Ledsmagazine Set2012

SEPTEMBER 2012
+
LEDsmagazine.com
Europe
EU programs drive
SSL growth P.27
Research
New reports cover
LEDs and SSL P.33
TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Life science

Monochromatic
LEDs serve novel
applications P.43
Theater Lighting
LEDs bring Kauffman
facades to life P.9
Spotlights

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ISSUE 54
september Cover Story
2012
features
Architect Moshe Safdie led a revamp of
the Kauffman Center for the Performing
Arts in Kansas City, MO including new
faade lighting in the Muriel Kauffman
Theatre that uses linear flexible Tivoli
LED strip lights (see page 9).
25 CONFERENCES
SIL Europe to focus on LEDs in lighting
Bob Steele columns/departments
27 REGIONAL FOCUS
4 COMMENTARY Maury Wright
European Commission drives SSL adoption Moving beyond SSL's early adopters
Tim Whitaker
33 MARKETS 9 NEWS +ANALYSIS

Tivoli LED fixtures light
LED lighting market holds steady in 2012
revamped Kauffman Center
Vrinda Bhandarkar, Ella Shum & Laura Peters
LEDs and remote-phosphor optics
light Olympic TV studios
37 TECHNOLOGY
Osram and Samsung settle out of court
Remote-phosphor delivers uniform light
Martin Schiel, Future Lighting Solutions LEDs medal in London Olympics
Epistar takes over Huga Optotech
43 LIFE SCIENCE
Osram develops SSL post-top retrofit
Monochromatic and colored LEDs in SSL
Albeo patents chip-in-fixture technology
Rajendra Swamy, Osram Opto Semiconductors
Cree LEDs light Newport News schools
51 SEMICON WEST Avnet opens LED test lab
Semiconductor industry moves toward 6-in wafers Ernst & Young retrofits with LEDs
Paula Doe, SEMI
Cree demonstrates 170-
lm/W prototype lamp
57 IP PROTECTION
IP strategy plays role in LED business development
Jackie Maguire & David Segal, Coller IP 19 FUNDING+PROGRAMS
LRCs ASSIST turns 10
61 MARKETS Lighting Facts begins QA testing program
China LED wafer market: A story of commoditization Soraa will lead DOE funded
Luke Johnson, GCIS China Strategic Research research on GaN substrates
DOE verifies high-performing BR30/
64 STANDARDS
R30 lamps, AR111 lamps disappoint
Standards for thermal characterization of LEDs
DOE affirms lumen maintenance
Jianzhong Jiao, Osram Opto Semiconductors of L Prize lamp
65 MANUFACTURING
Long lead times hamper SSL sales 68 LAST WORD Mitch Jansen, Intematix
Ray Sjolseth, Seesmart LED Take a comprehensive system view
when considering remote phosphor
LEDsmagazine.com SEPTEMBER 2012 3

commentary
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT Christine Shaw

& PUBLISHING DIRECTOR cshaw@pennwell.com
Moving beyond SSL's EDITOR Maury Wright

mauryw@pennwell.com
ASSOCIATE EDITOR Nicole Pelletier
early adopters nicolep@pennwell.com

SENIOR TECHNICAL Laura Peters
EDITOR laurap@pennwell.com
CONTRIBUTING Tim Whitaker
EDITOR twhitaker@pennwell.com
MARKETING MANAGER Adrienne Adler
PRESENTATION MANAGER Kelli Mylchreest
I 'm just back from The LED Show that took

place in Las Vegas July 30 August 1. There
are a few observations that I'll share with
you from my experience at the conference.
were contractors, distributors, architects,
and lighting designers that were brand new
to SSL, but that had decided to make LED
lighting their focus going forward. I met
PRODUCTION DIRECTOR Mari Rodriguez
SENIOR ILLUSTRATOR Christopher Hipp
AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT Debbie Bouley
But the top level summary is the LED- both a startup distributor and a startup EDITORIAL OFFICES PennWell Corporation,
based solid-state lighting (SSL) industry is contractor with business plans dedicated LEDs Magazine
98 Spit Brook Road, LL-1
moving beyond early adopters and into a to SSL, and they were at their first confer-
Nashua, NH 03062-5737
second deeper phase of deployment. ence focused on the subject. Tel: +1 603 891-0123
Having a background in the broad elec- After the conference, I realized that I had Fax: +1 603 891-0574
www.ledsmagazine.com
tronics and semiconductor industries, I missed the signs of the transition beyond
SALES OFFICES
have long experience with the early-adopter early adopters in my everyday life. Acquain- SALES MANAGER Mary Donnelly
phase. I chronicled technologies such as tances that would look at me funny when I (US EAST COAST) maryd@pennwell.com
mobile phones, the DVR, and HDTV through talked about LED lighting even a year ago Tel. +1 603 891 9398
SALES MANAGER Allison OConnor
the phase while also being an avowed early are now buying and installing LED products. (US WEST COAST) allison@jagmediasales.com
adopter myself. When I first had the oppor- A friend from the local dog park recently told Tel. +1 480 991 9109
tunity to focus on LEDs and SSL it was a me how he had replaced lighting on a diffi- SALES MANAGER Joanna Hook
(EUROPE) joannah@pennwell.com
comfortable transition given the early state cult-to-reach high ceiling with LED retrofit Tel. +44(0)117 946 7262
of the technology. lamps expecting those lamps to live longer SALES MANAGER Manami Konishi
(JAPAN) konishi-manami@ics-inc.co.jp
The maturation of SSL has proceeded a bit than he would.
Tel: +81 3 3219 3641
differently than say HDTV. There have been Another friend in a low-tech business has SALES MANAGER Mark Mak
subsidies to help SSL along, especially in relit one of his factories with LED lights - (CHINA & HONG KONG) markm@actintl.com.hk
Tel: +852 2838 6298
areas such as outdoor lighting. Still I expect without the benefit of subsidies or incentives.
SALES MANAGER Diana Wei
many parallels in that a very expensive Now I encouraged him to make that transi- (TAIWAN) diana@arco.com.tw
technology can go mainstream faster than tion more than a year ago. He waited a bit. Tel: 886-2-2396-5128 ext:270
SALES MANAGER Young Baek
almost anyone expects. But he is sold on the retrofit and planning a (KOREA) ymedia@chol.com
The LED Show prompted these thoughts transition in a second factory. I will bring you Tel: +82 2 2273 4818
details of that project in our next issue. CORPORATE OFFICERS
because frankly I met a different crowd of peo-
CHAIRMAN Frank T. Lauinger
ple at the show. At events such as Strategies There was talk in several sessions at The PRESIDENT AND CEO Robert F. Biolchini
in Light (SIL), the crowd has already drunk LED Show about where LEDs have hit a tip- CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER Mark C. Wilmoth
the proverbial Kool-Aid. Many attendees, ping point. Clearly SSL is the technology of TECHNOLOGY GROUP
from lighting designers to luminaire makers choice outdoors and in refrigerated cases. SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT Christine A. Shaw
& PUBLISHING DIRECTOR
to LED manufacturers, have bought into the All industrial, office, and commercial appli-
SUBSCRIPTIONS: For subscription inquiries:
LED vision with only the chronology in doubt. cations where long hours are involved are Tel: +1 847 559-7330;
Fax: +1 847 291-4816;
Don't misunderstand. The SIL family of close behind. And retail and hospitality, e-mail: led@omeda.com;
shows has excellent programs by far the where lighting quality really matters and ledsmagazine.com/subscribe
deepest technically in the SSL industry. maintenance is very disruptive, are moving We make portions of our subscriber list available to carefully screened
companies that offer products and services that may be important for
They are can't miss events for serious play- beyond the early-adopter phase. The transi- your work. If you do not want to receive those offers and/or information
via direct mail, please let us know by contacting us at List Services
ers in SSL and the next ones up are in Europe tion is clearly accelerating. LEDs, 98 Spit Brook Road LL-1, Nashua, NH 03062.
_____
(www.sileurope.com) and Japan (www.sil- Copyright 2012 PennWell Corp (ISSN 2156-633X). All rights
ledjapan.com). reserved. Contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any
________ form without prior written consent of Publishers.
At The LED Show, however, I met the Maury Wright, EDITOR
next phase of players in the SSL industry mauryw@pennwell.com
over lunches and networking breaks. There
4 SEPTEMBER 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

