosphor plate on top of the
die and phosphor coating on the sides of the
die. Chock said the product is widely used in
professional-lighting applications.
Multichip architectures
Still it's in multichip packages that the man-
ufacturers are offering the greatest diversity
and application-specific features. Chock said
"The flux density goes up with multichip
packages." In actuality, multichip packages
can provide several advantages and in some
cases the packages are small and the flux
XB-D 2.45-mm LED
targets retrofit lamps.
output is low.
For example, Cree announced
a series of what it calls high-voltage
LEDs last year (www.ledsmagazine.com/
news/8/10/34)
________ and followed up recently with
new products in the XT-E and XM-L fami-
lies (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/4/4).
The smaller of the products mea-
sure 3.53.5 mm and all of the
products target small retrofit
lamp applications.
The reason for the multichip
approach is purely related to
driver electronics. There is no opti-
cal benefit to the design, but by using
multiple tiny emitters connected in
series, Cree is able to offer an LED with a
48V forward voltage. For AC-line-powered
applications, that higher input voltage trans-

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lates to a simpler driver because the input volt-
age does not have to be dropped all of the way
to the 3-4V level of a single emitter. Cree tar-
gets the products at small retrofit lamps such
as candelabras.
Lumileds offers the Luxeon H high-volt-
age family for small retrofit lamps. Initially
the company had offered products with
a 53V forward-voltage spec and has
added 96V and 192V models. The
new models combine 4 die and
each die includes 18 emit-
ters. Lumileds builds the die
monolithically and then
electrically isolates the
18 emitters and con-
nects them in series
in the backend of
the chip-manufac-
turing process.
FIG. 3. Philips Lumileds' Luxeon M uses a
multichip array.
Color matching
Moving up in package size, Cree also uses a
multichip architecture in its EasyWhite LEDs
to achieve color consistency. By combining a
number of chips in a single package, Cree can
produce components that, when the light is
mixed, conform to a 2- or 4-step MacAdam
ellipse. The newest products are the MT-G2
LEDs that measure 8.98.9 mm and can
deliver 2100 lm at a 3000K CCT. Cree consid-
ers the products a good match for high-out-
put, directional applications such as retrofits
for halogen lamps. Cree will offer the MT-G2
products in a variety of configurations with
input-voltage options of 6V, 9V, 36V, and 225V.
Lu m i le d s , me a nw h i le , r e c ent l y
announced the multichip Luxeon M family
(Fig. 3) that is designed for maximum light
output and flux density, and outdoor- or
industrial-lighting applications (www.leds-
_______
magazine.com/products/34070).
___________________ The design
includes 4 chips in a 77-mm package, and
can produce up to 1100 lm.
components | LED DIVERSITY
The downside of larger LEDs, however can
come in beam control. In an article about
beam patterns back in 2010, most of the
LED makers contended that smaller point
sources with individual total internal reflec-
tion (TIR) lenses were ideal for maximum
beam control (www.ledsmagazine.com/
features/7/9/8).
_________ Essentially that remains
true. Osrams Terao said, If you need to do
some collimating, a large light source is not
good. But the flux density advantage has
LED makers and luminaire designers work-
ing together to deal with larger sources.
Still, the luminaire designer has a choice.
Lumileds also recently announced the Lux-
eon R that is a single-chip device, and that
also targets outdoor applications. The LEDs
can deliver up to 200 lm and come in a 34.5-
mm package (www.ledsmagazine.com/
products/34943).
__________
Mid-power LEDs
Perhaps the biggest news in the LED
___________
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Strategies Unlimited
MARKET INTELLIGENCE
 

component space is the emergence of a mid-
power class of LEDs that come in plastic
packages and that are derived from low-end
LEDs developed for backlighting, but that
are getting lighting-class treatment from the
_________________
FIG. 4. Osram Duris mid-power LEDs
target linear lighting.
manufacturers. At the Strategies in Light con-
ference back in February, Ella Shum, director
of the LED practice at analyst firm Strategies
Unlimited, characterized mid-power LEDs as
operating in the range of 0.1-0.5W.
Cree, in particular, has been critical of the
use of backlighting LEDs in lighting prod-
ucts. But the company recently announced a
mid-power line as did Lumileds (www.leds-
______
magazine.com/news/9/4/4).
________________ Osram has per-
haps been in the market for the longest time
with its Duris family.
