DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS

ON
WIRED AND
WIRELESS
TECHNOLOGY
MARCH 30, 2017

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 Submitted By
Group 002
MIS-7th Batch, MBA (2nd Semester)
07-008 Md. Rajon Hossain
07-009 Md. Mohiuddin Shawon
07-011 Tapas Saha
07-030 Md. Tareq Hossain
07-039 Md. Ishtiaque Rahman
07-040 Jahangir Alam
07-046 Md. Abdul Latif
07-051 Md. Abdul Jalil
07-053 Bayezid Hossain
07-069 Badhon Mondal

Submitted To
Dr. MD. Hasibur Rashid
Professor
Department of Management Information Systems
Faculty of Business Studies
University of Dhaka.

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 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
Date: March 30, 2017

Dr. MD. Hasibur Rashid

Professor

Department of Management Information Systems

University of Dhaka

Subject: Submission of Term paper entitled Descriptive Analysis on Wired and wireless
Technology

Sir,

It is a great pleasure and privilege to present the term paper entitled Descriptive Analysis on
Wired and wireless Technology for consideration by the course Networking-
Telecommunication, Corporate and Social (MIS-520).

We can confirm that this work is original and has not been published elsewhere nor it is
currently under consideration for publication elsewhere.

In this paper, we represent the descriptive analysis and service differentiation with a explanation
of overall wired and wireless technologies.

Thank you for entrusting us with the task and considering us for this topic.

Sincerely

Group-002
th nd
MIS-7 Batch, MBA (2 Semester)
Department of Management Information Systems

Faculty of Business Studies

University of Dhaka

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Bangladesh is, in many ways, a country ahead of its time in terms mobile access. Despite being
ranked as a low income country, over 50% of the population subscribes to mobile services and
has outpaced all its peers in terms of network coverage. Most popular Bangladeshi mobile
operators are GrameenPhone, Banglalink, TeleTalk, Airtel, Citycell and Robi. Every operator has
different service, network capacity, infrastructure and calling price etc.

The total number of Mobile Phone subscriptions has reached 131.956 million at the end of
January 2016. Among Six mobile operator companies, Grammenphone holds most of the
market share. GP covers almost 43% of total markets in terms of subscribers. Whereas
Banglalink holds almost 24%, Robi holds 21% and Airtel holds 8%. Teletalk holds only 3%
in terms of total subscribers. Citycell lost its market and its subscriber base has fallen. Now
the company has only 1% of the total market and struggling to survive into the market.

Mobile network operators are looking to innovative value- added services (VAS) to remain
competitive and respond to the slowing growth in core mobile services. Grameenphone is a
GSM (global system of mobile communication)-based cellular operator in Bangladesh.
Grameenphone provides Internet service in its coverage area. As it has EDGE/GPRS/3G
enabled network. Grameenphone enjoys the first mover competitive advantage to offer EDGE
and 3G services to its subscribers. Banglalink is the second largest cellular service provider in
Bangladesh. Banglalink & Robi are the market challenger whereas Airtel & Teletalk are the
market followers. Teletalk is the market nicher. Citycell was shut down and struggling. It also fell
into the market nichers category. As the market for mobile operators expanded, the number of
competitors expanded as well and each trying to capture a particular market segment of their
service. It is unlikely that the mobile industry will ever develop into pure competition, since the
trend is toward specialized products and not toward a generic operation and service. Therefore
this term paper represents the competitive analysis, market analysis and service differentiation
with a description of overall mobile operators industries.

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 Table of Contents

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL .................................................................................................. i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... ii
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of the Study ............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Scope of the Study....................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................... 2
1.4 Limitation of the Study ............................................................................................... 2
2 Land Phone Industry: ......................................................................................................... 3
Market share....................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 RanksTel: .................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Tele Barta: ................................................................................................................... 5
Offers and services ................................................................................................................. 5
2.3 Jalalabad Telecom Limited: ........................................................................................ 5
2.4 Westec (bay phone): .................................................................................................... 6
2.5 One Tel communication: ............................................................................................. 6
2.6 BTCL:.......................................................................................................................... 6
3The Internet: A Network of Networks ............................................................................... 9
3.1 Internet service providers (ISP): ............................................................................... 11
3.2 Internet Characteristics .............................................................................................. 11
3.3 Origins of the Internet ............................................................................................... 12
3.4 Evaluation of Internet in Bangladesh ........................................................................ 14
3.5 The Broadband Evolution ......................................................................................... 15
3.6 Wireless Broadband .................................................................................................. 16
3.7 Broadband PLT ......................................................................................................... 16
3.8 Mobile broadband: .................................................................................................... 18
nd 19
3.8.12 Generation (2G): Mobile Network ...............................................................
3.8.2GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) .............................................................. 19
3.8.3EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Evolution) .......................................................... 20
3.8.4 3G: Broadband Wireless .................................................................................... 21
3.8.5 4G: Wireless Broadband .................................................................................... 22
3.9 WiMAX ..................................................................................................................... 22
4 Cellular technology: ......................................................................................................... 24

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 4.1 Cellular Phone terms: ................................................................................................25
4.2 Cell phone technology:.............................................................................................. 28
4.2.1 Cells in a Network .............................................................................................28
4.2.2 Carrying a Two-Way Radio: .............................................................................. 29
4.2.3 GSM: .................................................................................................................. 29
4.2.4 CDMA: ..............................................................................................................30
4.2.5 Simultaneous Voice and Data Usage: ................................................................ 31
4.2.6 AMPS:................................................................................................................31
4.3 How Cell phone Works: ............................................................................................31
4.3.1 RADIO WAVES ................................................................................................ 31
4.3.2 CONNECTIVITY .............................................................................................. 32
5 Mobile Phone operators in Bangladesh: .......................................................................... 33
5.1 GP: ............................................................................................................................. 33
5.2 Banglalink: ................................................................................................................33
5.3 Robi: ..........................................................................................................................33
5.4 Teletalk: .....................................................................................................................33
5.5 Airtel: ........................................................................................................................34
5.6 Some Emerging Mobile technology:......................................................................... 35
5.7 Future Mobile Phone Technology: ............................................................................37
5.8 Satellite: .....................................................................................................................38
5.8.1 Uplinks and downlinks ......................................................................................38
5.8.2 Part of the Satellite: ............................................................................................ 39
5.8.3 Satellite service: .................................................................................................39
5.8.4 Satellite Internet access ...................................................................................... 40
5.8.5 Satellite navigation or satnav .............................................................................41
5.8.6 A satellite telephone, satellite phone, or sat phone ............................................42
5.8.7 Satellite radio .....................................................................................................42
5.8.8 Satellite television .............................................................................................. 43
5.8.9 Non Military Satellite service: ...........................................................................43
5.9 Bangabondu-1 ...........................................................................................................44
5.9.1 Background & Objective ...................................................................................44
6 Wired Technology: .......................................................................................................... 46
6.1 System Features: .......................................................................................................46
6.2 Public switched telephone network (PSTN): ............................................................ 47

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 6.3 Cable television: ........................................................................................................48
6.4 Wired internet access: ...............................................................................................48
6.5 Fiber optic communication........................................................................................ 49
7 Wireless technology .........................................................................................................51
7.1 Usage .........................................................................................................................52
7.2 Wireless communication ...........................................................................................54
7.3 Satellite communication ............................................................................................54
7.3.1 Usage of satellite ................................................................................................55
7.3.2 Applications of communication satellite ...........................................................56
7.3.3 Weather ..............................................................................................................57
7.3.4 Earth Observation ..............................................................................................58
7.3.5 Agriculture .........................................................................................................58
7.3.6 Forestry ..............................................................................................................58
7.3.7 Geology ..............................................................................................................58
7.3.8 Risk management ...............................................................................................59
7.3.9 Cartography........................................................................................................ 59
7.3.10 Environment .......................................................................................................59
7.3.11 Defence & Security ............................................................................................59
7.4 Infared communication .............................................................................................59
7.5 Broadcast radio ..........................................................................................................60
7.6 Microwave transmission ...........................................................................................60
7.7 Wi-fi ..........................................................................................................................61
7.8 Mobile communication system .................................................................................62
7.9 Wireless technology in medical field ........................................................................62
7.10 Wireless power transfer ......................................................................................... 63
8 Findings, Recommendation and Conclusion ...................................................................65
8.1 Major Findings: .........................................................................................................65
8.2 Recommendations: ....................................................................................................65
8.3 Conclusion .................................................................................................................66
9 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................68

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 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

In Bangladesh cell phone business is very profitable. Day by day cell phone user is increases.
Firstly, City cell started this business in our country. Now In cell phone industry there are six
companies available these are - GrameenPhone, Robi, Airtel City Cell, Banglalink, and Tele
talk and all those companies objectives are to serve the subscribers and gaining profit. By
serving good network coverage they try to gain good reputation among the subscribers.

Every company always tries to increase their user. For increasing user every company offer
various attractive package. Now-a-days mobile communication is a most used and popular
communication system for man. Wireless and mobile communication systems have growth
highly within last few years. Still these technologies have a huge market potential. Mobile
phone markets are one of the most turbulent market environments today due to increased
competition and change. Thus it is of growing concern to look at consumer buying decision
process and cast light on the factors that finally determine consumer choices between
different mobile operators. On this basis, this report deals with consumers choice criteria in
mobile operators markets by studying factors that influence intention to get an overview of
mobile operator market, analysis of market, competition and services.

1.2 Scope of the Study

Mobile phone operators have become a part and parcel of telecom industry. The study has many
dimensions and covers a broad spectrum. The subject matter of the study includes the analysis of
the mobile operators market and competitive positioning with service comparison.
If a larger time period was covered then a more comprehensive understanding of the study
wouldve been possible.

The Report describes the Services of Grameen Phone, Robi, City Cell, Banglalink, and Tele talk
and recently marged with Robi also come as a Airtel and also investigates the perceptions of the
Customers towards the Services and other Operational Activities performed by the mobile
companies and their effects on the Satisfaction of the Customers. The scope of the

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report is to get an overview of each and every mobile phone operator companies, their market
analysis, sevices and competitive position.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

To gather knowledge about the origin, operation and services of mobile phone
operators in Bangladesh.

To be aware of industry and market share analysis of mobile operator companies.

To learn about the competitive positioning, competitive success factors and strategic
positioning of the mobile operator companies through competitive analysis

1.4 Limitation of the Study

Limitation of time: We had a little opportunity to spend enough time to prepare this type of
big report within a short period of time. For this reason we have to hurry for complete this
report within the time.

Incomplete information: In collecting many data, we got incomplete answer from the source.
That also hampers our work done correctly and in time. We also found some misleading
responses.

Short experience: We are in learning stage and have little experience for reporting on such a
big project. We tried heart and soul to prepare the report professionally.

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 2 Land Phone Industry:

Government of Bangladesh announced National Telecommunication Policy in 1998, which

emphasized liberalization of telecommunication sector in the country and paved the way for
private participation. In 2001, Bangladesh Telecommunication Act was enacted and
Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory commission (BTRC) was established in 2002,
which is the sole authority to issue license in the telecommunication sector.

Land phone operators with area coverage

Operators Area Coverage

Ranks Telecom Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Barisal,

Rajshahi, Sylhet, Bogra

Dhaka Telephone Company Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Barisal,

Rajshahi, Sylhet
National Telecom Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Barisal,

Rajshahi, Sylhet
Tele Barta (Jubok Phone) Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Barisal,

Rajshahi, Sylhet
Jalalabad telecom Dhaka, Sylhet

Westec ( Bay Phone) Chittagong

S.A. Telecom Chittagong

One Tel Communications Rajshahi

Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board( Nationwide

BTTB)

Market share

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 BTCL: 84.8%
Telebarta Ltd: 5.5%

Jalalabad Telecom Ltd: 1.1%

Onetel Communication Ltd: 3.8%

Westec Ltd: 1.7%

S.A Telecom System Ltd: 1.8%

2.1 RanksTel:
Ranks Telecom Ltd, a member of Rangs Group, launched its wireless phone service under the
brand name of RanksTel on 14th April, 2005. Ranks Telecom Ltd. is registered with Registrar
of Joint Stock Companies under Companies Act 1995 (Revised). The number of subscribers
of RanksTel reached around 0.262 million in 2016. RanksTel holds PSTN and ISP licenses to
operate nationwide. Recently, RanksTel has been awarded with an International Gateway
(IGW) license to originate and terminate international voice traffic.