_____________
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ADVERTISERS index Shenzhen Bang-Bell

Alanod ......................................................40 Labsphere, Inc. .........................................67
American Bright Optoelectronics ................15 LED Linear GmbH ......................................56 Electronics Co., Ltd................................. 41
Avantes BV................................................12 Ledlink Optics Inc. .....................................13 Shenzhen Refond
Optoelectronics Co., Ltd..........................16
Carclo Technical Plastics ...........................60 Linear Technology....................................CV3
Shin-Etsu Silicones of America Inc. ............39
Cirrus Logic ...............................................11 Lucite International....................................31
Sichuan Jiuzhou
Cree, Inc. ................................................ CV4 Lumens Co., Ltd. .......................................48 Electric Group Co., Ltd. ...........................50
Edison Opto Corporation............................26 Matrix Lighting Limited, Hong Kong ..........CV2 Signcomplex Limited .................................54
Eptronics ..................................................20 MBN GmbH ...............................................21 The Bergquist Company .............................23
Excellence Opto Inc. ..................................67 Mikron Agie Charmilles AG...........................1 The BOC Group/ Linde Electronics .............18
Future Electronics, Inc. ..............................46 NMB Technologies Corporation ..................53 The Korean Consulate General .................. 17
GE Lightech...............................................32 Philips Lighting BV .....................................29 Thomas Research Products .........................7
Helio Optoelectronics Corp. .......................58 Philips Lumileds ..........................................2 Underwriters Laboratories .........................36
Indium Corp. .............................................35 Proto Labs, Inc. .........................................24 USHIO America..........................................14
Instrument Systems GmbH ........................44 Recom Power Inc........................... 45, 47, 49 Visa Lighting .............................................30
Intematix Corp...........................................67 Seoul Semiconductor Co. Ltd.......................8 Vossloh-Schwabe
Inventronics (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd................42 Shanxi Guangyu LED Lighting Co. Ltd. ........59 Deutschland GmbH .................................66
Josef Bartheleme GmbH & Co. KG .............67 Shenzhen Baikang Optical Co., Ltd...............5

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news views
INDOOR LIGHTING
Tivoli LED fixtures light revamped Kauffman Center

Kansas City, MO has completed a remodel and expansion
of the Kauff man Center for the Performing Arts including
new LED lighting used in the balcony faades in the Muriel
Kauff man Theatre, coves of Brandmeyer Great Hall lounge,
dressing rooms, and illuminated boxes promoting upcom-
ing events. The theater is the home of the Kansas City Ballet
and the Lyric Opera of Kansas City, and now the 1800-seat
venue features a visual effect meant to appear like flowing
water as patrons enter.
The project was designed by architect Moshe Safdie and
lighting design firm Lam Partners, both based near Boston,
MA, together with creative designers Derek Porter Studio of
Kansas City, MO, and 3form Light Design of Salt Lake City, UT.
In the theater, Safdie wanted to create faade lighting
that would vary with viewing angle and cast a soft mol-
ten glow. The faade panels are made from 3forms Varia
Ecoresin material. Still, the team needed an energy-efficient
and low-maintenance light source. The design uses flexible
linear LED lighting from Tivolis Covelum Designer Series. used an irregular layup of the linear lighting to provide
The faade panels vary in length from 6-12 ft. The team a indirect/direct lighting effect. Moreover, the page 10
ENTERTAINMENT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
LEDs and remote- Osram and Samsung

phosphor optics light settle out of court
Just as we went to press, Osram AG and Samsung
Olympic TV studios Electronics Co jointly issued a press release announc-
During the London Olympics this past summer, the BBC and NBC lit ing the settlement of all worldwide patent lawsuits
their TV studios with Production Resources Group (PRG) Trucolor HS between the two, and joint license agreements for
LED fixtures that used Intematix ChromaLit remote-phos- their respective LED patent portfolios. The suit dis-
phor panels. The combination delivered missals around the globe should be complete by the
up to 98 CRI at a color temper- end of August.
ature of 3200K, and that yielded We believe the two companies now have an oppor-
improved color fidelity through tunity to significantly contribute to the LED indus-
the TV. try and offer better products to our customers, said
Color rendering is absolutely Namseong Cho, executive vice president and gen-
critical, since the camera can eral manager of Samsung Electronics LED busi-
only accurately see color if the ness. With the patent suits now behind us, we look
spectrum in the light source is forward to building a strategic relationship with
complete, said Rich Pierceall, Osram on a number of different fronts. It's likely that
director of digital lighting sales Osram will receive licensing fees from Samsung.
with PRG, based in Armonk, NY. page 10 MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/8/16

news+views
Kauffman from page 9 ______
a huge focus on legacy aspects (www.illu-
lighting can be controlled and dimmed by _______________________ The
minationinfocus.com/features/3/6/14).
the theater lighting-control system. area will be converted to a public park after
Safdie also needed lights with a very the Games, and temporary lighting posts
warm color temperature to achieve the gold will be removed, leaving permanent LED-
tone that he envisioned for the faade. Tivoli based outdoor lighting.
GE was keen to emphasize its role
as a key supplier for the London 2012
Games, including lighting for some
of the most recognizable fixtures
and venues. Perhaps most promi-
nently, GE partnered with utility lighting for many of the key tasks, including
EDF, the Mayor of London, and the the main lighting schemes for the Olympic
City of London Corporation, to refit Stadium and other major venues. Well see
Londons iconic Tower Bridge with whether LEDs have an even bigger impact
an energy-efficient LED lighting at the games in Rio de Janeiro in 2016.
system (www.ledsmagazine.com/ MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/8/9
_______
news/9/5/30).
GE Lighting also said that it BUSINESS
supplied 14,000 lamps for Londons
80,000-seat Olympic Stadium. And Epistar takes over Huga Optotech
within the main Olympic Park, GE Taiwans largest chip maker, Epistar, has
relied on its custom color-temperature-mix- Lighting supplied 25,000 Tetra PowerMAX announced it will completely take over sub-
ing capabilities and delivered linear modules LED modules and Tetra LED drivers for sidiary Huga Optotech through a share swap
with a CCT between 2300K and 2400K. The night-time orientation lighting. in which one Epistar share will be exchanged
modules are rated for 80,000 hours of life. Despite a commitment to maximize the for 4.85 Huga shares. The merger will take
The remodel also saw LED lighting use of sustainable technologies, the London effect on December 28, 2012.
installed in other prominent locations 2012 organizers were not able to specify LED In July of 2010, Epistar took a 47.88% stake
throughout the Kauffman Center. For exam-
ple, Tivoli Architectural Channel series
lighting is used to border mirrors in the Olympics from page 9 and color rendering index are excellent.
dressing rooms. To illuminate poster boxes Typically, skin tone suffers when R9 and The beam spread is 160 degrees. Regard-
promoting upcoming events, the design R13 are not above 90 CRI. The Trucolor HS ing the type of light provided, Brill com-
team utilized TivoTape flexible strips that achieves extended CRI measurements of 94 mented It provides a very soft, flattering
mix red and yellow LEDs. for 5600K daylight and 98 for 3200K CCT. light, with excellent color and without mul-
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/7/12 Steve Brill, president of Lighting Design tiple shadows. There is no need to add dif-
Group in New York, NY, used the PRG Tru- fusion, which cuts down on light output.
ENTERTAINMENT AND OUTDOOR color HS fixtures for the first time at the Output of the LED-based fixture is 20,000
NBC Wimbledon tennis tournament stu- lm and it requires 400W of power. The light
LEDs medal in London Olympics dios. The fixtures, designed for motion output is roughly twice that of a 2000W
Many of the events at the Olympic Games in picture and broadcast productions, have tungsten incandescent bulb.
London benefitted from the use of LED light- exchangeable remote-phosphor pan- At the recent LED Show in Las Vegas,
ing, which was selected in some cases for its els, allowing the user to quickly change Julian Carey, senior director of mar-
longevity and sustainability, and in others between color temperatures. These fix- keting at Intematix, based in Fremont,
for its color-changing capabilities and wow tures turned out to be excellent replace- CA, explained the mixture of phos-
factor. The latter was the case in both the ments for traditional soft lights. The abil- phors that allow such high CRIs. He
Opening and Closing Ceremony, when LEDs ity to change color temperature was a great said that there are four families of phos-
were used to create patterns, text and ani- plus for us, especially at the Wimbledon phor materials, based on silicates, gar-
mated effects in the crowd sections. More windowed studio, said Brill. net, nitrides, and aluminates. Green
than 70,000 Tait Technologies LED mod- Brill added One of the challenges with aluminate phosphors can achieve a
ules, each containing 9 LEDs, were posi- LED fixtures has always been intensity broad spectrum and are a great compli-
tioned next to the spectator seats. and color. This fixture is actually signif- ment to red nitrides that deliver the high
As discussed in a recent article in Illu- icantly brighter than the tungsten fixture CRI and R9 combination, said Carey.
mination in Focus magazine, the lighting it replaces, and both the color temperature MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/7/17
scheme for the 2.5-km Olympic Park had