The vendors are spinning similar stories
about mid-power LEDs. The products being
sold into lighting use phosphor technol-
ogy that is more expensive and higher qual-
ity than the phosphor used in backlighting
LEDs. The lighting-class devices are tested
to LM-80 and designed for long life without
lumen depreciation or color shift. We will
___________
components | LED DIVERSITY
see about those claims in time.
A common application for the mid-power
LEDs is linear lighting. Fig. 4 shows an exam-
ple with the Osram Duris devices. About lin-
ear lighting, Terao said People want to see a
nice continuous look. The point is that more
mid-power LEDs spaced closely together cre-
ate more-even light than fewer high-power
LEDs spaced further apart.
The danger of the plastic-package trend of
course is that some lamp or luminaire mak-
ers, especially outside of North America, may
buy the cheapest LEDs possible and end users
may not get a pleasing experience from prod-
ucts that actually use backlighting LEDs.
For the LED makers, the motivation to
offer lighting-class LEDs in plastic packages
is murky. Are customers asking for the prod-
ucts, or are the manufacturers looking to use
fab capacity that has been idled by the slow-
down in the backlight market? As more than
one person has said, you have to run your fab
at capacity to maintain cost.
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MARKET INTELLIGENCE 

dimming | COMPATIBILITY
Understand triac dimmer issues
to ensure compatibility
The lighting industry must overcome differences in lamp load, lack of standards, and legacy wiring
problems to optimally pair a phase-cut dimmer with an LED lamp write MARC GALLO and MICHAEL NEARY.
E
nergy efficiency is driving consum-
ers to replace standard incandes-
cent lamps with LED-based retrofit
lamps. Unfortunately, theyre often finding
that the performance theyve come to expect
for years isnt being achieved at least when
the solid-state lighting (SSL) products are
used with existing triac or phase-cut dim-
mers. Lets consider the dimmer compatibil-
ity problem and the requirements of a uni-
versally-compatible dimmer.
We will discuss three main causes for the
compatibility issues encountered with dim-
mers. Legacy dimmers are not designed for
LED loads. There are no industry standards
that guide performance requirements. And
the existing residential wiring infrastruc-
ture can limit the capabilities of modern
lighting controls.
Current state of lighting
controls and lamps
Today, there are more than four billion
incandescent lamps in US homes according
to the US Department of Energy (DOE). But
recent estimates by Philips Lighting predict
that LED lighting will capture as much as
50 percent of the consumer market by 2015.
While LED and compact fluorescent (CFL)
lamps are drawing market share from incan-
descent lamps due to energy and cost sav-
ings benefits, a problem arises as consum-
ers still need further education about how
these new lamps will work with their exist-
ing incandescent lighting control devices
most specifically, dimmers.
Many consumers have turned to dimmers
MICHAEL NEARY is a Product Line Manager
and MARC GALLO, Ph.D., P.E. is a Senior
Electrical Engineer for Levitons Residential
Lighting Controls business.
LEDsmagazine.com
or automated dimming controls over stan-
dard light switches because dimmed light-
ing can reduce energy use and offer ambi-
ance. The problem, however, is that nearly
all dimmers found in homes today were
designed for standard incandescent lamps.
When using an energy-efficient bulb, the
homeowner generally expects an experience
similar to what incandescent lamps pro-
vide. Although some LED lamps are marked
as compatible with incandescent dimmers,
there are various degrees of what can be
defined as compatible. Dimmable LED
lamps tend to interact quite differently when
used with these legacy devices. A number of
Supply current
Applied line
voltage
FIG. 1. A simple resistor models an incandescent lamp. The input voltage and supply
current to such a load are linearly related.
undesirable results may occur when you use
a dimmable LED lamp with an incandescent
dimmer, including:
Reduced dimming range
Flickering or fluttering of the lamp
Inconsistent performance based on the
number and assortment of lamps being con-
trolled by one incandescent dimmer.
Lets dig deeper into the main causes for
the compatibility issues, and discuss the
solutions the industry is currently offering.
The solutions must meet the current tech-
nological needs while being mindful of both
past and future technological challenges.