History

On 7 June 2004 Ranks Telecom Limited, a sister concern of RANGS group first got
PSTN license to operate in Chittagong, Sylhet and Dhaka periphery zone.

On 13 January 2005 RanksTel received operational license from BTRC for Khulna
and Bogra zone.

The firm launched its wireless phone service under the brand name of RanksTel on
April 14, 2005.

On 9 September 2007, after more than two years of service, RanksTel received
Nationwide PSTN license from Bangladesh Telecom Regulatory Commission.

On 19 March 2010 the telecom regulator (BTRC) shut down private land phone
operator RanksTel for allegedly running unlicensed VoIP operations. On 17 July 2011
won approval to resume operations after a 16-month shutdown.

On 1 July 2012 RanksTel commercially re-launched their PSTN service.

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On 8 January 2017 RanksTel launched Gbps connectivity which is said to be the
fastest internet connectivity in the country and rebrands itself with a new logo

Services

They are launch three different types of phone: Home Phone, Business Phone, Corporate
Phone Home Phone has four different packages- Kotha Post Paid, Kotha Barta Post paid,
Astha Post Paid & Nikhut Prepaid. Business phone has one PCO package named Nikhut
PCO and corporate phone has Kotha Corporate Package.

Prepaid rim=120/= (25 taka talk time)

Postpaid rim=300/=

Handset is only 1485/=

Home delivery for Dhaka city

2.2 Tele Barta:

Tele Barta is a Bangladeshi fixed line operator. It is a private public switched telephone network
PSTN operator in Bangladesh. Total number of subscribers of this operator is 56,424.

History: Telebarta is branded under jubok phone

Offers and services

1. PCO package

2. Corporate package

3. SME package

2.3 Jalalabad Telecom Limited:

Jalalabad telecom is a Bangladeshi fixed line operator. It is a private public switched
telephone network PSTN operator in Bangladesh. As of May 2008, total number of
subscriber of this operator is 3.948 thousand. Jalalabad telecom limited was registered on
November 2002 as a private limited company

Services

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Call Forwarding of all types, Call Waiting, Call Barring of all types, Conference Call,
Centrex, Virtual Call Center, Caller ID Restriction, Alarm Call, Hotline, Do Not Disturb,
SMS, VMS, Dial up & Packet Data Internet

2.4 Westec (bay phone):

Bangladesh's first private landline phone operator, Bay Phones, is to offer customers 100,000
new connections ending a state monopoly in the sector. Bay Phones, a joint venture between
US based Westec.com and its Bangladesh counterpart Westec Corporation, is one of 12 firms
given fixed line licenses by the country's telecom regulator in February 2004. Bay Phones,
the first to start operating, will launch services in the south-eastern port city of Chittagong.

2.5 One Tel communication:

One Tel communication is a Bangladeshi fixed line operator. It is a private public switched
telephone network PSTN operator in Bangladesh and founded in 2003. Total number of
subscriber of this operator is 37.796 thousand.

History

One Tel has obtained license from Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission
(BTRC) to provide fixed phone services in the Northwestern part Rajshahi Division of
Bangladesh.

Services

Toll-Free Reroute, Local Reroute, IP Reroute, WAN's, MPLS, Hosted PBX, Data, Internet

2.6 BTCL:
BTCL or Bangladesh Telecommunications Company Limited is the largest
telecommunications company in Bangladesh. The company was founded as the Bangladesh
Telegraph & Telephone Board (BTTB). On July 1, 2008 the BTTB became a public limited
company and was renamed as BTCL. The Bangladesh government initially owned all BTCL
shares, but stated it would sell the shares to the public in the following year. Number of
subscribers are 0.7500 million in 2015. BTCL provides land-line telephone services in
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Bangladesh's urban areas, including domestic long-distance calling and international services
as well as internet services. In 2004, the Bangladesh Government issued a number of PSTN
licenses to private companies, but they were barred from providing services in the lucrative
Dhaka market (which accounts for the majority of the nationwide market). The monopoly
held by BTCL was broken when other operators started to receive licenses from 2007

Background of the Company

The Telegraph branch under the Posts and Telegraph Department was created in 1853 in the
then British India and was regulated afterward under the Telegraph Act of 1885. Pakistan
Telegraph and Telephone Department was created in 1962. After the independence of the
Peoples Republic of Bangladesh in 1971, Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Department was
set up under the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. This was converted into a corporate
body named Telegraph and Telephone Board by promulgation of Telegraph and Telephone
th
Board Ordinance, 1975. In pursuance of Ordinance No.XII of 1979 promulgated on 24 February
1979 Telegraph and Telephone Board was converted to Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone
Board (BTTB) as a Government Board. In pursuance of Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone
Board (Amendment) ordinance, 2008 dated 01 June, 2008, (Later on Bangladesh Telegraph and
Telephone Board (Amendment) Act 2009) a company namely

Bangladesh Telecommunications Company Limited (BTCL) was incorporated and

registered in Bangladesh under the Companies Act, 1994 as a public limited company having
its registered head office situated at 37/E, Eskaton Garden, Dhaka. The entire undertaking
(Asper Sec 5A of said ordinance) of the BTTB was transferred to BTCL through a Deed of
Agreement between Ministry of Post Telecommunications and BTCL signed on 30 June,
2008. From 01 July 2008 BTCL started its journey

Services

LOCAL CALL: (within same exchange or multi-exchange) (call rate: 10 paisa/minute)

NWD: Nation Wide Dialing, requires NWD code (call rate: 10 paisa/minute)

ISD: International Subscribers Dialing (From an ISD phone, dial 00, then country
code and number)

ISDN : (Integrated Services Digital Network) BTCL provides Value Added Services
(VAS) like Call barring, Abbreviated dialing, Call Conference, Call waiting, Wakeup
call (Alarm), Subscriber absence message facilities, Call establish facilities to busy

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 subscriber, Hotline facilities, Call Forwarding, Temporary disconnection on request,
Dont disturb message etc.

Currently off air, License cancelled by BTRC:

Dhaka Telephone Company

National Telecom

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 3 The Internet: A Network of Networks

An internetwork is a collection of two or more LANs connected by WANs. Internetworks are

referred to interchangeably as data networks or simply networks. The most popular
internetwork is the Internet, which is open to public use. With LANs able to communicate
with other LANs using WANs, many organizations developed intranets.

A network is formed by interconnecting computers, typically referred to as hosts, in such a

way that they can communicate. Connecting hosts involves two major components: hardware
(i.e., the physical connections) and software. The software can be run on the same or
dissimilar host operating systems, and it is based on standards that define its operation. These
standards, referred to as protocols, provide the formats for passing packets of data, specify the
details of the packet formats, and describe how to handle error conditions.

The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before.
The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this
unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting
capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and
interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location.
The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained
investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure.

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 WORLD INTERNET USAGE AND POPULATION STATISTICS
MARCH 25, 2017
World Population Population Internet Penetration Growth Users
Regions ( 2017 Est.) % of World Users Rate (% 2000-2017 %
31 Mar 2017 Pop.) Table

Africa 1,246,504,865 16.6 % 345,676,501 27.7 % 7,557.2% 9.3 %

Asia 4,148,177,672 55.2 % 1,873,856,654 45.2 % 1,539.4% 50.2
%
Europe 822,710,362 10.9 % 636,971,824 77.4 % 506.1% 17.1
%
Latin 647,604,645 8.6 % 385,919,382 59.6 % 2,035.8% 10.3
America / %
Caribbean
Middle East 250,327,574 3.3 % 141,931,765 56.7 % 4,220.9% 3.8 %
North 363,224,006 4.8 % 320,068,243 88.1 % 196.1% 8.6 %
America
Oceania / 40,479,846 0.5 % 27,549,054 68.1 % 261.5% 0.7 %
Australia
WORLD 7,519,028,970 100.0 % 3,731,973,423 49.6 % 933.8% 100.0
TOTAL %

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3.1 Internet service providers (ISP):

Internet service providers (ISP), which are often also TSPs, connect their customers to the
Internet. The customer can be a home user, a company, or a government institution. All
Internet users access the web through ISPs. The ISPs cooperate with TSPs and other ISPs to
make sure that all users have access to the web. This involves implementing rules and
standards that enable any user to communicate with any other user regardless of location and
equipment type between routers.

ISPs currently providing broadband services in Bangladesh are:

Banglalion

MetroNet Bangladesh Ltd

Infocom Limited

3.2 Internet Characteristics

The Internet basically includes clients, which are the user interface and the input/output device
for information; servers, which are the centralized repositories of wisdom that you are seeking;
and packet switches, which route the packets of information between the clients and servers.

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Whereas the PSTN connects two subscribers, the Internet connects networks. As on the
PSTN, messages on the Internet are routed to specific end devices. These messages take
various forms, such as e-mail, instant messaging, and real-time audio/video communications.

Unlike the PSTN, however, the Internet breaks down a message into packets of data, whose
routing information guides the packets to their destination. Individual packets may take
different routes, but they are reassembled in the proper order at the destination. This system is
optimal for the most efficient use of transmission facilities, particularly when you're
supporting bursty traffic that involves long periods of silence. In turn, this results in less
expensive services. However, the tradeoff is that you get only best-effort QoS. Progress is
being made on introducing QoS to the Internet, though, and in the next two or three years,
this will change more. However, note that there is greater progress in introducing QoS on
private networks than on the public Internet.

3.3 Origins of the Internet

The first recorded description of the social interactions that could be enabled through
networking was a series of memos written by J.C.R. Licklider of MIT in August 1962
discussing his "Galactic Network" concept. He envisioned a globally interconnected set of
computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site. In
spirit, the concept was very much like the Internet of today.

Leonard Kleinrock at MIT published the first paper on packet switching theory in July 1961
and the first book on the subject in 1964. Kleinrock convinced Roberts of the theoretical
feasibility of communications using packets rather than circuits, which was a major step
along the path towards computer networ. To explore this, in 1965 working with Thomas
Merrill, Roberts connected the TX-2 computer in Mass. to the Q-32 in California with a low
speed dial-up telephone line creating the first (however small) wide-area computer network
ever built. In late 1966 Roberts went to DARPA to develop the computer network concept
and quickly put together his plan for the "ARPANET", publishing it in 1967.

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 Internet Time Line

Science Foundation (NSF

connections


converted from T

commercialized
Computers were added quickly to
the ARPANET during the
following years, and work
proceeded on completing a
functionally complete Host-to-
Host protocol and other network
software. In December 1970 the
Network Working Group (NWG)
working under S. Crocker finished
the initial ARPANET Host-to-Host
protocol, called the Network
Control Protocol (NCP). As the
ARPANET sites completed implementing NCP during the period 1971-1972, the network
users finally could begin to develop applications.

The original ARPANET grew into the Internet. Internet was based on the idea that there would be
multiple independent networks of rather arbitrary design, beginning with the ARPANET as the
pioneering packet switching network, but soon to include packet satellite networks, ground-based
packet radio networks and other networks. The Internet embodies a key underlying technical idea,
namely that of open architecture networking. The idea of open-architecture networking was first
introduced by Kahn shortly after having arrived at DARPA in 1972. This work was originally part
of the packet radio program, but subsequently became a separate program in its own right. At the
time, the program was called "Internetting".
One of the more interesting challenges was the transition of the ARPANET host protocol from
NCP to TCP/IP as of January 1, 1983. TCP/IP was adopted as a defense standard three years
earlier in 1980. This enabled defense to begin sharing in the DARPA Internet technology base and
led directly to the eventual partitioning of the military and non- military communities. By 1983,
ARPANET was being used by a significant number of defense R&D and operational
organizations. The transition of ARPANET from NCP to TCP/IP permitted it to be split into a
MILNET supporting operational requirements and an ARPANET supporting research needs.