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LEDMAG07012012
news+views
in Huga Optotech (www.ledsmagazine.com/ of luminaires, independent of the
_______ The new deal will expand Epis-
news/7/5/26). original manufacturer. The module
tars registered capital to NT9.1 billion ($ 303.3 is prepared upon request so that fit-
million) from NT8.6 billion currently. Epistar ting is as simple as replacing lamps
currently holds a 50.85% share in Huga. or sockets.
Huga has a production capacity of 150,000 Osram claims that, compared
units of 2-in equivalent epitaxial wafers a with mercury-vapor-discharge
month, and the company is currently run- lamps, the DSL cuts energy con-
ning at 70% of its capacity. Meanwhile, Epi- sumption of luminaires by at least
star has a capacity of 330,000-340,000 epi- 60%. Upgrading is less than half the
taxial wafers per month. After the merger, cost of a new LED installation.
Hugas production lines will focus on the As well as offering improved
production of low-power LED chips, while energy efficiency and durability,
those of Epistars will be responsible for the modules, which are fitted with
high-power LED chips. Osrams Oslon SSL LEDs, provide
high levels of color rendering. The
RETROFIT MODULE DSL also enables more targeted
control of light compared to clas-
Osram develops SSL sic lighting, for example by choos-
post-top retrofit ing the correct number of LEDs in
Osram has developed an LED module to order to reduce light spill in certain
enable rapid upgrading of historic street circumstances.
luminaires. The decorative street lighting MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news
(DSL) module can be used for a wide variety ____
/9/8/3
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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CASE STUDY
Albeo patents chip-in-fixture technology Cree LEDs light Newport News schools
Lighting-fixture maker Albeo Technologies has received US Patent The Newport News Public School District located in Virginia has
8,058,659 entitled LED chip-based lighting products and methods of installed 185 Cree solid-state lighting (SSL) fixtures in an out-
building that covers the concept of integrating bare LED die directly door-lighting application at seven district schools. The LED-based
into fixtures. The novel approach to solid-state lighting (SSL) could lighting was used to replace 189 high-pressure sodium (HPS) and
lower costs by eliminating both the LED package and the traditional 150 incandescent fixtures.
printed circuit board, but products based on the technology are at The school district projects 65% savings in annual energy costs
least a year away.
About the traditional approach to SSL fixtures, Albeo CEO Jeff
Bisberg CEO said, You have a stack-up of materials that add cost.
You have a stack-up of materials that add thermal resistance. Albeo
hopes to eliminate both.
Bisberg claims the chip-in-fixture approach will offer lower cost
than current approaches. He said that the DOE has estimated that
the package in which an LED die is encapsulated is 40% of the cost
of the packaged LED component. Moreover, he said the printed cir-
cuit board can be 20-30% of the cost of an LED fixture.
Albeo must solve the problem of developing manufacturing equip-
ment that can handle bare die to work on the scale of a fixture in terms
of size. Moreover it intends to use blue LEDs without the phosphor layer
applied, so it must develop a phosphor-deposition technique as well.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/8/15
associated with lighting at the seven schools. The energy reduc-

tion is projected at 139,000 kWh annually equating to a reduction
of 191,000 pounds of carbon emissions.
District officials expect payback on the project to come in three
years with operational savings continuing for many more years.
These energy-efficient lights virtually eliminate maintenance,

provide the district with dramatic energy savings and also reflect
the communitys commitment to sustainability, said Keith Webb,
executive director of plant services for the Newport News Public
School District. The LED lighting furthers our goal of enhancing
and bettering the learning environment, while saving money for
________
the schools and tax payers.

news+views
DEVELOPMENT LAB
George Kelly, Avnet technical special-
Avnet opens LED test lab ist and LightLab manager, said that the lab
Avnet Electronics Marketing has opened a substantially reduces our customers design
new 900-ft LED-centric test lab in Chandler, time and provides a means to weigh various
Arizona that it calls Avnet LightLab. The design option ultimately optimizing their
lab allows Avnets customer to characterize end-products performance and extending
LEDs and solid-state lighting (SSL) products their competitive edge.
in terms of optical, electrical, and thermal MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/7/9
performance.
Among other equipment in the lab, Avnet OFFICE LIGHTING
installed two integrating spheres, a spectro-
radiometer, and a goniophotometer for opti- Ernst & Young retrofits with LEDs
cal tests. The integrating spheres can mea- Ernst & Young LLP, a global consulting firm,
sure total luminous flux and spectral power has teamed with JAS consulting, Philips
distributions of light sources ranging from Lightolier Energy Services and lighting
individual LEDs to SSL luminaires. design firm One Lux Studio, to retrofit 32
The goniophotometer can measure light floors of its US headquarters in New York
intensity relative to beam angle of LEDs or City with LED lighting solutions from Philips
modules/light engines. Moreover, it can be Lighting. The new installation will save the
used to characterize the combination of an company close to $1M per year in energy and
LED source and secondary optics. The spec- maintenance costs, while reducing lighting
troradiometer is used in conjunction with energy use by 2.9 million kWh per year and
the other tools to capture spectral power cutting its CO2 emissions by approximately
distribution. 2 million pounds annually.