Varying loads, mixed results
Although there are applications where LED
lamps will operate with an incandescent
dimmer, in general, an incandescent dim-
mer will provide inconsistent performance
with SSL. A major issue is in the design of
each lamp type. The incandescent lamp by
nature represents a simple resistive load
with a linear response to the dimmer set
point (Fig. 1). Standard incandescent dim-
mers work particularly well with this type of
load by switching on at an adjustable phase
angle after the start of each alternating cur-
rent half-cycle, thereby altering the voltage
waveform applied to lamps. By switching
Input voltage
Supply
current
instead of absorbing part of the voltage sup-
plied, minimal power is wasted, and dim-
ming can occur almost instantaneously.
In contrast, LED lamp loads can vary
greatly across different manufacturers and
designs. But most can be characterized by
a diode-capacitor power supply feeding a
constant current source (Fig. 2). The diodes
rectify the applied AC voltage, allowing it to
charge the storage capacitor, while the LED
elements draw a constant current from the
power supply that is related to the desired
dimming level and brightness.
What makes this type of load significantly
JUNE 2012 59
dimming | COMPATIBILITY

different from incandescent lamps is the each uniquely corresponds with LED driv- mer. UL listing investigation will involve the
non-linear relationship in which the applied ers leading to a wide-range of inconsis- use of the specified electronic ballasts or a
voltage and the current flowing into the load tencies among products. Th is lack of stan- synthetic load exhibiting the same in-rush
are related. In incandescent lamps, as Fig 1 dardization can be seen not only in varying and steady-state characteristics in the over-
shows, the applied voltage across the load characteristics between manufacturers, but load, endurance and temperature tests.
and the resulting current flowing through also by product within some manufactur-
the load are related linearly by Ohms Law ers product lines. Complications arise from Legacy wiring and synchronization
the fact that any given lamp can require a
(V = IR). In this case, the resistance sets the A third major issue that further exasper-
scale, and the current waveform follows the set of electrical and electronic characteris- ates the inconsistency issues among dim-
voltage waveform, differing only by scale. tics current, voltage, amperage and con- mers and lamps is that most of the existing
trol signals that residential wiring infrastructure was built
Supply current are vastly different without a neutral wire at the switch box. The
from any other lamp. absence of the neutral wire is referred to as
LED current
While one lamp may two-wire lighting control while the inclusion
Applied line depends on LED be able to be dimmed of a neutral at the switch box is referred to
voltage brightness/dimming
level
by a particular dim- as three-wire lighting control. The need of
ming device, others supporting two different wiring scenarios
cannot. poses certain challenges that lighting-con-
Efforts to estab- trol designers need to account for in plan-
FIG. 2. The model of a typical LED lamp is significantly more lish a performance ning to control a broader range of lamp
complex than that of an incandescent. standard for solid- types with a single dimmer.
state dimming con- Some dimmers are designed to work with
In LED loads, the applied voltage and trols have been guided by members of the one type or the other only, while some are
resulting current flow are not related by National Electrical Manufacturers Associa- designed to work in both types of installa-
a simple linear relationship. In the diode- tion (NEMA) and other lighting committees. tions. But, for all dimmers, even those that are
capacitor power supply model of the LED NEMA, for example, has developed a stan- designed for both two-and three-wire instal-
lamp, current flows from the applied voltage dard titled SSL 6-20104 which provides guid- lations, there are significant differences in
to the load only when the magnitude of the ance to LED lamp manufacturers for suit- performance between these two installations
applied voltage exceeds the stored voltage on able operation on standard, incandescent, in terms of how the dimmer circuitry is pow-
the power supply capacitor. The stored volt- phase-cut dimmers. However, currently the ered and how the dimmer synchronizes with
age on the power supply capacitor, in turn, NEMA standard does not provide a rating the line voltage. When used to drive incandes-
depends on the current drawn by the LED scale or detail on what is considered com-
elements themselves, which is a function of patible. While serving as a starting point, Input voltage
the LED brightness. these standards are still incomplete and
Therefore, the current flowing from the require additional amendments to ensure Supply
current
supply to the lamp depends both on the complete consistency among dimming
instantaneous value of the input AC voltage devices and lamps.
waveform and the brightness of the LED Under current UL standards, notably UL
lamp. Changing the intensity or dimming 14725, intended to regulate the safety of
level of the LED lamp affects where in the AC dimmers, an LED lamp is categorized as
line cycle the load begins to draw current. an electronic ballast. One notable issue FIG. 3. The supply current to an LED lamp
This inflection point also affects the amount addressed by UL 1472 is in-rush current is not linearly related to the voltage.