Thus, by 1985, Internet was already well established as a technology supporting a broad
community of researchers and developers, and was beginning to be used by other
communities for daily computer communications.
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3.4 Evaluation of Internet in Bangladesh

Starting in the early 1990s, Bangladesh had dialup access to e-mail using the Bulletin Board
Systems (BBSs) of a few local providers, but the number of users did not total more than 500.
Users were charged by the kilobyte and email was transferred from the BBS service providers
to the rest of the world by international dialup using UUCP.

In June 1996 the first VSAT base data circuit in the country was commissioned and the
Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board (BTTB) granted licenses to two Internet Service
Providers (ISPs). In subsequent years more liberal government policies led to a rapid
expansion of the industry, resulting in over 180 registered ISP's by 2005. ISPs are currently
regulated by the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) through
the Bangladesh Telecommunications Act.

In May 2006 Bangladesh inaugurated new submarine optic fiber connectivity as part of the
16 country consortium SEA-ME-WE 4 project. The landing station is in Cox's Bazar, the
southern city near the Bay of Bengal. In July 2008 the Submarine Cable Project was
transformed into the company Bangladesh Submarine Cable Company Limited (BSCCL),
which is now responsible for all services related to the submarine cable.

Between June and August 2012 international Internet service in Bangladesh was slowed
following a cable cut on the eastern leg of the SEA-ME-WE 4 optical fiber cable and the fact
that Bangladesh does not have an alternative submarine cable or other high-speed
international connections. In 2014 the new SEA-ME-WE 5 cable is expected to provide an
alternative operating at 100 Gbit/s, roughly 10 times faster than the current connection.

Year Internet Penetration

Total Non-Users
Users** (% of Pop)
Population (Internetless)
2016* 21,439,070 13.2 % 162,910,864 141,471,794
2015* 19,420,674 12.1 % 160,995,642 141,574,968

2014 15,271,441 9.6 % 159,077,513 143,806,072

2013 10,419,535 6.6 % 157,157,394 146,737,859

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 2012 7,762,869 5 % 155,257,387 147,494,518

3.5 The Broadband Evolution

The role of broadband applications is so vital to understanding the need for broadband
architectures and next-generation networks that it merits some additional discussion.
Broadband applications are being developed for virtually every sector of industry, business,
and government, addressing the needs and desires of both businesses and consumers.

One of the major sectors witnessing a constant stream of innovation due to broadband
capabilities is the entertainment industry. Broadband introduces consumers to a range of new
entertainment technologies, including high-definition video and TV over the Internet, CD-
quality Internet radio, and file sharing to enable exchanging of home videos and photographs,
Web-based delivery of movies and large software, and sophisticated realistic online games.
Already, broadband users are more likely than narrowband users to download music, listen to

music online, watch video online, play games online, bank online, and trade stocks online.

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3.6 Wireless Broadband

Wireless broadband access provides the opportunity to

make use of many new technologies, including wireless
local area networks (WLANs), such as the popular IEEE
802.11x standards; and wireless metropolitan area
networks (WMANs), including recent IEEE 802.16
WiMax specifications along with several proprietary
systems, including Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), Free
Space Optics, and virtual fiber (VF). Wireless systems
increasingly offer more options, each of which promises
greater speeds, supports QoS, and operates over a wider range of footprints.

The cost of wireless links has been halving every seven years, and the data capacity of these
links has been doubling every three years. These factors combined mean that the cost-to-
capacity ratio in wireless communications has been dropping by 50% about every two years.
For wireless links, the construction costs account for approximately 20% of the total
installation cost, and equipment accounts for the other 80%.

Wireless systems often operate in a point-to-multipoint mode. The antenna communicates with
several different clients' antennas, usually installed within a well-defined region. Because the air
is a shared medium, like cable, the maximum transmission rate that can be provided to any one
client decreases as more clients are served. Clients that need the greatest bit rate obtainable from
a system (e.g., an ISP) may need to arrange for a point-to-point system.

3.7 Broadband PLT

In an increasingly competitive market for broadband technology, powerline broadband often
referred to as powerline telecommunications (PLT), broadband over powerlines (BPL), or
powerline communication (PLC) has emerged as a dark-horse technology in a market that is
becoming increasingly saturated by DSL and cable modem alternatives. It offers a vision that
would allow electrical utilities to provide high-speed Internet, voice, data, and video services
to customers of all classes via power transmission and distribution lines.

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The concept of PLT is not new. It came to be in the 1920s. However, in the broadband race,
high-speed data transmission has been developed using the lower-voltage transmission lines
used for power distribution. There is also a short-range form of powerline carrier used for
intercoms and home automation.

There are three distinct applications for powerline communication:

Outdoor long-haul or broadband access BPL can be used as a broadband access, or

local loop, alternative.

Indoor short-haul or home area networking Home area networking refers to the
use of powerline within the home or residence domain. (HANs are covered in detail
later in this chapter.)

Automotive applications Automotive applications enable in-vehicle network

communications whether voice, data, video, or music signals by digital means over
direct current (DC) battery powerline. The automotive applications include
mechatronics (for functions such as obstacle detection, door control, and climate
control) as well as support for telematics and multimedia.

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3.8 Mobile broadband:

Mobile broadband is the marketing term for wireless Internet access through a portable
modem, mobile phone, USB wireless modem, tablet or other mobile devices. The first
wireless Internet access became available in 1991 as part of the second generation (2G) of
mobile phone technology. In 2011, 90% of the world's population lived in areas with 2G
coverage, while 45% lived in areas with 2G and 3G coverage. Mobile broadband uses the
spectrum of 225 MHz to 3700 MHz

Maximum Maximum
Generation Standard Radio Theoretical Theoretical
Download Speed Upload Speed

GPRS GSM Up to 80 Kbps Up to 20 Kbps

2G (Class 10)

EDGE GSM Up to 236.8 Kbps Up to 59.2 Kbps

1xRTT CDMA Up to 0.3 Mbps Up to 0.15 Mbps

UMTS GSM Up to 384 Kbps Up to 384 Kbps

(WCDMA)

HSPA GSM Upto 14.4 Mbps Up to 5.76 Mbps

3G
HSPA+ GSM Upto 42 Mbps Up to 11.5 Mbps

EvDO Rev. A CDMA Up to 3.1 Mbps Up to 1.8 Mbps

EvDO Rev. B CDMA Up to 4.9xN Up to 1.8xN

MbpsN: number Mbps
1.25 MHz carriers

LTE OFDMA Up to 100 Mbps Up to 50 Mbps

4G (Cat3) (Cat4)

LTE-A OFDMA, Up to 1 Gbps Up to 500 Mbps

SC-FDMA

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 WiMAX Rel. 1 OFDMA Up to 30-40 Mbps Up to 17 Mbps

WiMAX Rel. 2 OFDMA Up to 1 Gbps Up to 376 Mbps

3.8.1 2nd Generation (2G): Mobile Network

2G is the first digital mobile network technology. 1G was analog technology and was very
inefficient. 2G brought support for SMS and mobile internet.

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) uses GPRS (General Packet Radio
Service) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) technology for internet access,
while the CDMA technology uses RTT (Radio Transmission Technology) for providing 2G
internet access.

3.8.2 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and
3G cellular communication system's global system for mobile communications (GSM).
GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular technologies. It
is now maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

GPRS is a best-effort service, implying variable throughput and latency that depend on the
number of other users sharing the service concurrently, as opposed to circuit switching, where
a certain quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection. In 2G systems, GPRS
provides data rates of 56114 kbit/second. 2G cellular technology combined with GPRS is
sometimes described as 2.5G, that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G)
generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate-speed data transfer, by using unused
time division multiple access (TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system. GPRS is
integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases.

GPRS extends the GSM Packet circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following
services possible:

SMS messaging and broadcasting

"Always on" internet access

Multimedia messaging service (MMS)

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Push-to-talk over cellular (PoC)

Instant messaging and presencewireless village

Internet applications for smart devices through wireless application protocol (WAP)

Point-to-point (P2P) service: inter-networking with the Internet (IP)

Point-to-multipoint (P2M) service: point-to-multipoint multicast and point-to-
multipoint group calls

3.8.3 EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Evolution)

GPRS and EDGE are both 2G technology but EDGE is significantly faster with a download
speed of up-to 384Kbps. EDGE is most-a-times called a 2.5G network as it also has some
characteristics of a 3G network but it doesnt satisfy the specification.

Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) (also known as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS),
or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC), or Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution) is a digital
mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates as a backward-
compatible extension of GSM. EDGE is considered a pre-3G radio technology and is part of
ITU's 3G definition. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003 initially by
Cingular (now AT&T) in the United States.

EDGE is standardized also by 3GPP as part of the GSM family. A variant, so called Compact-
EDGE, was developed for use in a portion of Digital AMPS network spectrum.

Evolved EDGE, also called EDGE Evolution, is a bolt-on extension to the GSM mobile
telephony standard, which improves on EDGE in a number of ways. Latencies are reduced by
lowering the Transmission Time Interval by half (from 20 ms to 10 ms). Bit rates are
increased up to 1 Mbit/s peak bandwidth and latencies down to 80 ms using dual carrier,
higher symbol rate and higher-order modulation (32QAM and 16QAM instead of 8PSK), and
turbo codes to improve error correction. This results in real world downlink speeds of up to
600kbit/s. Further the signal quality is improved using dual antennas improving average bit-
rates and spectrum efficiency.

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3.8.4 3G: Broadband Wireless
3G is designed for high-speed multimedia data and voice. Its goals include high-quality audio
and video and advanced global roaming, which means being able to go anywhere and
automatically be handed off to any wireless system available. 3G is defined by the ITU under
the International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000) global framework.

The main goals of IMT-2000 include achieving equivalency between wireline and wireless,
support for messaging, Internet access, high-speed multimedia, improved throughput, QoS
support, improved security, improved voice quality, and improved battery life.

3G also includes a satellite component, known as Mobile Satellite Service (MSS), which is
the only IMT-2000 system that can be used worldwide. Intended to take over when a user is
out of range of terrestrial base stations, MSS requires the participation and cooperation of
companies and governments worldwide. The target data rate for MSS is 100Kbps, compared
to 2Mbps for terrestrial systems.

3G applications include traditional voice services, involving high-quality voice transmission,

global roaming, 144Kbps to 2Mbps for packet and circuit data, always-on data availability,
high-speed mobile Internet access, and high-capacity e-mail. More importantly, 3G involves
support for a wide variety of broadband applications, such as videoconferencing,
navigation/mapping systems, streaming video and TV, common billing/user profiles,
multimedia messaging, mobile voice and video over IP, calling line image, mobile
entertainment, m-commerce payment solutions, and location-based services.

Figure 1: 3G Standards

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3.8.5 4G: Wireless Broadband
As an IP-based network, 4G will be rolled out using IPv6, which is gradually making its way into
telecommunications infrastructure now. In the 4G network, each node will be assigned a 4G-IP
address (based on IPv6), which will be formed by a permanent "home" IP address and a dynamic
"care-of" address that represents its actual location. 4G concerns involve cost and the
compatibility of various applications, such as three-dimensional virtual reality and interactive
video hologram images. 4G will increase interactions between corroborating technologies.

The first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (a 4G candidate system) has been
commercially deployed in Oslo, Norway, and Stockholm, Sweden since 2009. It has,
however, been debated whether first-release versions should be considered 4G, as discussed
in the technical understanding section below

4G supports a wide range of data rates, including at least 100Mbps peak rates in full-mobility
wide area coverage and 1Gbps in low-mobility local area coverage. The 4G vision includes
asymmetrical and symmetrical services. It provides for QoS for real-time services, supports
streaming audio and video, and provides an efficient transport of packet-oriented services, as
well as a vision that supports broadcast and distribution services.