_______________


news+views
Ernst & Young has looked at the return- of Energy (DOE) L Prize competition won
on-investment for their new lighting sys- by Philips only required efficacy above 90
tem and has seen that it gives them better lm/W. That said, the L Prize also required
light quality, a lot more control over their a warm color temperature, and that always
energy usage and reduces maintenance, comes with a penalty in efficacy. Cree didnt
making good business sense, said Zia Eft- specify the color temperature of the concept
ekhar, chairman of Philips Lighting North lamp, but its likely on the cool side.
America. More and more forward-think- The new concept lamp delivers 1250 lm,
ing businesses are looking at the long term consuming 7.3W. To confirm the perfor-
value of their lighting investment and real- mance, Cree had independent lab OnSpeX
izing that LED technology can lower their test the product. The design uses Crees
environmental impact and their electric- TrueWhite technology to achieve 90 or bet-
ity usage. ter CRI.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/7/22 The technology embodied in the new 170-
lm/W concept LED bulb is enabling us to
RETROFIT LAMP develop higher-performance and lower-cost
Cree LED luminaires, said Nick Medendorp,
Cree demonstrates 170- vice president of research and development
lm/W prototype lamp this point, isnt entering the lamp market but at Cree Lighting. By pushing the limits of
Using LEDs based on its third-generation sil- will channel the development work in LEDs, what is possible, Cree continues to strive to
icon-carbide manufacturing platform, that optics, drivers, and thermal management develop new technology that uses less energy
Cree calls SC, the companys engineers have into its solid-state lighting (SSL) products. and provides unmatched light quality and
designed and constructed a retrofit lamp To put the efficacy achievement in per- value to our customers.
that achieves 170-lm/W efficacy. Cree, at spective, consider that the US Department MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/8/1
_________
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_________________
funding
programs
Lighting Facts begins
QA testing program
The LED Lighting Facts program has
begun quality assurance (QA) testing
of LED lamps and luminaires, which
results in a green double-check mark on
the label upon verification. Beginning
October 1, the program will begin charg-
ing a fee for its product listings.
At The LED Show in mid-July, Marci
LRCs ASSIST turns 10 Sanders of D&R International, an envi-
In the wake of its tenth anniversary, the A recent ASSIST recommends publication ronmental and energy efficiency consult-
Lighting Research Centers (LRCs) Alliance reflects recent research that can be used by ing fi rm, presented an update of these
for Solid-State Illumination Systems and LED lighting manufacturers to develop sys- revisions to the Lighting Facts program,
Technologies (ASSIST) program continues to tems that minimize the effects of flicker which are aimed at further improving
release important publications including a (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/8/10). The the integrity of products that carry the
report that shows how flicker can be quanti- publication provides calculation methods Lighting Facts label. LED Lighting Facts
fied and a publication that outlines the ben- for estimating the detectability and accept- now requires that manufacturers update
efits of LED lighting to airfields. ability of stroboscopic effects from fl icker the status of their listed products annu-
The ASSIST program encourages collabo- using the parameters of frequency and per- ally. Sanders explained that this change
ration among lighting manufacturers, LED cent fl icker. The document, ASSIST recom- is designed to provide users better visi-
manufacturers, academia, industry organi- mends Flicker parameters for reducing bility into whether products containing
zations, and governments to push the adop- stroboscopic effects from solid-state light- the Lighting Fact label are commercially
tion of LED-based lighting. The LRC at Rens- ing systems, can be downloaded at www. ___ available, available through special
selaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) manages lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/
__________________________ order, or not available on the market.
the ASSIST program and plans to continue recommends/fl icker.asp.
_______________ Manufacturers will also need to pay
a proactive solid-state lighting (SSL) mission The LRC has published another report, an annual fee for their Lighting Facts
via research and testing of what is still an "Issues with use of LED airfield lighting: listed products $100 for existing prod-
emerging technology. ACRP synthesis 35," which is based on a ucts or $150 for new products. Th is fee
"Going forward, ASSIST intends to main- detailed study of 22 airports and aviation will be waived in the case of Energy Star
tain its collaborative approach to overcoming agencies. The report concluded that reduced qualified or products on the qualified
market transformation barriers," said Nada- maintenance cost is the primary benefit for product list of the DesignLights Consor-
rajah Narendran, RPI professor, LRC director airports considering a move to LED lighting tium (DLC). The fee will also be waived
of research, and the director of the ASSIST in the airfield. Energy savings are secondary, for the first year if manufacturers volun-
program. "This will include knowledge cre- in part because airfield electrical systems teer to have their products quality assur-
ation and dissemination, demonstrating the are designed for incandescent loads (www.___ ance (QA) tested by Lighting Facts.
value of solid-state lighting systems that cre- ledsmagazine.com/news/9/7/19). The new QA program involves testing
ate better lighting and more convenience, and ASSIST members include Acuity Brands of the LED product for the mandatory
new metrics to quantify this value. ASSIST Lighting, Amerlux Global Lighting Solu- metrics listed on the Lighting Facts label
will also continue to support test procedure tions, Bridgelux, Cirrus Logic, Cooper Indus- as well as a variety of optional metrics.
harmonization around the world, and out- tries, Cree, Dow Corning, the Federal Avia- Testing cost will be paid by the manu-
reach education and support." tion Administration, GE Lighting Solutions, facturer. QA testing will be performed
Examples of the work of the LRC and the Industrial Technology Research Insti- by independent labs that are located
ASSIST program include: tute, Intematix, LG Electronics, LG Innotek, in the US and are LED Lighting Facts
A report on LED street light applica- Lighting Science Group, LiteOn, the New Approved Lab Partners for IES LM-79
tion efficacy (www.ledsmagazine.com/ York State Energy Research and Develop- total flux and color testing as well as
________
news/8/6/15) ment Authority, Osram Sylvania/Osram intensity distribution. Manufacturers
The Gamut Area Index (GAI) color-qual- Opto Semiconductors, Philips Lighting, will be able to select among several lab-
ity metric (www.ledsmagazine.com/ Posco LED, Sharp Laboratories of America, oratories to decide where to have their
_______
news/7/6/8) Seoul Semiconductor, Toshiba, the United product tested.
The impact of outdoor lighting on cir- States Environmental Protection Agency, If a product tests within the toler-
cadian cycles (www.ledsmagazine.com/ WAC Lighting, and WattStopper. ances of the metrics listed page 20
_______
news/7/6/15). MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/8/4

funding programs
Soraa will lead DOE funded research on GaN substrates

The US Department of Energys (DOEs) the technology. Later it said this line of phors. But the adoption of GaN-on-GaN has
Advanced Research Projects Agency Energy MR-16 lamps, including 50W-equiva- been hampered by the high substrate cost.
(ARPA-E), which first funded Fremont, lent lamps, would be commercially avail- The ARPA-E hopes to capitalize on this
CA-based Soraa on a project in 2011, has now able in 3Q 2012 (www.ledsmagazine.com/ opportunity with a US-developed solution.
decided to make Soraa the prime contractor _________
features/9/6/8). The DOE believes that applications for
to develop bulk gallium nitride (GaN) sub- Soraa points out several advantages to GaN substrates have the potential to reduce
strates for the LED industry. using GaN-on-GaN technology, including US energy consumption significantly. More-
Soraa emerged from stealth status back the ability to drive LEDs at higher current over, the Department estimates that GaN
in February at the Strategies in Light with less droop. It says GaN-on-GaN LEDs products such as LEDs, laser diodes, and
Conference by announcing its GaN-on- provides a complete spectrum, avoiding power electronics have the potential of being
GaN LED technology, and stating that it both the blue overshoot and the cyan gap worth over $50 billion annually.
had fabricated an LED MR-16 lamp using seen with conventional blue LEDs and phos- MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/8/7
DOE verifies high-performing BR30/R30 lamps, AR111 lamps disappoint

The US DOE Solid-State Lighting Caliper program has published would be effective replacements for the bulbs they were bench-
its latest Series 16 and 17 reports based on directional LED lamps, marked against, including one 65W incandescent BR30, one 15W
which performed well in the case of the BR30 and R30 lamps, CFL R30, and one 16W CFL BR30. Most of the LED-based lamps
while the selection of AR111 lamps, a niche product, still require met or exceeded Energy Star requirements for efficacy, light out-
improvements. put, CRI, CCT, power factor and beam angle distribution. How-
In Round 16, it was determined that the 13 LED products tested ever, cost was highlighted as a critical barrier to LED replacement-
lamp adoption.
In Round 17, five AR111 directional LED lamps were tested and
found to be ineffective replacements for halogen AR111 lamps
due to color quality and luminous intensity distribution charac-
teristics. Results indicated that although the lamps may perform
acceptably and provide some energy savings, this product category
is lagging behind other types of directional LED lamps and contin-
ued performance improvement is warranted.
Lighting Facts from page 19

by the manufacturer on the label, the label will get a green dou-
ble-check mark. The green double-check designation is the first
real way for manufacturers to differentiate products on the prod-
uct list for Lighting Facts, said Sanders. She added that if testing
results in values different from those indicated by the manufac-
turer, the manufacturer will be given the opportunity to revise
the label values and still get the green double-check mark. Once
the double-check mark is assigned, it will appear on that product
for two years (see www.lightingfacts.com/EnhancementsFAQ for
frequently asked questions).
In addition to providing fee waivers for Energy-Star and DLC
qualified products, Lighting Facts will provide discounts to man-
ufacturers who choose to list multiple products or to manufac-
turers that can provide full LM-79 data upon submission. QA
tested products will also become part of the DOEs Caliper data-
____________ base of tested products.