of current that surges into the lamp. The which is generated at the start up of many
relationship between these current peaks, LED lamp loads. High in-rush current can cent lamp loads, these differences are mostly
and the times in each line cycle where these result in failure of switch contacts, which is negligible. But, when used to drive LED loads,
current peaks occur, depends non-linearly a safety hazard in many field applications they present significant challenges to stable
on the lamp design, the LED brightness and such as dimmers where the switch is serv- dimming and lighting control.
the set dimming level. ing as the disconnect means. Regardless of the circuit type, all phase-
To evaluate the safety of the combina- controlled dimmers need to synchronize
State of regulatory affairs tion of dimmer and electronic ballasts, UL with the AC line in order to work correctly.
Additional compatibility issues between has taken the systems approach by requir- Without the ability to sense the AC line and
lamps and dimming devices often stem ing dimmer manufacturers to provide infor- its zero-crossings, a phase-controlled dim-
from a lack of dimming performance stan- mation on the intended electronic load (i.e., mer would not detect the correct timing for
dards within the lamp industry and how CFL, LED or electronic ballast) for each dim- switching the AC voltage, and it would lose

60 JUNE 2012 LEDsmagazine.com


its ability to control and dim the lamp load.
The end result is fl ickering and fluttering of
the light output.
Three-wire installations
In three-wire installations (Fig. 4), you have
line, load and neutral wires in the electrical
box. The line wire comes from the AC power
source and supplies power for both the dim-
mer and the load. The load wire is connected
to the lamp load and provides a return path
for the power delivered to the load. The third
wire, the neutral connection, provides the
essential return path for the dimmer even
when the load is disconnected or is in a state
that doesnt draw any current.
The neutral is an important feature of
three-wire installations. It ensures that the
dimmer device has a direct connection to
the AC power source regardless of the state
of the load. This third wire not only ensures
that the dimmer has power to drive its own
internal circuitry even when the load is dis-
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dimming | COMPATIBILITY
Wiring box in series between the line
Line Load
and the load. With only two
Dimmer
control
wires, the dimmer must
eutral rely on the current passing
AC power
source Load through the load to both
Dimmer power and
power its own internal cir-
line sensing has its cuitry and to detect zero-
own dedicated path crossings for synchroniza-
tion with the AC line.
FIG. 4. A three-wire circuit with a neutral wire is now
When LED lamps per-
required in switch boxes and improves dimmer operation.
form poorly with a dimmer,
connected or off , it also provides a clean often times, the blame is
signal of the incoming AC power source for placed on the dimmer circuit. But, more
detection of zero-crossings and synchroni- often than not, the source of the problem
zation with the line. Both of these are essen- really lies in how the LED load current
tial to stable phase-controlled dimming, and differs from the incandescent lamp in two-
are easier to obtain in three-wire designs. wire applications.
If the load current is regular, as is the case
Two-wire installations for incandescent lamps, then stable line syn-
In two-wire devices and installations (Fig. chronization and ample power for the dim-
5), only two wires are present in the electri- mers internal circuitry are both easy to
cal box -- the line wire and the load wire. obtain. With LED lamps, however, the load
In this case, the dimmer is simply placed current is much smaller and much less reg-
 Appropriate instrumentation and
application experience
 Multiple configurations available
for Flux, Irradiance, ILED A/B, Color
parameters, LED parameters etc.
JUNE 2012 61
dimming | COMPATIBILITY
ular, and line synchronization becomes difficult. Similarly, the load
current of LED lamps in their off state can be so small, that even
obtaining a few milliamps to supply the internal dimmer circuitry
can be challenging. Without adequate supply and stable line syn-
chronization, lamp flickering may result.
Code changes
In 2011, the National Electrical Code (NEC) added a requirement
to new installations requiring a neutral wire in all switch boxes.
Although there was strong concern of the additional construction
costs, this requirement was added after twelve years of debate and
effectively addresses advancements in lighting controls that require
a neutral wire for safe and effective operation. Many lighting con-
trol devices require that the switch be provided with standby volt-
age and current at the switch in order to operate.
In the past, many electricians did not include a neutral conduc-
tor at switch locations, and the result was the equipment grounding
conductor being used as the neutral conductor. While the current on
the equipment grounding conductor is typically less than 0.50 mA,
the accumulation of many switches can result in an unacceptable
amount of current on the equipment grounding conductors. With
this change, gone are the days of using dead-end, three-way switches
and two-conductor switch loops.