It supports smart, adaptive antennas and uses an adaptive modulation or coding scheme. One
of the main concerns about 4G is that the high frequency suggests that it will experience
severe interference from multipath secondary signals reflecting off other objects. VSF-
OFCDM is one of the proposed solutions to this problem.

3.9 WiMAX

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a family of wireless

communication standards based on the IEEE 802.16 set of standards, which provide multiple
physical layer (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) options.

The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to
promote conformity and interoperability of the standard, including the definition of predefined
system profiles for commercial vendors. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based
technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to

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cable and DSL". IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced was a candidate for the 4G, in
competition with the LTE Advanced standard.

WiMAX can provide at-home or mobile Internet access across whole cities or countries. In
many cases this has resulted in competition in markets which typically only had access
through an existing incumbent DSL (or similar) operator.

Additionally, given the relatively low costs associated with the deployment of a WiMAX
network (in comparison with 3G, HSDPA, xDSL, HFC or FTTx), it is now economically
viable to provide last-mile broadband Internet access in remote locations.

The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications:

Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through
various devices.

Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) for "last
mile" broadband access.

Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services (triple play).

Providing Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan.

Smart grids and metering

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 4 Cellular technology:
Cellular Technology is what mobile phone networks are based on, and it's the technology
that gave mobile phones the name cell phones. Cellular technology basically refers to
having many small interconnected transmitters as opposed to one big one.

A cellular phone is a telecommunication device that uses radio waves over a networked area
(cells) and is served through a cell site or base station at a fixed location, enabling calls to
transmit wirelessly over a wide range, to a fixed landline or via the Internet.

In this networked system, the cellular phone is identified as a mobile system consisting of the
equipment and SIM card that actually assigns the mobile telephone number. A cellular phone
is also known as a cellphone or mobile phone.

Derived from the mobile communication concept of two-way radio technology, the cellular
phone has steadily evolved and advanced. In the infancy of cellular phones, service was very
rudimentary, and phones were extremely heavy much like heavy battery packs. Todays
handheld cellular phones are smaller and pocket-sized.

The seamless quality experienced in contemporary society is the result of many years of
research and development. Modern cellular phones now meet market demands need with
greater efficiency, while communicating without the bonds of wire-limiting mobility. The
cellular phone has evolved from voice telephony to an instrument supporting many services
other than voice calls, short message services and Internet access.

Feature phone:

Feature phone is a term typically used as a retronym to describe mobile phones which are
limited in capabilities in contrast to a modern smartphone. Feature phones typically provide
voice calling and text messaging functionality, in addition to basic multimedia and Internet
capabilities, and other services offered by the user's wireless service provider. A feature phone
has additional functions over and above a basic mobile phone which is only capable of voice
calling and text messaging. Feature phones and basic mobile phones tend to use a proprietary,
custom-designed software and user interface. By contrast, smartphones generally use a
mobile operating system that often shares common traits across devices.

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Nowadays, feature phones are primarily specific to niche markets or have become merely a
preference; for instance, in the United States some people favor feature phones over
smartphones for the reason of simplicity.

Smart phone:

A smartphone is a mobile phone with an advanced mobile operating system that combines
features of a personal computer operating systems. Smartphones, which are pocket-sized,
typically combine the features of a mobile phone, such as the abilities to place and receive voice
calls and create and receive text messages, with those of other popular digital mobile devices like
personal digital assistants (PDAs), such as an event calendar, media player, video games, GPS
navigation, digital camera and digital video camera. Smartphones can access the Internet and can
run a variety of third-party software components .They typically have a color display with a
graphical user interface that covers more than 76% of the front surface.

4.1 Cellular Phone terms:

Cellular Phone Hacking:

Cellular phone hacking is a questionable practice whereby a third party gains access to an
individuals cellular phone through a variety of methods.

However, more serious instances of cell phone hacking involve hackers:

Deleting data

Adding malicious programs

Gaining access to sensitive information like bank accounts

Transcribing private conversations

Storing copies of texts and emails

Common ways that a hacker gains access to cellular phone include:

Blue hacking - gaining access to phone when it is a discoverable device on an

unprotected Bluetooth network.

Unnoticed access to an unlocked phone left unattended in a public space.

Mimicry of a trusted network or cell phone tower.

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 Phone cloning by copying the SIM card of the target phone.

Malware apps that install malicious software or make changes to firmware.

Phishing via mobile optimized sites.

Fraudulent account resets using known information about the user .

Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD):

Cellular digital packet data (CDPD) was a wireless data service used to access the Internet
and other packet-switched systems over a cellular network. CDPD was normally used by
analog advanced mobile phone system (AMPS) standards and was one of the first generation
cellular frequencies.
The CDPD protocol was replaced by short message service (SMS), general packet radio
services (GPRS) and 3-G technologies.

CDPD technology incorporates the following systems:

Mobile End System (M-ES) - a mobile computing device with a built-in or attached
CDPD modem.

Mobile Data Base Station (MDBS) - a manager of radio frequency.

Mobile Data Intermediate System (MDIS) - properly routes data packets between the
CDPD network and M-ES.

Intermediate System (IS) - the standard Internet Protocol (IP) router, which relays
data packets.

Fixed-End System (FES) - the final/end destination, which is a common host/server

for receiving and processing data.

Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS)

Enhanced message service (EMS) is a messaging service with features more advanced than short
message service (SMS), but slightly less advanced than multimedia message service (MMS).
EMS permits users to deliver and receive special ring tones and sound effects, operator

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logos, simple animations and images to and from handsets that are compatible with EMS
functionality.

EMS works similar to SMS as a store-and-forward system. Like MMS, it allows users to
attach graphics as well as combine multiple 160-character messages to form longer messages.
However, unlike MMS, which supports colored images, EMS can only handle monochrome.

Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)

Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) is a standard service for sending multimedia content
between mobile subscribers. It was developed by the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) and
3GPP.Multimedia messaging is also known as picture messaging. MMS allows mobile
subscribers to send multimedia files such as images, videos, audios, as a message. It extends
the limited capabilities of the Short Messaging Service (SMS), which only supports text
messages, and the Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS), which can only send simple media
files between subscribers.

Mobile Application (Mobile App)

A mobile application, most commonly referred to as an app, is a type of application software

designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone or tablet computer. Mobile
applications frequently serve to provide users with similar services to those accessed on PCs.
Apps are generally small, individual software units with limited function. This use of
software has been popularized by Apple Inc. and its App Store, which sells thousands of
applications for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch. A mobile application also may be known as
an app, Web app, online app, iPhone app or smartphone app.

Mobile applications are a move away from the integrated software systems generally found on
PCs. Instead, each app provides limited and isolated functionality such as a game, calculator or
mobile Web browsing. Although applications may have avoided multitasking because of the
limited hardware resources of the early mobile devices, their specificity is now part of their
desirability because they allow consumers to hand-pick what their devices are able to do.

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4.2 Cell phone technology:
The genius of the cellular system is the division of a city into small cells. This allows
extensive frequency reuse across a city, so that millions of people can use cell phones
simultaneously.

Cellular phones work much the same way as do the other wireless devices weve been
discussing. Signals carrying voice, text, and digital data are transmitted via radio waves from
one device to another. In the case of cellular networks, the data is transmitted not to a central
hub in a small network of devices or even directly from device to device, but through a global
network of transmitters and receivers.

4.2.1 Cells in a Network

A mobile phone network is divided into thousands of overlapping geographic areas, or cells.
A typical cellular network can be envisioned as a mesh of hexagonal cells, as shown in figure.
Each with its own base station at the center. The cells slightly overlap at the edges to ensure
that users always remain within range of a base station.

Figure: Cells in a cellular network.

The base station at the center of each group of cells functions as the hub for those cells not of
the entire network, but of that individual piece of the network. RF signals are transmitted by
an individual phone and received by the base station, where they are then re-transmitted from
the base station to another mobile phone. Transmitting and receiving are done over two
slightly different frequencies.

Base stations are connected to one another via central switching centers which track calls and
transfer them from one base station to another as callers move between cells. The handoff is
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ideally seamless and unnoticeable. Each base station is also connected to the main telephone
network, and can thus relay mobile calls to landline phones.

4.2.2 Carrying a Two-Way Radio:

All this transmission within a cellular network originates with the handheld cell phone. A
mobile phone is actually a two-way radio, containing both a low-power transmitter and a
receiver. The reason mobile phones can get by with such low-power transmitters is that
theyre transmitting within a relatively limited range within the current network cell. Its not
necessary or desirable for a phones signal to extend beyond the current cell.

4.2.3 GSM:
The base station at the center of each group of cells functions as the hub for those cells not of
the entire network, but of that individual piece of the network. RF signals are transmitted by
an individual phone and received by the base station, where they are then re-transmitted from
the base station to another mobile phone. Transmitting and receiving are done over two
slightly different frequencies.

Base stations are connected to one another via central switching centers which track calls and
transfer them from one base station to another as callers move between cells, the handoff is
ideally seamless and unnoticeable. Each base station is also connected to the main telephone
network, and can thus relay mobile calls to landline phones.

Mobile services based on GSM technology were first launched in Finland in 1991. Today,
more than 690 mobile networks provide GSM services across 213 countries and GSM
represents 82.4% of all global mobile connections. Since many GSM network operators have
roaming agreements with foreign operators, users can often continue to use their mobile
phones when they travel to other countries. SIM cards holding home network access
configurations may be switched to those will metered local access, significantly reducing
roaming costs while experiencing no reductions in service.

GSM, together with other technologies, is part of the evolution of wireless mobile
telecommunications that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General
Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal
Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS).

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4.2.4 CDMA:
CDMA uses a spread-spectrum technique whereby electromagnetic energy is spread to
allow for a signal with a wider bandwidth. With CDMA technology, data and voice packets
are separated using codes and then transmitted using a wide frequency range. Since more
space is often allocated for data with CDMA, this standard became attractive for 3G high-
speed mobile internet use.

CDMA consistently provides better capacity for voice and data communications than other
commercial mobile technologies, allowing more subscribers to connect at any given time, and
it is the common platform on which 3G technologies are built.

4.2.4.1 CDMA vs GSM:

Most users probably don't need to worry about which cell phone network they choose in
terms of which technology is better.

However, there are some key differences that we'll look at here.

4.2.4.2 Coverage:
While CDMA and GSM compete head on in terms of higher bandwidth speed, GSM has
more complete global coverage due to roaming and international roaming contracts.

Over time, CDMA won out over less advanced TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
technology, which was incorporated into more advanced GSM.

4.2.4.3 Device Compatibility and SIM Cards:

It's really easy to swap phones on a GSM network versus CDMA. This is because GSM
phones use removable SIM cards to store information about the user on the GSM network,
while CDMA phones do not. Instead, CDMA networks use information on the carrier's server
side to verify the same type of data that GSM phones have stored in their SIM cards.

Since GSM and CDMA are incompatible with one another, you can't use a Sprint phone on a
T-Mobile network, or a Verizon Wireless phone with AT&T.

The same goes for any other mix of device and carrier that you can make out of the CDMA
and GSM list from above.

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4.2.5 Simultaneous Voice and Data Usage:
Most CDMA networks do not allow voice and data transmissions at the same time. This is why
you may get bombarded with emails and other internet notifications when you end a call from a
CDMA network like Verizon. The data is basically on pause while you're on a phone call.

4.2.6 AMPS:
AMPS cellular service operated in the 850 MHz Cellular band. Each duplex channel was
composed of 2 frequencies. 416 of these were in the 824849 MHz range for transmissions
from mobile stations to the base stations, paired with 416 frequencies in the 869894 MHz
range for transmissions from base stations to the mobile stations. Each cell site used a
different subset of these channels than its neighbors to avoid interference. This significantly
reduced the number of channels available at each site in real-world systems. Each AMPS
channel had a one way bandwidth of 30 kHz, for a total of 60 kHz for each duplex channel.