funding programs
DOE affirms lumen maintenance of L Prize lamp

The US DOE has reported that after 18,000 announced that Philips had won the L million prize (www.ledsmagazine.com/
_______ In April, Philips introduced
hours of testing, the L Prize-winning Prize contest for retrofit A-lamps and a $10 news/8/8/8).
Philips A-lamp has maintained its a slightly diff erent version of the
lumen output. The report "Lumen L-Prize lumen maintenance L Prize winning lamp to the con-
As of 7/9/12
maintenance testing of the Philips sumer market (www.ledsmagazine.
60-watt replacement lamp L Prize Normalized lumen maintenance (%) com/news/9/4/13).
entry" states that the average lumen 120 The L Prize document also
maintenance is still greater than i ncluded color ma i ntena nce
100
100% of the initial average lumen requirements. The lamp was to
maintenance of the 200 samples. 80 deliver a chromaticity change of
The L Prize documents set a less than 0.004 relative to the CIE
requirement of 70% lumen mainte- 60 1976 color space. At the 7000-hour
nance over 25,000 hours. Although test point, the Philips lamps stood
40
the lumen maintenance could not at a 0.0006 change. At 18,000 hours,
be verified at the time the prize was 20
the 13th worst performing lamp had
awarded, it now appears that the L a chromaticity change of 0.001, well
Prize lamp will exceed the specifica- 0 within the limit. The DOE expects
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
tion. The DOE is now projecting that Thousands of run hours 90% of the tested lamps to perform
the Philips lamp will deliver 97.1% as well or better.
lumen maintenance at 25,000 hours. 18,000-hour normalized lumen output of 200 Philips MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com
It was one year ago that the DOE L-Prize lamps. ________
/news/9/8/5
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funding programs
Azzurro granted EUR 2.6 million DOE announces SBIR/

to produce GaN-on-Si wafers STTR funding
The European Regional Development Fund and the Free State of The US DOE Office of Science has announced that it has spon-
Saxony, Germany, have awarded EUR 2.6 million (US$3.2 million) to sored another round of Small Business Innovation Research
Azzurro Semiconductors, an epiwafer foundry, for the development (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) funding
of 200-mm gallium-nitride-on-silicon (GaN-on-Si) wafers. Azzurro opportunities. Included in the opportunity is Topic 11, "Wide
asserts that it is in a leadership position with its 150-nm GaN-on-Si bandgap semiconductors for energy efficiency and renewable
wafers and has been expanding its manufacturing operations at its energy." All programs are funded at the levels of $150,000 for
Dresden site in Saxony. Phase 1 of the projects and $1 million for Phase II. Parties inter-
Stephan Lutgen, Azzurro vice president of technology, said, "Based ested in applying for the grants should note that the deadline
on the technology grant, Azzurro can execute its strategic develop- for the short letter-of-intent submission is September 4 and if a
ment of the 200-mm technology platform for power semiconduc- full application is invited, it is due October 16.
tors and LEDs and quickly attend to the strong customer demand. The published subtopics contained in Topic 11 are intention-
The LED industry continue to pursue the use of silicon substrates ally broad and general in order to promote maximum partic-
as opposed to the more commonly used sapphire, because a tran- ipation and innovation, but have performance goals and met-
sition to silicon could enable manufacturers to use existing semi- rics based on the DOE SSL Multi-Year Program Plan. Within
conductor processing tools in the back end of the LED production the wide bandgap semiconductors topic, grant applications
process, which would lower packaged LED component cost. are being sought in three subtopic areas: bulk gallium nitride
Together larger wafers and silicon substrates could be a big advan- (GaN) substrates and novel architectures; advances in epitaxial
tage for LED manufacturers assuming that companies can solve yield growth; and device redesign and passive components.
problems and get equivalent brightness out of silicon-based LEDs. The fi rst subtopic solicits applications that offer cost-effec-
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/7/17 tive, practical, and scalable solutions to the problem of native
GaN substrate production (i.e., GaN-on-GaN). A long-term tar-
get involves the development of methods that allow scaling of
Smithsonian LED report GaN wafers to 150 mm and 200 mm diameter with dislocation
density below 104/cm2 at costs that do not exceed 2-3 that of sil-
shows mixed results icon wafers. Additionally, novel technological approaches that
rely on nanoscale or other unique architectures are strongly
The fi nal US DOE Gateway report covering an LED track-lighting encouraged as long as they illustrate a clear path to commer-
retrofit at the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington cial-scale device production.
DC showed mixed results when implementing LED replacement The second subtopic targets the potential to reduce defect den-
lamps in art galleries. During the demonstration, LED PAR-30 and sities by an order of magnitude for epitaxial processes involving
MR-16 lamps replaced all traditional incandescent lamps in one GaN growth on one or more of silicon, sapphire and silicon carbide
gallery and LED PAR-38 and MR-16 lamps partially replaced incan- (SiC), or SiC-on-SiC. Candidate grants should describe the method
descent lamps in two other galleries. for reducing defect densities including the novel epitaxial process
In general, the museum was able to achieve satisfactory visual description and the integration of in situ metrology into the pro-
results in terms of both color and composition with LED lamps, duction process. Again, cost should not exceed 2-3 that of a sili-
despite some issues with equivalency, beam angles, and compat- con process.
ibility with the museum's low-voltage track heads and dimming The device redesign subtopic targets end-use applications includ-
control system. Photometric testing at 4000 hours showed PAR-30 ing microgrids and traction motors at 10-15 kV, electric vehicles
lamps were moderately stable in terms of light output. MR-16 lamps at 600-1200V and small-scale commercial operations at 110-480V.
exhibited unacceptable changes in color and lumen output. Test- Former grant recipients have included Soraa, Universal Display,
ing will continue after 8000 and 12,000 hours of use. Advanced Cooling Technologies, and Sinmat. Soraa is develop-
Energy costs were reduced from 3.9 to 1.1 W/ft or from $2984 ing GaN substrates (Phase 1), UDC is continuing to improve the
to $816 per year, and the high initial cost of LED lamps was recov- thermal management of its OLED panels, targeting an operat-
ered in 16 months through energy savings alone. A 10-year life- ing temperature of 30C at 10,000 lm/m 2 (Phase II). ACT is devel-
cycle cost analysis including maintenance savings and based on oping an advanced heat spreader based on a dielectric PCB pla-
a melded electrical rate of $0.14/kWh found a total present value nar thermosyphon (Phase II). Sinmant is developing a low-cost
energy savings of $19,041, with a total present value life-cycle cost method of creating a microlens engineered substrate for OLEDs
savings of $27,891. with great extraction efficiency (Phase II).
This Gateway demonstration report is available for download at __________________
Questions can be submitted at www.fedconnect.net/FedCon-
______________________________
www.ssl.energy.gov/gatewaydemos_results.html. nect/PublicPages/FedConnect_Ready_Set_Go.pdf
_______________________________