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62 JUNE 2012
Although the latest NEC requirements include the use of a neu-
tral wire in all new switch boxes, the vast majority of existing instal-
lations, pre-2011, likely do not have a neutral wire present. Under-
standing this, it should be assumed that in all likelihood a homes
system is a two-wire system. Therefore, dimming products intro-
duced into the market must be able to offer not only a three-wire
solution for meeting all the necessary requirements of today's and
tomorrows lighting advancements, but also remain backwards com-
patible to work effectively with all two-wire solutions as well.
Universal dimmers
Early products designed to offer compatibility for both two-and
three-wire installations used an approach that did not derive the
optimal performance from the lamps. The use of basic, low-end trim
adjustments and limited programmability to address the different
loads resulted in less effective solutions. Advancements have been
made, and device manufacturers, such as Leviton, are offering newer
options that better interoperate with and utilize the unique charac-
teristics of LED lamps.
The responsibility for providing consumers with optimal light-
ing solutions falls to both device and lamp manufacturers. Collab-
orative efforts are essential for not only developing new, compatible
devices that meet the changing needs, but to also provide the nec-
essary education to consumers, explaining how the inconsistencies
between current incandescent dimmers and energy-efficient lamps
can affect their lighting experience.
Leviton collaborated with major lamp manufacturers on joint
testing of each companys LED and CFL lamps for the release of the
Levitons Universal Dimmers. As part of the formal product release
for the Universal Dimmers, lamp manufacturers participated in
product evaluation consisting of dimmer performance with spe-
cific lamps. Measurements included dimming range, pop-on voltage,
drop-out voltage, appearance of fl icker, noise and in-rush current.
Understanding the variations among manufacturers and lack of
industry standards, Leviton developed its own internal grading scale
to rate lamp performance a practice that other device manufac-
turers are also adopting. These company-established standards are
subjective based on specific products, and the variances may pose
a problem for designers, installers and consumers. As discussed in
prior sections, now more than ever, the establishment of industry-
wide performance standards is imperative for the lighting and con-
trols industry.
Rigorous testing protocols, however, help ensure that Leviton can
continue to address the market demand for energy efficient light-
ing with sophisticated lighting controls that are compatible with
LED and CFL lamps while remaining backwards compatible with
incandescent lamps.
Dimmer control design
Levitons design team used several techniques to ensure that its
dimmers work with a broad range of lamps. For example, the dim-
mers minimize the supply current requirement of the control circuit.
Having a dimmer control circuit that requires less supply current
means greater compatibility with lower load current applications,
LEDsmagazine.com
 dimming | COMPATIBILITY

such as is typical with LED Wiring box grasp of cost-sensitive designs with tight
lamps. The newest designs power constraints. Utilizing a low-power
employ a micro-power cir- Line Load microcontroller in the dimmer, advanced
Dimmer
cuit design, utilizing low- control software can be set against the difficul-
power control ICs and ties of measuring the AC line cycle with
modern, low-power micro- AC power Load the irregular line currents present in two-
source
controllers. These are the Dimmer power and
wire LED load applications.
essential internal compo- line sensing share load path
and depend on load current
nents that enable dimmer Lessons learned
functionality. The less power As energy efficient lamps continue to pen-
these ICs consume, the more FIG. 5. Legacy installations with two wires makes etrate the lighting market, the availabil-
compatibility the dimmer dimmer operations with LED lamps problematic. ity of new lighting controls that meet the
control circuit will have with specific needs of these lamps is increasing.
LED loads in two-wire configurations. The zero-crossing method still is used in Consumers can take fuller advantage of all
Another important part of a universal older designs because it requires simple cir- of the benefits of the newer, more energy effi-
design is the utilization of advanced line cuitry, it is practical and it works for incan- cient lamps.
synchronizing techniques that resist the descent lamps. Designers, installers and consumers
effects of irregular load currents. In older For LED loads in two-wire applica- should become familiar with the nuances
dimming devices, line synchronization is tions, the simple zero-crossing technique of these energy efficient lamps and educate
accomplished using simple zero-crossing is sometimes not enough. Fortunately, themselves on how they will interact with
detection. This method uses a circuit to advances in microcontroller technology specific dimming controllers to ensure the
detect when the AC line voltage switches have made putting advanced synchroniza- maximum benefits of energy savings and
polarity and crosses the zero voltage point. tion algorithms and approaches within the ambiance are achieved.