4.3 How Cell phone Works:

In the most basic form, a cell phone is essentially a two-way radio, consisting of a radio
transmitter and a radio receiver. In additional to the basic function of voice calls, most
modern cell phones come with additional functions such as web surfing, taking pictures,
playing games, sending text messages and playing music. More sophisticated smart phones
can perform similar functions of a portable computer.

4.3.1 RADIO WAVES

Cell phones use radio waves to communicate. Radio waves transport digitized voice or data
in the form of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, called the electromagnetic field (EMF).
The rate of oscillation is called frequency. Radio waves carry the information and travel in air
at the speed of light.

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Cell phones transmit radio waves in all directions. The waves can be absorbed and reflected
by surrounding objects before they reach the nearest cell tower.

Cell phones contain at least one radio antenna in order to transmit or receive radio signals. An
antenna converts an electric signal to the radio wave and vice versa. Some cell phones use
one antenna as the transmitter and receiver while others, such as the iPhone 5, have multiple
transmitting or receiving antennas.

An antenna is a metallic element engineered to be a specific size and shape for transmitting
and receiving specific frequencies of radio waves. While older generation cell phones have
external or extractable antennas, modern cell phones contain more compact antennas inside
the device thanks to advanced antenna technologies. Many modern smart phones also contain
more than one type of antenna. In addition to the cellular antenna, they may also have Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth and/or GPS antennas.

4.3.2 CONNECTIVITY

As mentioned earlier, a cell phone is a two-way wireless communication device and needs
both the inbound signal (reception) and the outbound signal (transmission) to work. The
magnitude of the received signal from the cell tower is called the signal strength, which is
commonly indicated by the bars on your phone. The connectivity between a cell phone and
its cellular network depends on both signals and is affected by many factors, such as the
distance between the phone and the nearest cell tower, the number of impediments between
them and the wireless technology.

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 5 Mobile Phone operators in Bangladesh:
5.1 GP:
GP started in 1997 .GP biggest mobile phone Operator Company and first Telecom service
provider in Bangladesh. Telenor is the main organization who providing service to
Grameenphone.

Services: GP provides first post-paid and pre-paid connection plans in Bangladesh. Also 3G
service, Internet,package, billpay, cellbazaar etc.

Grameenphone numbering scheme: +880 17** ******

5.2 Banglalink:
Banglalink is the 2nd biggest mobile operator company in Bangladesh after GP. Also it is
giving lot of popular package for Banglalink user. Sheba Telecom (Pvt.) is the based
company of Banglalink mobile operator and Orascom Telecom Bangladesh Ltd is the new
name of Sheba Telecom.
Services: Prepaid packages, postpaid packages, 3G service, Mobile internet service and more.
Banglalink numbering format: +880 19** ******

5.3 Robi:
Robi started operation in 1997. Robi known as Aktel in Bangladesh. Robi is the 3rd biggest
mobile operator in Bangladesh. It is Malaysian and Japans joint venture Telecom System in
Bangladesh.
Services: Prepaid packages, Postpaid packages, 3G, MMS, Mobile internet service and more.
Robi Bangladesh numbering scheme: +880 18** ******

5.4 Teletalk:
It started ai 2004.Teletalk is the 1st mobile operator company in Bangladesh which owned by
Bangladesh Government. It is the 1st operator in Bangladesh which also given ISD free
incoming, BTCL call service in Bangladesh. It provides the first 3G Service in Bangladesh.

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Services: Prepaid packages, Postpaid packages, 3G, Corporate service, Mobile internet
service and more. Teletalk Bangladesh numbering format: +880 15** ******

5.5 Airtel:
Airtel known as Warid Telecom in Bangladesh. It is 6th mobile operator company in
Bangladesh. Airtel giving 3G service, GSM services and lot of popular services for
Bangladeshi young people.
Services: Airtel provides both post-paid and pre-paid connection plans, 3G, Internet package
and more.
Airtel Bangladesh numbering scheme: +880 16** ******

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5.6 Some Emerging Mobile technology:

Mobile WiMAX
Mobile WiMax offering will be priced similarly to DSL and cable access, which is significantly
cheaper than 3G. Even more radically, at least for a company best known as a cellular operator.

Why it's important: Most of the other disruptive technologies discussed here require fast,
affordable wireless access.

Multihop relay networks

Some researchers and futurists believe that multihop relay networks will eventually supplant
technologies such as WiMax and LTE. With these networks, wireless signals will route
themselves through a series of access points. Like the Internet itself, the route that the data
takes is variable, depending on conditions.

A variant of the multihop relay network called ad hoc networks could come even later. With
this technology, data would be relayed through, among other things, devices themselves.

Why it's important: These networks will extend network access to where none exists without
building a lot of infrastructure. Because there is little infrastructure, the networks can
withstand catastrophe.

Femtocells and fixed-mobile convergence

Having a single phone and a single phone number will be a great convenience and money
saver. Also, some of the disruptive applications discussed later depend on the ability to track
your availability no matter where you are. Using only a cell phone makes this more possible.

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 Miniscule, less power-hungry mobile chips
Chip vendors have been talking about smaller, more powerful and less power-hungry chips
for a long time. Now, development of such chips is likely to accelerate.

Besides being smaller and significantly more power efficient, tomorrow's mobile chip sets
will also combine multiple radios, such as Wi-Fi, 3G and WiMax, on a single chip, according
to the experts.

Why it's important: Smaller, more powerful chips mean smaller, more powerful mobile devices
and applications. Combined with faster, ubiquitous wireless broadband, that means devices can
be sewn into clothing, placed unobtrusively into ears or even implanted in your teeth.

Wireless USB and ultra wideband

These short-range, wireless cable replacement technologies are starting to be available.
Admittedly, they lack the gee-whiz factor, but they eventually will make life much easier for
mobile users.

Why it's important: At the very least, it will be nice to synchronize data between devices and
desktops wirelessly. Short-range wireless cord replacements will also be useful for
entertainment applications such as streaming video throughout the home.

Nearly flawless speech recognition

Another mobile input application on the horizon is better speech recognition, which will be
enabled by more powerful mobile chips.

Foldable displays and e-paper

Vendors such as Philips and Fujitsu Computer Systems Corp. have been publicly showing
foldable and e-paper displays for mobile devices. Both will enable tiny devices to display
data clearly on easily stowed screens.

E-paper will have a dramatic effect on laptops, Moore predicted. That's because, when it is
improved enough that it can support constantly changing images and not just static ones, it
can replace laptop LCDs. That will dramatically cut both laptop weight and power
consumption, Moore said.

Why it's important: Foldable screens and e-paper mean we can easily have big displays with
our miniscule mobile devices.
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 Centralized storage
Why it's important: After faster, more powerful but smaller mobile chips, ubiquitous wireless
connections and better input-output methods, centralized storage is the final step toward
completely untethering mobile devices and those of us who use them.

5.7 Future Mobile Phone Technology:

5G Technology:

Set to arrive around 2020, 5G is quite different from its predecessors. More than a new
generation of technologies, 5G denotes a new era in which connectivity will become very
fluid and very flexible. Networks will adapt to the application, rather than the other way
round. Performance will be tailored precisely to the needs of the user.

A combination of new and existing technologies promise to make mobile networks amazingly
responsive, extraordinarily dense, blazingly fast, highly responsive and very low power as
required by users. Supporting everything from ultra-fast broadband to rock-solid connections
between mission-critical machinery in vertical markets, such as automotive, healthcare and
logistics, 5G promises to make mobile networks and services far more agile.

The Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance defines the following requirements that a 5G
standard should fulfill:

Data rates of tens of megabits per second for tens of thousands of users

Data rates of 100 megabits per second for metropolitan areas

1 Gb per second simultaneously to many workers on the same office floor

Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections for wireless sensors

Spectral efficiency significantly enhanced compared to 4G

Coverage improved

Signaling efficiency enhanced

Latency reduced significantly compared to LTE.

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5.8 Satellite:
A satellite is a moon, planet or machine that orbits a planet or star. For example, Earth is a
satellite because it orbits the sun. Likewise, the moon is a satellite because it orbits Earth.
Usually, the word "satellite" refers to a machine that is launched into space and moves around
Earth or another body in space.

Earth and the moon are examples of natural satellites. Thousands of artificial, or man-made,
satellites orbit Earth. Some take pictures of the planet that help meteorologists predict
weather and track hurricanes. Some take pictures of other planets, the sun, black holes, dark
matter or faraway galaxies. These pictures help scientists better understand the solar system
and universe.

Still other satellites are used mainly for communications, such as beaming TV signals and
phone calls around the world. A group of more than 20 satellites make up the Global
Positioning System, or GPS. If you have a GPS receiver, these satellites can help figure out
your exact location.

5.8.1 Uplinks and downlinks

If I want to send something like a TV broadcast from one side of Earth to the other, there are
three stages involved. First, there's the uplink, where data is beamed up to the satellite from a
ground station on Earth. Next, the satellite processes the data using a number of onboard
transponders (radio receivers, amplifiers, and transmitters). These boost the incoming
signals and change their frequency, so incoming signals don't get confused with

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outgoing ones. Different transponders in the same satellite are used to handle different TV
stations carried on different frequencies. Finally, there's the downlink, where data is sent back
down to another ground station elsewhere on Earth. Although there's usually just a single uplink,
there may be millions of downlinks, for example, if many people are receiving the same satellite
TV signal at once. While a communications satellite might relay a signal between one sender and
receiver (fired up into space and back down again, with one uplink and one downlink), satellite
broadcasts typically involve one or more uplinks (for one or more TV channels) and multiple
downlinks (to ground stations or individual satellite TV subscribers).

5.8.2 Part of the Satellite:

Satellites come in many shapes and sizes. But most have at least two parts in common - an
antenna and a power source. The antenna sends and receives information, often to and from
Earth. The power source can be a solar panel or battery. Solar panels make power by turning
sunlight into electricity.

Many NASA satellites carry cameras and scientific sensors. Sometimes these instruments
point toward Earth to gather information about its land, air and water. Other times they face
toward space to collect data from the solar system and universe.

5.8.3 Satellite service:

Satellite crop monitoring
The technology which facilitates real-time crop vegetation index monitoring via spectral
analysis of high resolution satellite images for different fields and crops which enables to
track positive and negative dynamics of crop development. The difference in vegetation index
informs about single crop development disproportions that speaks for the necessity of
additional agriculture works on particular field zones that is because satellite crop monitoring
belongs to precision agriculture methods.

Satellite crop monitoring technology allows to perform online crop monitoring on different
fields, located in different areas, regions, even countries and on different continents. The
technology's significant advantage is a high automation level of sown area condition and its
interpretation in an interactive map which can be read by different groups of users.

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Satellite crop monitoring technology users are:

Agronomists and Agriculture Companys management (crop vegetation control, crop

yield forecasting, and management decisions optimization).

Business owners (business prospects estimates, making reasonable decisions on

capital investments, providing information for management decisions).

Investors and investment analysts (investment potential estimation, making

investment decisions, making sustainable forecasts).

Insurance brokers (data collection, clients claims verification, scale of rates and
insurance premium amounts calculation).

Agriculture machinery producers (integration of crop monitoring solutions with

agriculture machinery board computers operations, functional development).

State and sectoral organizations engaged in agriculture, food security and ecological
problems.

5.8.4 Satellite Internet access

Is Internet access provided through communications satellites. Modern consumer grade
satellite Internet service is typically provided to individual users through geostationary
satellites that can offer relatively high data speeds, with newer satellites using K, band to
achieve downstream data speeds up to 50 Mbps.

Satellite Internet generally relies on three primary components: a satellite in geostationary

orbit (sometimes referred to as a geosynchronous Earth orbit, or GEO), a number of ground
stations known as gateways that relay Internet data to and from the satellite via radio waves
(microwave), and a VSAT (very-small-aperture terminal) dish antenna with a transceiver,
located at the subscriber's premises. Other components of a satellite Internet system include a
modem at the user end which links the user's network with the transceiver, and a centralized
network operations center (NOC) for monitoring the entire system. Working in concert with a
broadband gateway, the satellite operates a Star network topology where all network
communication passes through the network's hub processor, which is at the center of

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the star. With this configuration, the number of remote VSATs that can be connected to the
hub is virtually limitless.