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conferences | SIL EUROPE PREVIEW
SIL Europe to focus on LED

lighting in challenging European environment
With the theme of "Growth, profitability and new opportunities for LED lighting in a challenging
economy," this year's Strategies in Light Europe 2012 conference takes place in Munich, Germany
on September 18-20, reports BOB STEELE .
Paul Thurk, managing director of Arch Ven-
S
trategies Unlimited and PennWell standards for the LED industry
will present the third annual Solid-State Lighting Investor Forum ture Partners Europe comparing the opportu-
Strategies in Light Europe confer- Keynote and Plenary Sessions. nities for SSL startups in the US and Europe.
ence at the M.O.C. Event Center in Munich, Starting off the Keynote Session on Tues-
Germany on September 18-20, 2012. Th is day, September 18 will be Vrinda Bhan- Parallel tracks
years conference theme is Growth, profit- darkar, Director of LED Lighting Research From mid-morning on Wednesday,
ability and new opportunities for LED light- for Strategies Unlimited, who will address September 19, the conference splits into par-
ing in a challenging economy. SIL Europe the factors accounting for the recent robust allel tracks, which are focused on Market and
is focused entirely on the market and tech- growth in the worldwide LED lighting mar- Technology. The Market Track will cover a
nology for LEDs in lighting applications, ket (80% in 2011), and will also provide a cur- wide range of subjects, ranging from new
reflecting the fact that lighting is the domi- rent market update along with a five-year European initiatives for SSL to the status of
nant application of LEDs in Europe. forecast and an overview of the European standards development to lighting applica-
In addition to European regional consid- market. The other keynote speakers include tions and case studies. Of special interest is
erations, issues regarding the adoption of Osram's Schraft, who will give a presenta- a presentation reviewing the current status
LED lighting on a global basis will also be tion entitled The global lighting industry on knowledge regarding lighting and health.
addressed at the conference. As observed Tradition, transition, transformation, and An update on the latest market study of LED
by keynote speaker Christian Schraft, senior Guido van Tartwijk, general manager cat- retrofit lamps will also be provided.
vice president head of corporate strategy egory LED systems, Philips Lighting, who The Technology Track will address and
and marketing at Osram AG, SSL and green will speak on The outlook for LED lighting: equally wide range of topics, ranging from
lighting in general are set for growth as the Challenges and opportunities. luminaire and system design to networks and
lighting industry is being transformed, In the Plenary Session, The globalization controls to phosphors, packaging and optics.
with government mandates underpinning of LED lighting will be the presentation topic A special session on color quality will offer the
the shift to higher energy efficiency. More- of Jan Denneman, president of the Global latest research results on this subject, which
over, light management, which includes the Lighting Association (GLA). Jaap Schlejen, is of increasing importance to the solid-state
transformation from switches to intelligent executive vice president, sales & marketing lighting industry. A special session will also
networks, as well as energy efficiency and LED lighting, will provide Samsungs perspec- be devoted to test, measurement and reliabil-
quality of light, are driving market transfor- tive on the LED lighting market. A lighting ity of LED lighting products.
mation into an intelligent, networked solu- designers view of LEDs will be provided by More information on Strategies in Light
tions business. Alan Mitchell, CEO of Neolight. The Plenary Europe can be found on the conference web-
Strategies in Light Europe 2012 will Session will conclude with a presentation by site: www.sileurope.com.
include the following:
Keynote Session LINKS
Plenary Session SIL Europe Preview #1: Applications and market trends in European economy
Parallel conference tracks: Market and www.ledsmagazine.com/features/9/7/12
Technology
SIL Europe Preview #2: Workshops on biological aspects of light and on European standards
Two pre-conference workshops: www.ledsmagazine.com/features/9/7/18
Lighting beyond vision Biological
SIL Europe Preview #3: Investor Forum to highlight up-and-coming European companies
aspects of lighting and European
SIL Europe Preview #4: Technology Track to focus on fundamentally-important SSL issues
BOB STEELE is a Consultant, LED Practice, at
Strategies Unlimited.

______________
regional focus | EUROPE
Europe provides funds and updates

legislation to stimulate growth in SSL
A number of initiatives and funding programs in Europe continue to promote solid-state lighting as both
a key enabling technology and a way to build industrial strength and create jobs, writes TIM WHITAKER.
S
olid-state lighting (SSL) is already
established as the most energy-
efficient and versatile technology
for general lighting. So says the European
Commission (EC), which believes that SSL
can provide high-quality light and visual
performance together with new architec-
tural and design options for enhanced com-
fort and well-being. Europe already has in
place a number of policy instruments that
are stimulating the uptake of energy-effi-
cient lighting technologies. The region was
one of the fi rst to initiate a comprehensive
phase-out of inefficient omnidirectional
lamps, and upcoming legislation will focus
on directional lamps and other product
types. A revised energy-labeling scheme is
in development, and the EC has also received
general public approval for its Green Paper High-profile LED lighting projects, such as GEs illumination of Londons Tower Bridge
on SSL and can now focus on implementing (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/5/30), are helping to raise the profile of solid-state
some of the actions discussed therein. lighting with the general public in Europe. Also, the European Commission is funding
other projects that are intended to demonstrate the benefits of SSL.
Digital Agenda for Europe
Many of the ECs activities related to SSL are purchase costs should allow SSL to compete defined GPP criteria, including purchasing
driven the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE), fairly against its alternatives, and [allow] criteria and ancillary information for green
which contains an EU target for an overall public authorities and the general public to tender specifications, for indoor lighting and
reduction in lighting energy use of at least enjoy the benefits [of SSL] in terms of better for street lighting and traffic signals.
20% by 2020. The DAE is one of the flagship light quality, less environmental damage, and
initiatives of the Europe 2020 growth strategy lower long-term costs, says the EC. An infor- Green Paper on SSL
for the EU (http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020). mation campaign is planned to raise aware- Back in December 2011, the EC published
In line with one of the DAE actions (#72), ness among municipal and public authorities, its long-awaited Green Paper on SSL enti-
the EC has published a Green Paper on SSL, and to organize events to exchange experi- tled: Lighting the Future: accelerating the
and conducted a public consultation, as dis- ences and best practices. Th is will be carried deployment of innovative lighting tech-
cussed below. DAE action #74 is also rele- out in conjunction with the SSL demonstra- nologies (www.ledsmagazine.com/fea-
___________________
vant to lighting, requiring that EU Member tion projects discussed below. _______ A public consultation period
tures/9/2/2).
States should include total lifetime costs in The activity in DAE action #74 also links on the Green Paper remained open until the
the criteria for awarding contracts for pub- with green public procurement (GPP: http://
____ end of February 2012, and the results were
lic procurement of lighting installations. The ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp),
__________________ a voluntary published in July (http://ec.europa.eu/infor-
________________
use of total lifetime costs rather than initial EC instrument whereby public authorities mation_society/digital-agenda/actions/
__________________________
seek to procure goods, services and works __________
ssl-consultation).
TIM WHITAKER is an Editorial Consultant that have a reduced environmental impact The 125 respondents, including industrial
with LEDs Magazine. throughout their life cycle. The EC has already representatives, citizens and public author-