PRODUCT showcase TO PROMOTE YOUR PRODUCT HERE, PLEASE CONTACT MARY DONNELLY
AT maryd@pennwell.com, JOANNA HOOK AT joannah@pennwell.com
OR ALLISON O'CONNOR AT allison@jagmediasales.com

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LEDsmagazine.com JUNE 2012 63

last word
LED technology is rapidly
evolving and the lighting
industry must keep pace
JAMES HIGHGATE says that LED technology offers great potential for many lighting
segments but advises the lighting industry that it must adapt to the velocity of the
semiconductor technology cycle.
L
EDs, being the common denominator
for this conversation, provide a good
technology base for many segments of
the lighting industry to build upon. Unlike
enabling technologies outside the semicon-
ductor space however, LEDs demand that
industry participants constantly strive to
keep up with the evolution of the technology.
Indeed, solid-state lighting (SSL) technology
is moving at a fast pace, reminiscent of the
computer processor in the 90s. LED technol-
ogy changes faster than Moores or Haitzs
Law as a rule. The Highgate Declaration
would read LED/SSL lighting technology
gets better every day and that was the gen-
esis for the creation of The LED Show (www.
___
theledshow.com).
__________
Despite the velocity of change in the LED
space, the technology, that I consider the
greatest technology since indoor plumb-
ing, inevitably faces logistics challenges.
LEDs are caught between confusing mar-
ket demands. LED makers are driven by the
commodity market to mass produce emit-
ters at a price of pennies per kilolumen with
the hope that the source still appears as
white light. At the other end of the spectrum,
the professional lighting market requires the
purest of 2700K white light with no aberra-
tions, while dimming to less than 1% with
absolutely no fl icker.
JAMES HIGHGATE is director of LED Lighting
Technology for The LED show that will run July
31- Aug 1 in Las Vegas, NV.
64 JUNE 2012
LED manufacturers are diligently working
on driving the last nanolumen out of a chip
to help lower cost upstream. Fixture manu-
facturers wanting to stay current and in the
game, produce what they believe to be lead-
ing-edge products. The consumer, hoping
for panacea in a box, expects a certain level
of improvement over their existing lighting
system. The utilities, also smit-
ten by the alluring appeal of
energy efficiency and long-life
products, are making strides to
limit their liability by slowly and
cautiously deploying trials. The
government, well, frankly could
do more.
While at times it seems as
though we are all waiting for
Gadot, change is in fact, rapidly
happening around the world. On a global
scale, LED intelligence has risen to a fever
pitch, which in turn is beneficial for all of
us. Declining prices and mass acceptance
pushes the tipping point for faster adop-
tion. In a past parallel, film cameras worked
in a certain way for hundreds of years and
then digital made them obsolete in less than
a decade. Apply the same ideology to LEDs
and you get a faster conversion rate. If an
incandescent lamp is analog then the LED
is its digital equivalent. You could make ref-
erence to numerous technologies in the 21st
century: music records to mp3, telephone to
cell, TV antenna to satellite, etc; and realize
that SSL is no different.
LEDs also go beyond the green and clean
faade of many technologies. LEDs installed
within their proper and intended function
are real energy savers on many levels. SSL
is a revolutionary experience for those who
have been in the lighting field for any length
of time. SSL is a game changer if you will,
forcing all to learn the terms and technol-
ogy for the first time. While this
gives us an opportunity to start
anew, we are prone to make
lighting conform to 19th cen-
tury infrastructure. The future
doesnt have to conform to the
past. The future is bright, we
should design accordingly. Plato
said No man ever steps in the
same river twice, for its not the
same river and hes not the same
man, and this message holds true even in the
lighting business.
Just when we think we have grasped this
innovative technology, we need to keep our
eye on organic LED (OLED) technology, a
similar, yet different lighting apparatus. The
anticipation of OLED has been looming on
the horizon for a few years. This is a compli-
mentary technology producing light using a
new planar structure. Embrace it too and get
inspired. Whether you are in the energy sec-
tor, a component- or lighting-fi xture manu-
facturer, lighting designer, or light switch
fl ipper, times are a changing for all of us.
Keep pace with the revolution in lighting,
or get left behind.
LEDsmagazine.com
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