5.8.5 Satellite navigation or satnav

Systems uses satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning. It allows
small electronic receivers to determine their location (longitude, latitude,

and altitude/elevation) to high precision (within a few meters) using time signals transmitted
along a line of sight by radio from satellites. The system can be used for providing position,
navigation or for tracking the position of something fitted with a receiver (satellite tracking).
The signals also allow the electronic receiver to calculate the current local time to high
precision, which allows time synchronization. Satnav systems operate independently of any
telephonic or internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the
positioning information generated.

Satellite navigation systems that provide enhanced accuracy and integrity monitoring usable
for civil navigation are classified as follows:

GNSS-1 is the first generation system and is the combination of existing satellite
navigation systems (GPS and GLONASS), with Satellite Based Augmentation
Systems (SBAS) or Ground Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS).

GNSS-2 is the second generation of systems that independently provides a full

civilian satellite navigation system, exemplified by the European Galileo positioning
system. These systems will provide the accuracy and integrity monitoring necessary
for civil navigation; including aircraft.

Core Satellite navigation systems, currently GPS (United States), GLONASS

(Russian Federation), Galileo (European Union) and Compass (China).

Global Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) such as Omnistar and StarFire.

Regional SBAS including WAAS (US), EGNOS (EU), MSAS (Japan)

and GAGAN (India).

Regional Satellite Navigation Systems such as China's Beidou, India's NAVIC, and
Japan's proposed QZSS.

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 Continental scale Ground Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS) for example the
Australian GRAS and the US Department of Transportation National Differential GPS
(DGPS) service.

Regional scale GBAS such as CORS networks.

5.8.6 A satellite telephone, satellite phone, or sat phone

It is a type of mobile phone that connects to orbiting satellites instead of terrestrial cell sites.
They provide similar functionality to terrestrial mobile telephones; voice, short messaging
service and low-bandwidth internet access are supported through most systems. Depending
on the architecture of a particular system, coverage may include the entire Earth or only
specific regions.

Some satellite phone networks provide a one-way paging channel to alert users in poor coverage
areas (such as indoors) of the incoming call. When the alert is received on the satellite phone it
must be taken to an area with better coverage before the call can be accepted.

Terrestrial cell antennas and networks can be damaged by natural disasters. Satellite
telephony can avoid this problem and be useful during natural disasters. Satellite phone
networks themselves are prone to congestion as satellites and spot beams cover a large area
with relatively few voice channels.

5.8.7 Satellite radio

The satellite's signals are broadcast nationwide, across a much wider geographical area than
terrestrial radio stations, and the service is primarily intended for the occupants of motor
vehicles. It is available by subscription, mostly commercial free, and offers subscribers more
stations and a wider variety of programming options than terrestrial radio.

Satellite radio subscribers purchase a receiver and pay a monthly subscription fee to listen to
programming. They can listen through built-in or portable receivers in automobiles, in the
home and office with a portable or tabletop receiver equipped to connect the receiver to a
stereo system; or on the Internet.

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Ground stations transmit signals to the satellites, which are orbiting over 22,000 miles above
the surface of the Earth. The satellites send the signals back down to radio receivers in cars
and homes. This signal contains scrambled broadcasts, along with Meta data about each
specific broadcast. The signals are unscrambled by the radio receiver modules, which display
the broadcast information. In urban areas, ground repeaters enable signals to be available
even if the satellite signal is blocked. The technology allows for nationwide broadcasting, so
that, for instance US listeners can hear the same stations anywhere in the country.

5.8.8 Satellite television

It is a service that delivers television programming to customers (usually paying subscribers)
by relaying it from a communications satellite orbiting the Earth directly to the customer's
location. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic antenna usually referred to as a
satellite dish and a low-noise block downconverter (LNB). A satellite receiver then decodes
the desired television program for viewing on a television set. Receivers can be external set-
top boxes, or a built-in television tuner. Satellite television provides a wide range of channels
and services. It is the only television available in many remote geographic areas without
terrestrial television or cable television service.

5.8.9 Non Military Satellite service:

Fixed satellite services
Fixed satellite services handle hundreds of billions of voice, data, and video transmission
tasks across all countries and continents between certain points on the Earth's surface.

Mobile satellite systems
Mobile satellite systems help connect remote regions, vehicles, ships, people and aircraft to
other parts of the world and/or other mobile or stationary communications units, in addition
to serving as navigation systems.

Scientific research satellites (commercial and noncommercial)
Scientific research satellites provide meteorological information, land survey data , Amateur
(HAM) Radio, and other different scientific research applications such as earth science,
marine science, and atmospheric research.

Mobile-satellite service

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Most commercial voice and some data mobile satellite services are provided by systems
operating in the L-band by Iridium, Inmarsat, Global star and Thuraya. The L-band spectrum
allocated for MSS is between 1.5 and 2.5 GHz, with the upper portion often referred to as the
S-band.

5.9 Bangabondu-1
Today almost all the modern and enlightened nations have their own satellite in the orbit. A
sovereign country, in a pursuit of sustainable development, needs its own satellite in order to
reduce its dependency on other nations. BTRC started working with the vision to open new
dimension of possibility in the telecommunication sector of Bangladesh by launching its first
ever satellite. Preliminary implementation activities are in progress with the consultation of
USA based consultancy firm Space Partnership International (SPI) and specialist advice of
International Telecommunication Union (ITU). A country like Bangladesh is highly exposed
to natural disaster risk because of its unique geographical location. Telecommunication
system is Bangladesh has always been suffering from interruptions and problems as erratic
disasters hit the country. During such emergency situation, Satellite network can play an
important role in ensuring uninterrupted telecommunication services in Bangladesh.

The Bangabandhu-1 (BD-1) will be the first Bangladeshi geostationary communications

satellite operated by Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) which
is scheduled to launch in 2017. It is expected to be located at 119 East longitude
geostationary slot. It will be built by Thales Alenia Space. The total cost of the satellite is 248
million US dollars (Tk 19.51 billion). Bangabandhu-1 carries a total of 40 Ku and C-band
transponders and capacity of 1600 megahertz with life span of 15 years.

5.9.1 Background & Objective

Bangladesh has planned to launch a Communication & Broadcasting Satellite consisting 24
Ku and 16 C-band transponders. The priority satellite applications are Direct to Home
(DTH), VSAT, Backhaul and Trunking, Network Restoration, Disaster Preparedness and
relief etc. The Primary Service Area (PSA) would be Bangladesh and neighboring countries
and the Secondary Service Area (SSA) would be South East Asia, Europe, MENA, and East
Africa depending on orbital slot.

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The system concept of the proposed satellite comprises with satellite payload requirements,
orbital slot/frequencies, coverage area(s), ground segment, user terminal design characteristics,
satellite operations and environmental factors. There will be two ground stations for satellite
operation and control, one as the primary site and other as the backup site. The RF survey for
probable sites has already been completed. However, these requirements shall be finalized during
the preparation and finalization of tender document for launching the satellite.

Figure: System Concept (Bangabondu Satellite)

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 6 Wired Technology:
Wired technology is more associated with wired communication. Wired communication
refers to the transmission of data over a wired based communication technology.

In new construction or renovations, wired technology provides simple and reliable control for
installations that do not require complex management solutions. Wired Technology links the
control device to the motor using electrical wires carrying power and limiting the switch to
the source of control. The common motor options available for wired technology are durable
and dependable and feature a wide variety of torques and speeds which are a beneficial
resource for interior or exterior motorized shading applications.

When choosing wired control units, power supply and wiring should be planned prior to
construction and include the possibilities of future renovations.Manual controls must be
located near windows and in strategic areas which often requires a detailed system design
process before development could take place.

6.1 System Features:

1. Provides control of motorized window coverings via a line voltage or low voltage

wall switch wired directly to a standard motor

2. Offers control using common line voltage switching

3. Requires an electrician for line voltage switches

4. Wall switches provide single or group motor control

5. A separate switch is required for each motorized window covering

6. If you have any questions about our Wired Technology solutions, please contact us.

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Examples including

1. Telephone network

2. Cable network

3. Fibre-optic network

4. Internet access

6.2 Public switched telephone network (PSTN):

The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the aggregate of the world's circuit-switched
telephone networks that are operated by national, regional, or local telephony operators,
providing infrastructure and services for public telecommunication. The PSTN consists of
telephone lines, fiber optic cables, undersea telephone cables, all interconnected by switching
centers, thus allowing most telephones to communicate with each other. Originally a network of
fixed-line analog telephone systems, the PSTN is now almost entirely digital in its core network
and includes mobile and other networks, as well as fixed telephones.

The technical operation of the PSTN adheres to the standards created by the ITU-T. These
standards allow different networks in different countries to interconnect seamlessly. The
E.163 and E.164 standards provide a single global address space for telephone numbers. The
combination of the interconnected networks and the single numbering plan allow telephones
around the world to dial each other.

The task of building the networks and selling services to customers fell to the network
operators. The first company to be incorporated to provide PSTN services was the Bell
Telephone Company in the United States.

In some countries, however, the job of providing telephone networks fell to government as the
investment required was very large and the provision of telephone service was increasingly
becoming an essential public utility. For example, the General Post Office in the United Kingdom
brought together a number of private companies to form a single nationalized

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company. In recent decades however, these state monopolies were broken up or sold off
through privatization.

6.3 Cable television:

Cable television is a system of delivering television programming to paying subscribers via
radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables, or in more recent systems,
light pulses through fiber-optic cables. This contrasts with broadcast television, in which the
television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television
antenna attached to the television. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone
services, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables.
Analog television was standard in the 20th century, but since the 2000s, cable systems have
been upgraded to digital cable operation.

6.4 Wired internet access:

In computing terminology, the term "wired" is used to differentiate between wireless
connections and those that involve cables. While wireless devices communicate over the air,
a wired setup uses physical cables to transfer data between different devices and computer
systems.

A wired network is a common type of wired configuration. Most wired networks use Ethernet
cables to transfer data between connected PCs. In a small wired network, a single router may
be used to connect all the computers. Larger networks often involve multiple routers or
switches that connect to each other. One of these devices typically connects to a cable
modem, T1 line, or other type of Internet connection that provides Internet access to all
devices connected to the network.

Wired may refer to peripheral devices as well. Since many keyboards and mice are now
wireless, "wired" is often used to describe input devices that connect to a USB port.
Peripherals such as monitors and external hard drives also use cables, but they are rarely
called wired devices since wireless options are generally not available.

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While many peripherals are now wireless, some users still prefer wired devices, since they
have a few benefits over their wireless counterparts. For example, an Ethernet connection is
not prone to signal interference that can slow down Wi-Fi connections. Additionally, wired
network connections are often faster than wireless ones, which allows for faster data transfer
rates. Some users also prefer wired peripherals since their is no need to replace batteries on a
regular basis. Gamers especially prefer wired keyboards and mice since they have lower
latency and can be backlit, thanks to the power provided by the USB connection.

6.5 Fiber optic communication

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another
by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier
wave that is modulated to carry information. Fiber is preferred over electrical cabling when
high bandwidth, long distance, or immunity to electromagnetic interference are required.

Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals,

Internet communication, and cable television signals. Researchers at Bell Labs have reached
internet speeds of over 100 petabitkilometer per second using fiber-optic communication.

First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optics have revolutionized the telecommunications

industry and have played a major role in the advent of the Information Age. Because of its
advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire
communications in core networks in the developed world.