Research and development
ities, were broadly in agreement that the
Green Paper had accurately captured the The EC funds various projects related to LEDs and OLEDs via its FP6 and FP7
main challenges involved in boosting the programs, and SSL features in the current call for funding (www.photonics21.org).
penetration of SSL. The three main chal- Ongoing programs include SSL4EU (www.ssl4.eu), which is exploring universally-
lenges for the large-scale deployment of SSL applicable LED light engines with high color rendering, a tunable light-output
in Europe were indentified as: spectrum and an adaptable light-output level. Such products should enable luminaire
Poor SSL product quality manufacturers to enter the general illumination market and help to develop the LED
Lack of information for both consumers luminaire business in Europe. The consortium includes Switzerlands Regent Lighting
and professional end-users and Spains LPI Europe, as well as STMicroelectronics, Siemens and Osram.
High initial purchase costs. The EC also supports more fundamental device-related research. One example
Other areas highlighted by respondents is GECCO (www.gecco.tu-bs.de), which aims to exploit the vertical sidewalls of
were the need for more coherent standards 3-dimensional GaN structures for improved light extraction. Also, the SMASH project
for improving SSL product quality; the need (www.smash-fp7.eu) is investigating growth of LED structures on nano-structured
for better coordination of existing programs; templates and the development of LEDs based on nano-rod emitters.
and issues relating to raw materials in terms OLEDs have also received substantial amounts of R&D funding from the EC. The
of both availability and recycling. OLED100 project ended last year (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/11/26) after
There was general agreement that current receiving a total of EUR12.5 million. As part of its overall goal of increasing the energy
market-surveillance activities are insuf- efficiency and lifetime of OLEDs for large-area lighting applications, the program
ficient, and there was a call for a stronger partners demonstrated a large-area OLED luminaire that consists of nine 3333 cm
and more transparent EU-level surveillance OLED tiles.
activity supported by independent laborato-
ries for test and measurement. These would
be able to use harmonized testing proce- EUR 10 million was mentioned, but the total has 6 partners from 5 countries, although
dures and provide accurate and unbiased funding from the EC for the two successful two of these partners are Osram Germany
information to consumers. To address the projects is only around EUR 2.8 million ($3.5 and Osram Italy. The other partners are the
issue of high initial purchase cost, there was million). Times are tough in Europe. Vatican City State, the University of Panno-
a call for economic stimuli such as subsidies, The two projects named ILLUMINATE nia in Hungary, the Catalonia Institute for
incentive schemes or tax benefits for cities and LED4ART are summarized in Table Energy Research (IREC) in Spain, and Ita-
and local authorities. 1. Project LED4ART has a duration of 36 lys Fabertechnica.
months and will receive EUR 0.87 million With a duration of 30 months, proj-
SSL demonstration projects in funding from the EC. As the name sug- ect ILLUMINATE is coordinated by Genoa
One way to educate consumers on the ben- gests, the focus is on using LEDs to illumi- city in Italy, and will receive EUR 1.93 mil-
efits of SSL is to conduct large-scale, high- nate works of art. Th is type of application lion in funding. The project will install LED
profile demonstration projects, and dissemi- has stringent light-quality requirements, lighting in two urban areas Genoa (Italy)
nate the results. Somewhat belatedly the EC often at the expense of energy efficiency, and Belfast (UK) and in five exposition
has provided funding for two such projects but the aim is to show that superior light and museum buildings in different Euro-
under its Competitiveness and Innovation quality and high energy efficiency can be pean cities: Copenhagen (Denmark), Genoa
Programme (CIP). Both commenced at the achieved simultaneously. The location could (Italy), Heraklion (Greece), Klaipeda (Lith-
start of 2012, following a call for propos- not have a higher profi le: LED lighting will uania), and Rotterdam (Netherlands). The
als in early 2011 (www.ledsmagazine.com/ replace the existing illumination system in project aims to develop a general approach
_______ At that time a fi gure of around
news/8/2/5). the Vaticans Sistine Chapel. The consortium to overcoming obstacles that are hamper-
ing the application of SSL in various sce-
Project name ILLUMINATE LED4ART narios for both indoor and outdoor light-
ing. The project consortium is driven by end
Start date January 1, 2012 January 1, 2012
users, including building owners and cities,
Duration 30 months 36 months and includes a pool of experts covering all
Total project cost EUR 3.86 million EUR 1.91 million aspects of the SSL value chain.
EU contribution EUR 1.93 million EUR 0.87 million
Coordinator City of Genoa, Italy Osram GmbH Ecodesign legislation and labeling
At the time of writing, Europe is still wait-
Main goal Install LED lighting in two urban areas and Install LED lighting in the
in five exposition and museum buildings in Sistine Chapel in the Vatican ing for the second phase of legislation cov-
various European cities. City. ering energy-inefficient lighting products.
The fi rst Ecodesign regulation (244/2009)
TABLE 1. The EC has committed funds of EUR 2.8 million to two large-scale projects to covered non-directional household lamps,
demonstrate the benefits of SSL in different lighting scenarios. and has already already resulted in the

______
phase-out of the least-efficient lamps at 60W and above (www.leds-
magazine.com/news/8/9/1).
________________ Another regulation (245/2009) covered
tertiary-sector lighting products, including those typically used in
office and street lighting.
The upcoming Ecodesign legislation will include efficiency, func-
tionality and product-information requirements for directional
lamps, including LED-based products. It will also list functional-
ity requirements for non-directional LED lamps, which were not
included in 244/2009. LED drivers will also be covered, along with
requirements for compatibility between LED lamps and existing
lighting equipment and systems. And there will also be a list of addi-
tional product-information requirements for LED tubes designed as
retrofits for linear fluorescent lamps.
The Energy Labeling of Lamps directive (98/11/EC) is also being
updated to expand its scope, and to include explicit reference to
LEDs. Currently, LEDs are only implicitly included, and the regula-
tions do not apply to lower-power (<4W) lamps. Energy labels cur-
rently give a pictorial representation of the products energy class
ranging from A through G. The new legislation will add label classes
on top of A, likely to be A+ and A++, so that LEDs can demonstrate
their superior efficiency compared with other technologies. The
scope of the labeling regulations will be extended to include direc-
tional lamps and will also cover LED-based luminaires.
Speaking at the joint CELMA-ELC LED Forum at Light+Building
(L+B) earlier this year, the ECs Andrs Tth said that Ecodesign leg-
islation and energy-labeling regulations are complementary: Ecode-
sign pushes the market by taking out the lowest-performing prod-
ucts, he said, while energy labeling pulls the market by promoting
the best-performing products.
Both sets of legislation are currently going through the various pro-
cedures needed for adoption by the EC. At L+B back in April, Tth
said both would be published in autumn 2012, after which they would
become directly applicable in all EU Member States after a period of
one year. The new Ecodesign regulation will have a tiered phase-out
of certain lamp types, as has already happened for >60W omnidirec-
tional lamps. The intention seems to be to initiate both the new energy
label and the first tier of the phase-out on September 1, 2013.
However, this target might not be achieved. Speaking at the same
LED Forum at L+B, Lars Sthlen of the European Lamp Compa-
nies Federation (ELC) pointed out that manufacturers need suffi-
cient time to adjust to the changes. Due to the significant effect on
product portfolios and packaging, a transition period of a least 12
months is required, he said. This timeframe is also necessary to
provide luminaire manufacturers and lighting designers with tech-
nical information for their specifications.
In summary, and speaking on behalf of the European lighting
industry, Sthlen said that the regulations are a big step towards
more efficient lightingas long as market surveillance guarantees
that only compliant products are on the market. He also said that
it is important that products should not be banned if no suitable
___________________________
and affordable good-quality replacement products are available.
While we await updates on the latest European legislation related
to SSL, this subject, as well as EC-funded projects and initiatives, will
form a central theme of Strategies in Light Europe, which takes place on
September 18-20, 2012 in Munich, Germany (www.sileurope.com).
LEDsmagazine.com
_______________
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markets | LIGHTING
LED lighting market holds steady in 2012