The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps:

1. creating the optical signal involving the use of a transmitter, usually from an electrical
signal

2. relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted
or weak

3. Receiving the optical signal

4. converting it into an electrical signal

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Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals,
Internet communication, and cable television signals. Due to much lower attenuation and
interference, optical fiber has large advantages over existing copper wire in long-distance and
high-demand applications. However, infrastructure development within cities was relatively
difficult and time-consuming, and fiber-optic systems were complex and expensive to install
and operate. Due to these difficulties, fiber-optic communication systems have primarily been
installed in long-distance applications, where they can be used to their full transmission
capacity, offsetting the increased cost. Since 2000, the prices for fiber-optic communications
have dropped considerably.

The price for rolling out fiber to the home has currently become more cost-effective than that
of rolling out a copper based network. Prices have dropped to $850 per subscriber in the US
and lower in countries like The Netherlands, where digging costs are low and housing density
is high.

Since 1990, when optical-amplification systems became commercially available, the

telecommunications industry has laid a vast network of intercity and transoceanic fiber
communication lines. By 2002, an intercontinental network of 250,000 km of submarine
communications cable with a capacity of 2.56 Tb/s was completed, and although specific
network capacities are privileged information, telecommunications investment reports
indicate that network capacity has increased dramatically since 2004.

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 7 Wireless technology
Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves
(rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or all of the communication path.
Some monitoring devices, such as intrusion alarms, employ acoustic waves at frequencies
above the range of human hearing; these are also sometimes classified as wireless.

The wireless method of communication uses low-powered radio waves to transmit data
between devices. High powered transmission sources usually require government licenses to
broadcast on a specific wavelength. This platform has historically carried voice and has
grown into a large industry, carrying many thousands of broadcasts around the world. Radio
waves are now increasingly being used by unregulated computer users.

The first wireless transmitters went on the air in the early 20th century using radiotelegraphy
(Morse code). Later, as modulation made it possible to transmit voices and music via
wireless, the medium came to be called "radio." With the advent of television, fax, data
communication, and the effective use of a larger portion of the spectrum, the term "wireless"
has been resurrected.

Wireless can be divided into:

Fixed wireless: the operation of wireless devices or systems in homes and offices, and in
particular, equipment connected to the Internet via specialized modems

Mobile wireless: the use of wireless devices or systems aboard motorized, moving vehicles;
examples include the automotive cell phone and PCS (personal communications services)

Portable wireless: the operation of autonomous, battery-powered wireless devices or systems

outside the office, home, or vehicle; examples include handheld cell phones and PCS units

The use of devices that convey data via IR (infrared) radiation; employed in certain limited-
range communications and control systems

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7.1 Usage
Common examples of wireless equipment in use today include:

1. Cellular phones and pagers -- provide connectivity for portable and mobile applications,
both personal and business

2. Global Positioning System (GPS) -- allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of boats and
ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth

3. Cordless computer peripherals -- the cordless mouse is a common example; keyboards and
printers can also be linked to a computer via wireless

4. Cordless telephone sets -- these are limited-range devices, not to be confused with cell
phones

5. Home-entertainment-system control boxes -- the VCR control and the TV channel control
are the most common examples; some hi-fi sound systems and FM broadcast receivers also
use this technology

6. Remote garage-door openers -- one of the oldest wireless devices in common use by
consumers; usually operates at radio frequencies

7. Two-way radios -- this includes Amateur and Citizens Radio Service, as well as business,
marine, and military communications

8. Baby monitors -- these devices are simplified radio transmitter/receiver units with limited
range

9. Satellite television -- allows viewers in almost any location to select from hundreds of
channels

10. Wireless LANs or local area networks -- provide flexibility and reliability for business
computer users

Wireless technology is rapidly evolving, and is playing an increasing role in the lives of
people throughout the world. In addition, ever-larger numbers of people are relying on the
technology directly or indirectly. (It has been suggested that wireless is overused in some
situations, creating a social nuisance.) More specialized and exotic examples of wireless
communications and control include:

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1. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) -- a digital mobile telephone system used in
Europe and other parts of the world; the de facto wireless telephone standard in Europe

2. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) -- a packet-based wireless communication service

that provides continuous connection to the Internet for mobile phone and computer users

3. Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE) -- a faster version of the Global System for
Mobile (GSM) wireless service

4. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) -- a broadband, packet-based

system offering a consistent set of services to mobile computer and phone users no matter
where they are located in the world

5. Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) -- a set of communication protocols to standardize

the way that wireless devices, such as cellular telephones and radio transceivers, can be used
for Internet access

6. -Mode -- the world's first "smart phone" for Web browsing, first introduced in Japan;
provides color and video over telephone sets

Wireless devices

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7.2 Wireless communication
Wireless communication, or sometimes simply wireless, is the transfer of information or
power between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor. The
most common wireless technologies use radio waves.

7.3 Satellite communication

A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio
telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a
source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth. Communications satellites are
used for television, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications. There are over 2,000
communications satellites in Earths orbit, used by both private and government organizations.

Wireless communication uses electromagnetic waves to carry signals. These waves require
line-of-sight, and are thus obstructed by the curvature of the Earth. The purpose of
communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing
communication between widely separated points.Communications satellites use a wide range
of radio and microwave frequencies. To avoid signal interference, international organizations
have regulations for which frequency ranges or "bands" certain organizations are allowed to
use. This allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference

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7.3.1 Usage of satellite
1. Navigation

Navigation satellite is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purposes of navigation.
Satellite navigation is a space-based radio positioning system that includes one or more
satellite constellations, augmented as necessary to support the intended operation, and that
provides 24-hour three-dimensional position, velocity and time information to suitably
equipped users anywhere on, or near, the surface of Earth. A satellite navigation system
provides users with sufficient accuracy and integrity of information to be useable for critical
navigation applications. The GPS system is the first core element of the satellite navigation
system widely available to civilian users. The Russian satellite navigation system,
GLONASS, which is similar in operation, is another satellite constellation element of GNSS.

The current constellation consists of 21 operational satellites and 3 active spares. Satellites are in
orbits with approximately 12-hour periods operating at an altitude of 20,200 kilometres. The
orbital constellation consists of six orbital planes, each inclined with respect to the equatorial
plane by about 55 degrees. Such an arrangement ensures that at any time there are at least four
(and up to 12) satellites above the horizon available for simultaneous measurements. GPS
satellites transmit on two L-band frequencies: 1.57542 GHz (L1) and 1.22760 GHz (L2). The L1
signal has a sequence encoded on the carrier frequency by a modulation technique which contains
two codes, a precision (P) code and a coarse/acquisition (C/A) code. The L2 carrier contains only
P-code that is encrypted for military and authorized civilian users. Most commercially available
GPS receivers utilize the L1 signal and the C/A code.

P-code users determine their geocentric positions instantly to about 5 metres with a single
hand-held satellite receiver. The C/A codes repeat every millisecond and are available to
every user. These codes are also usable for positioning but they provide only about 20- to 30-
metre accuracy.

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GPS-equipped balloons are monitoring holes in the ozone layer over the Polar Regions, and
air quality is being monitored using GNSS receivers. Buoys tracking major oil spills transmit
data using GNSS. Archaeologists and explorers are using the system.

2. Communication

A communications satellite is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purposes of

telecommunications. Modern communications satellites use geosynchronous orbits, Molniya
orbits or low Earth orbits.

7.3.2 Applications of communication satellite

Telephony

The first and still, arguably, most important application for communication satellites is in
international telephony. Fixed-point telephones relay calls to an earth station, where they are
then transmitted to a geostationary satellite. An analogous path is then followed on the
downlink. In contrast, mobile telephones (to and from ships and airplanes) must be directly
connected to equipment to uplink the signal to the satellite, as well as being able to ensure
satellite pointing in the presence of disturbances, such as waves onboard a ship.

Hand held telephony (cellular phones) used in urban areas do not make use of satellite
communications. Instead they have access to a ground based constellation of receiving and
retransmitting stations.

Televiosion and Radio

There are two types of satellites used for television and radio:

Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS): DBS is a term used to refer to satellite television
broadcasts intended for home reception, also refered to as direct-to-home signals. It covers
both analogue and digital television and radio reception, and is often extended to other
services provided by modern digital television systems, including video-on-demand and
interactive features. A "DBS service" usually refers to either a commercial service, or a group
of free channels available from one orbital position targetting one country.

Fixed Service Satellite (FSS): FSS is the official classification for geostationary communications
satellites used chiefly for broadcast feeds for television and radio stations and

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networks, as well as for telephony, data communications, and also for Direct-To-Home
(DTH) cable and satellite TV channels.

Mobile Satellite Technology

Initially available for broadcast to stationary TV receivers, popular mobile direct broadcast
applications made their appearance with that arrival of two satellite radio systems : Sirius and
XM Satellite Radio Holdings. Some manufacturers have also introduced special antennas for
mobile reception of DBS television. Using GPS technology as a reference, these antennas
automatically re-aim to the satellite no matter where or how the vehicle (that the antenna is
mounted on) is situated. These mobile satellite antennas are popular with some recreational
vehicle owners.

Amateur radio

Amateur operators have access to the OSCAR satellites that have been designed specifically
to carry amateur radio traffic. Most such satellites operate as spaceborne repeaters, and are
generally accessed by amateurs equipped with UHF or VHF radio equipment and highly
directional antennas such as Yagis or dish antennas. Due to the limitations of ground-based
amateur equipment, most amateur satellites are launched into fairly low Earth orbits, and are
designed to deal with only a limited number of brief contacts at any given time. Some
satellites also provide data-forwarding services using the AX.25 or similar protocols.

Satellite Broadband

In recent years, satellite communication technology has been used as a means to connect to
the internet via broadband data connections. This is very useful for users to test who are
located in very remote areas, and can't access a wireline broadband or dialup connection.

7.3.3 Weather
Weather forecast use a variety of observations from which to analyses the current state of the
atmosphere. Since the launch of the first weather satellite in 1960 global observations have
been possible, even in the remotest areas. Observation as obtained from satellite used in
Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model.

During the 1970s and 1980s a wide range of satellite missions have been launched from which
many different meteorological observations could be estimated. Some satellite instruments
allowed improved estimation of moisture, cloud and rainfall. Others allowed estimation of
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wind velocity by tracking features (e.g. clouds) visible in the imagery or surface wind vectors
from microwave backscatter.

7.3.4 Earth Observation

Understand and analyzing global environmental conditions is an essential element of
guaranteeing our safety and quality of life. Among other things, we need to be able to spot
environmental disasters in a timely manner, and to monitor and manage the Earths natural
resources. For this purpose, a number of Earth Observation satellites are in orbit for Earth
observations. Data collected by these satellites allow us to understand the processes and
interactions among land masses, oceans, and atmosphere. The utility of different data sets for
different applications are agriculture, forestry, geology, risk management, cartography,
environment, and defence.

7.3.5 Agriculture
Agriculture is one of the most important application fields using Earth Observation data from
all missions, where other data sources are often too expensive, or too restricted in scope.
Typical applications include crop inventory, yield prediction, soil/crop condition monitoring
and subsidy control. The scale of products varies, but typical applications are based on the
recognition of individual agricultural parcels.

7.3.6 Forestry
EO data has assumed great importance in forest mapping and management, fire damage
monitoring and the increasingly important problem of illegal logging in many countries.
Typical applications include inventory & updating, Mapping, Change detection, Forest
Health Analyses, Fragmentation Analyses, Forest road maps, Digital Elevation Model.

7.3.7 Geology
Geology and related oil, mineral and gas exploration activities make up an application
segment that takes full advantage of satellite capabilities. The large-scale satellite view allows
the generation of Rock Unit Maps and Tectonic Structure Maps. Interferometry allows the
generation of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and the monitoring of mining subsidence,
while radar data are a powerful tool for off-shore oil seep detection and monitoring.
Alternative methodologies, such as the use of existing published maps, ground survey
mapping or aerial photography, when available, need be used only when very local and
detailed information is required.

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7.3.8 Risk management
Risk management is one of the fields where EO data may play a primary role. Three different
risk situations may be considered:

Pre-crisis

During crisis

Post-crisis

7.3.9 Cartography
Earth Observation data make an excellent basis for medium to large scale cartography.
Consequently, this segment makes extensive use of satellite data, especially in those
situations where the requirements for accuracy can be met, and alternative data sources are
too expensive or even unavailable. Satellite data, with different processing levels, are used for
the generation of cartography and digital elevation models.

7.3.10 Environment
Earth Observation data offer powerful solutions for environmental monitoring. The data can
be used mainly - Land Use / Land Cover maps, Hydrological / Watershed map, Wildlife
Habitat Maps, Land Unit Maps Soil Contamination Map, Surface Water Condition Maps,
Wetland Analyses, Quarries and Waste Identification, Desertification analysis.

7.3.11 Defence & Security

For the defence and security, EO information is a key information source, and it is handled
with more and more sophisticated Geological Information System instruments. The main
applications are the generation of maps, target monitoring and detection, and digital elevation
model generation.

7.4 Infared communication

IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals
and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA,
the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting
diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiation that is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam. The
beam is modulated, i.e. switched on and off, to prevent interference from other sources of infrared
(like sunlight or artificial lighting). The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the infrared
radiation to an electric current. It responds only to the rapidly pulsing signal created by the
transmitter, and filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from
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ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of high population
density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in adjoining
rooms. Infrared is the most common way for remote controls to command appliances.
Infrared remote control protocols like RC-5, SIRC, are used to communicate with infrared.

7.5 Broadcast radio

Radio broadcasting is a unidirectional wireless transmission over radio waves intended to
reach a wide audience. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast a common radio
format, either in broadcast syndication or simulcast or both. Audio broadcasting also can be
done via cable radio, local wire television networks, satellite radio, and internet radio via
streaming media on the Internet. The signal types can be either analog audio or digital audio.

Types

1. Shortwave

2. AM

3. FM

4. Pirate radio

5. Terrestrial digital radio

6. Satellite

7.6 Microwave transmission

Microwave transmission is the transmission of information or energy by electromagnetic
waves whose wavelengths are measured in small numbers of centimetre; these are called
microwaves.[clarification needed] This part of the radio spectrum ranges across frequencies
of roughly 1.0 gigahertz (GHz) to 300 GHz. These correspond to wavelengths from 30
centimeters down to 0.1 cm.[clarification needed]

Although an experimental 64 km (40 mile) microwave telecommunication link across the English
Channel was demonstrated in 1931, the development of radar in World War II provided the
technology for practical exploitation of microwave communication. In the 1950s, large
transcontinental microwave relay networks, consisting of chains of repeater stations linked by
line-of-sight beams of microwaves were built in Europe and America to relay long distance
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telephone traffic and television programs between cities. Communication satellites which
transferred data between ground stations by microwaves took over much long distance traffic
in the 1960s. In recent years there has been an explosive increase in use of the microwave
spectrum by new telecommunication technologies such as wireless networks, and direct-
broadcast satellites which broadcast television and radio directly into consumers' homes.

7.7 Wi-fi
Wi-Fi or WiFi is a technology for wireless local area networking with devices based on the
IEEE 802.11 standards. Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of
the term Wi-Fi Certified to products that successfully complete interoperability certification
testing.

Devices that can use Wi-Fi technology include personal computers, video-game consoles,
smartphones, digital cameras, tablet computers, digital audio players and modern printers.
Wi-Fi compatible devices can connect to the Internet via a WLAN network and a wireless
access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (66 feet)
indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with
walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometres achieved by using
multiple overlapping access points.

Depiction of a device sending information wirelessly to another device, both connected to the
local network, in order to print a document

Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2.4 gigahertz (12 cm) UHF and 5 gigahertz (6 cm) SHF ISM
radio bands. Having no physical connections, it is more vulnerable to attack than wired
connections, such as Ethernet.

Uses of wi-fi

4.1 Internet access

4.2 City-wide Wi-Fi

4.3 Campus-Wide Wi-Fi

4.4 Direct computer-to-computer communications

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7.8 Mobile communication system
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony system that is
widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of time division
multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephony
technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it
down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at
either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band.

Mobile services based on GSM technology were first launched in Finland in 1991. Today,
more than 690 mobile networks provide GSM services across 213 countries and GSM
represents 82.4% of all global mobile connections. According to GSM World, there are now
more than 2 billion GSM mobile phone users worldwide. GSM World references China as
"the largest single GSM market, with more than 370 million users, followed by Russia with
145 million, India with 83 million and the USA with 78 million users."

Since many GSM network operators have roaming agreements with foreign operators, users
can often continue to use their mobile phones when they travel to other countries. SIM cards
(Subscriber Identity Module) holding home network access configurations may be switched
to those will metered local access, significantly reducing roaming costs while experiencing
no reductions in service.

GSM, together with other technologies, is part of the evolution of wireless mobile
telemmunications that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General Packet
Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal Mobile
Telecommunications Service (UMTS).

7.9 Wireless technology in medical field

Wireless technology has made great strides in the healthcare field and is a platform of many
uses for administrators, clinicians and support personnel. Its role in communications has
become standard and vendors are continually searching for ways to integrate new applications
into the domain. It seems that wireless networks are a work in progress and that the status quo
remains in a state of flux. While there are plenty of success stories from hospitals, growing
pains also persist.

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Six Ways Wireless Technology Is Transforming Health Care

1. Transforming patient care.

2. Managing staff workflow

3. Tracking medical equipment

4. Automating environmental monitoring

5. Increasing security

6. Monitoring hand hygiene compliance

7.10 Wireless power transfer

Wireless power transfer (WPT), wireless power transmission, wireless energy transmission, or
electromagnetic power transfer is the transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an
electrical load, such as an electrical power grid or appliance, without the use of conductors like
wires or cables. Wireless power is a generic term that refers to a number of different power
transmission technologies that use time-varying electric, magnetic, or electromagnetic fields. In
wireless power transfer, a wireless transmitter connected to a power source transmits field energy
across an intervening space to one or more receivers, where it is converted back to an electric
current and then used. Wireless transmission is useful to power electrical devices in cases where
interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or are not possible.

Wireless power techniques mainly fall into two categories, non-radiative and radiative. In near
field or non-radiative techniques, power is transferred by magnetic fields using inductive
coupling between coils of wire, or by electric fields using capacitive coupling between metal
electrodes. Inductive coupling is the most widely used wireless technology; its applications
include electric toothbrush chargers, RFID tags, smartcards, and chargers for implantable medical
devices like artificial cardiac pacemakers, and inductive powering or charging of electric vehicles
like trains or buses. A current focus is to develop wireless systems to charge mobile and handheld
computing devices such as cellphones, digital music players and portable computers without
being tethered to a wall plug. In far-field or radiative techniques, also called power beaming,
power is transferred by beams of electromagnetic radiation, like microwaves

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or laser beams. These techniques can transport energy longer distances but must be aimed at
the receiver. Proposed applications for this type are solar power satellites, and wireless
powered drone aircraft.

An important issue associated with all wireless power systems is limiting the exposure of
people and other living things to potentially injurious electromagnetic fields (see
Electromagnetic radiation and health).

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 8 Findings, Recommendation and Conclusion

8.1 Major Findings:

Most of the telecommunication customers have given their opinion about the
effectiveness of network.

The customers of Airtel perceived low call rate than that of GP.

GP is in a strong position than Robi regarding availability of SIM card.

It is found that the opinion of the customers of Robi is less scattered than GP i.e Robi

Offer low price SIM card.

All telecommunication companies try to establish their own customer relationship
respect to other country.

It is observed that Robi and banglalink is in a better position than GP in providing
special offers to the customers.

Many telecom companies customers are enjoying more free talk time & bonus
facilities than GP customers.

Flexi load facility of Grameenphone is more available than that of easy load facility of
other companies surrounding the country.

The performances of all telecommunication companies are satisfactory regarding
friends and family number facilities to the customers.

It is found that most of the customers of GP and Robi are showing their neutrality
regarding Internet and GPRS connection. But in comparison between these two
operators, GP is in better position.

Bangladesh Telecommunication Company can improve the Accounting information
system by implementing a Central software system.

The customers of mobile operators are satisfied in case of location of the service center.

8.2 Recommendations:

The authority of Grameenphone should reduce its higher call charge. At the same
time, the reduced call charge should be applied for all operators, not only for GP to
GP, but also from GP to other operators.

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Companies should provide more customer benefit regarding their services.

Companies should focus more to the prepaid subscribers than the post-paid subscribers.

SIM replacement (in case of lost or damaged SIM) charge should be reduced.

Most of the value added services (VAS) are not friendly for general handset users. GP
should take some steps so that general handset users get an opportunity to have that
VAS.

Customers have been switching to other operators as a result of their poor network
infrastructure. So, telecom companies should have quick expansion in network
development all over Bangladesh if it wants to keep its customers to stay with it.

Time duration of easy load and scratch card should lengthen. Easy load facility should
be made easily available.

Charge should be reduced than the existing charge to take a new SIM if it is either
damaged or lost.

Companies should concernted about their customer care and their services. Now this
days customers are more concern about quality service.

Customer Care has turned out to be one of the most focused points in the telecom
industry. Survey results show subscribers expect a lot of it and would appreciate
special care facilities.

The Bangladesh Telecoms sector's growth has exceeded all expectations and has had a
transformative impact on the economy in terms of aggregate investment, FDI and
productivity levels.

With 3G and provision of data services, we expect the Mobile Telecoms sector (being
largely foreign owned), to continue to be the highest contributor to FDI.

8.3 Conclusion
At present, there are six mobile phone operators and one state-run fixed line operator
providing telecommunication service in Bangladesh. Operators have used different strategies
to penetrate in to this huge unmet market. Little research study on the telecom sector with
particular emphasis on the cellular industry of Bangladesh has been carried out so far that can
provide substantial market information about this rapidly growing industry. The market
intelligence of respective operator companies reaches out to gather relevant information,
which remains highly confidential and exclusive from one another.

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In Bangladesh cell phone business is very profitable. Day by day cell phone user is increases.
Firstly, City cell started this business in our country. Now In cell phone industry there are six
companies available these are - Grameen Phone, Robi, Airtel, City Cell, Banglalink, and Tele
talk with objectives are to serve the subscribers and gaining profit. By serving good network
coverage they try to gain good reputation among the subscribers. Every company always tries
to increase their user. For increasing user every company offer various attractive package.
From any account of what we have been doing and what we have not been able to do and
why, we would find it difficult to disagree that there is still a long way between promise and
performance, and between aspiration and accomplishment.

Robi has been a force to be reckoned with in the telecommunication industry of Bangladesh,
being one of the fastest growing mobile communication companies offering comprehensive
GSM mobile solutions to more than two million subscribers. And they wish to increase better
performance from day by day. Although GP is the leading Mobile Company in Bangladesh, it
has established a monopoly market in the country. General customers allege that GP is not
reducing its call rate; rather it is trying to grip the market in the name of different promotions.
When one finds that another company is offering better facilities than his/her operating
company then he/she tends to switch the mobile company but most interesting is that almost
all users who switch on company, dont throughout the previous SIM. They keep it and when
finds that the previous company is offering better they again comeback to that company.

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 9 Bibliography

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AT Capital Research, 2010. BD Telecom Market: Challenges and Opportunies. AT Capital

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Banglalink Digital Communications Limited, 2015. Annual Report 2015, Dhaka: Banglalink
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edge, I., 2017. Six Ways Wireless Technology Is Transforming Health Care. [Online]
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transforming-health-care-08.html
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GrameenPhone, 2015. Annual Report, Dhaka: GrameenPhone Ltd..

Mary, R., 2012. Wireless Communication and types, Newyork: engineers garage.

Robi Axiata Limited , 2015. Annual report 2015, s.l.: Robi Axiata Limited .

Sabu, A., 2016. Slide share. [Online]

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bangladesh/
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terms, T., 2016. Wired, Newyork: Tech terms.

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wikipedia, 2017. infared. [Online]

Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared#Communications
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