Strategies Unlimited is forecasting a flat LED lighting market for 2012 relative to 2011, with growth
in retail and industrial/commercial lighting offset by contraction in retrofit lamps, as reported by
VRINDA BHANDARKAR, ELLA SHUM and LAURA PETERS.
T
he year 2011 saw excellent revenue Significant trends in lighting the design of directional luminaires such as
growth of LEDs used in lighting at The ASPs of packaged LEDs, which fell on downlights. Companies making such mul-
46%, fueled by increased sales in average by 25% in 2011 (Table 1), have con- tichip packages include Bridgelux, Citizen,
retrofit lamps, retail display lighting, com- tinued to drop, perhaps by another 20% Cree, Nichia, Osram, Philips Lumileds, Sam-
mercial and industrial lighting, and outdoor already in the first half of 2012. While contin- sung and Seoul Semiconductor.
lighting applications. However, 2012 will ued drops in price are fueling market adop- Th irdly, LED light engines are also sim-
unfortunately not enjoy such growth due tion of LEDs in various applications, there plifying the design of LED luminaires. We
to persistent pricing pressure. Strategies are still markets for which cost is consid- recognize that LED modules with and with-
Unlimited expects the overall LEDs in light- ered too high for main-
ing market to remain essentially flat at $2 stream adoption, such Residential 2% Emergency lighting 1%
billion in 2012, with growth in retail display as replacement lamps. Entertainment 2% Off-grid 1%
and outdoor area lighting offset by contrac- The exception has Consumer portable 3%
tion in the retrofit lamp market (Fig. 1). The been in Japan, where a Outdoor area 6%
Total:
US$2 billion
forecast also calls for only 1.5% growth in rapid increase in LED
LED revenues in 2012 over 2011. replacement lamp sales Commercial/
Retail display 9%
These results are contained in Strategies occurred following the Industrial
33%
Unlimiteds most recent reports entitled Fukushima nuclear
The Market for High-Brightness LEDs in power-plant accident. Architectural
16%
Lighting Applications: Market Review and However, we expect
Forecast, 2012 (www.strategies-u.com/ the LED components Replacement lamps
articles/reports/high-brightness-leds/mar-
___________________________ used in the replace- 27%
_______________________ and
ket-review-and-forecast-2012.html) ment lamps market,
The Worldwide Market for LEDs: Market which grew to $555
_______
Review and Forecast, 2012 (www.strat- million in 2011, to FIG. 1. Revenues for LED lighting markets by application in
egies-u.com/articles/2012/06/the-world-
___________________________ contract somewhat to 2011.
wide-market-for-leds-market-review-and-
___________________________ $484 million in 2012
____________ Th ese are updates to
forecast-2012.html). due to unsustainable market growth in out an integrated driver (defi nition of LED
the data that was presented at Strategies Japan. The revenue for lamps however is light engine by Zhaga) have been intro-
in Light in February (www.ledsmagazine. expected to grow from $2.1 billion in 2011 to duced by established suppliers such as Phil-
com/features/9/3/2). $2.6 in 2012. For specific details and a break- ips, GE, Cree and Bridgelux as well as start-
Several critical trends are influencing the down of trends by replacement lamp type, up companies.
technologies and market size of LEDs and see the Strategies Unlimited report entitled For applications that require diffused
LEDs used in lighting. These include drop- LED Replacement Lamp Market Analysis light, the industry is now often replacing
ping average selling prices (ASPs) of LED and Forecast, 2012 (www.strategies-u.com/ high-power LEDs with medium-power LEDs.
components, a broadening of LED package articles/2012/02/led-replacement-lamps-
__________________________ We expect InGaN medium-power LEDs to be
types, and increasing adoption of stan- market-analysis-and-forecast-2012.html).
_________________________ the fastest growing market segment by pack-
dards on a worldwide basis. Secondly, LED component makers are age type in 2012, though high-power LEDs
broadening their product lines to include, in will make up the largest percentage of rev-
VRINDA BHANDARKAR is Director of particular, multichip packages that include enues sold (Fig. 2). High-power LEDs will
Research, LED Lighting at Strategies Unlimited. small arrays in chip-sized packages as well continue to be used in applications includ-
ELLA SHUM is Director of LED Research at as larger chip-on-board (COB) arrays. The ing street lights, flashlights, recessed lights
Strategies Unlimited. LAURA PETERS is Senior chip-sized arrays reduce the demand for and PAR replacement lamps.
Technical Editor of LEDs Magazine. thermal management while simplifying For omnidirectional applications, remote-

markets | LIGHTING
color makes the merchandise more appeal- manufacturers are able to reduce the total
ing, the form factor is compatible with the dis- LED count required per street lamp with
Low power
20%
play cases and energy-efficiency rebates have each new generation, which dampens over-
made the cost of implementation affordable. all growth of revenues for LED components.
Medium power
5% A very large portion of the retail dis- While outdoor area, retail display and
High power play lighting market is for refrigerated commercial/industrial LED lighting will
75% case lighting, which will increasingly be experience good growth, segments such as
adopted especially in emerging markets consumer portable and emergency light-
worldwide where a rising middle class and ing have reached market saturation (Fig. 3).
urbanization will drive demand for refrig- Continued moderate growth is anticipated
FIG. 2. LED lighting market by package erated cases in grocery stores. in the residential, architectural lighting and
type in 2011. The LED commercial and industrial light- entertainment lighting segments. Replace-
ing segment was the largest LED in lighting ment lamps will need to reach acceptable
phosphor technologies from Philips and segment in 2011 and the revenues are fore- price points for the consumer and dimming
Intematix are being used to improve the effi- cast to grow to $1.2 billion in 2016, following compatibility issues must be resolved.
cacy of converting blue LEDs to white light. a CAGR of 13%.
Standards continue to accelerate the mar- Outdoor area lighting includes all street LED markets
ket transformation to solid-state lighting, and area lighting as well as parking lot Not surprisingly, the LEDs market over-
which is occurring more rapidly than previ- lights. While this sector is growing quickly, all experienced better growth in 2011 than
ous transitions such as the change to fluores-
cent and compact fluorescent lighting tech- LED lighting markets
(US$ million)
nologies. This is partly due to the efforts of
Commercial/Industrial
organizations such as the US Department of 3500
Energy (DOE) and organizations in Europe that CAGR 10% Replacement lamps
have encouraged standardization. The LEDs in 3000
Architectural
Lighting report covers critical developments by
2500 Retail display
Zhaga in light engines, IES TM-21 and LM-82,
as well as the harmonization of global stan- Outdoor area
2000
dards through the IEA 4E SSL Annex. Consumer portable
Initial system cost has long been a barrier 1500 Entertainment
to LED lighting adoption, but this has been
offset in many cases by utility or energy-effi- 1000 Residential
ciency rebates. Specific lighting applications Emergency
have reached acceptable return-on-invest- 500
Off-grid
ment levels based on utility rebates in the
case of outdoor area lighting and energy effi- 0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
ciency rebates in the case of retail display
lighting. Energy efficiency rebates, combined FIG. 3. LED lighting markets are forecast to grow by 10% CAGR over the next five years.
with the benefits of controls, are making
LED market
industrial applications affordable. (US$ billion)
16
Retail displays, commercial, outdoor
The bright spots in 2012 will be in retail display 14
Others
lighting, outdoor area lighting and commer- 12
cial and industrial lighting, which we expect Automotive
to grow by 62%, 13% and 12% respectively. 10
Lighting
The fastest growing market in 2011 was 8
Sign
retail display lighting and indeed we expect
6
this market to grow by 62% in 2012. This Mobile
growth will be due in part by increased sales 4
Backlight TV/Monitor
in retail displays in China and other devel- 2
oping economies. Over the forecast period of
2011-2016, we expect retail displays to be the 0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
fastest growing LED lighting market. LEDs
are attractive in this application because FIG. 4. The 2011 LED market by application.

markets | LIGHTING
Total:
US$12.5 billion
backlights for mobile tablets. Flash made up Heat-Spring
44% of the mobile LED market in 2011. Tablet

revenues were driven by sales of iPads, with
THERMAL INTERFACE
Others the latest models requiring 84 LEDs. MATERIALS
17% Mobile
23%
Automotive Top LED component suppliers
10%
Nichia of Japan led the industry in 2011 with
Backlight
Sign TV/Monitor $2 billion in LED revenues. Nichia grew its
13% 21% LEDs for lighting sales from 35% to 50% in
Lighting
16% 2011. Samsung LED, LG Innotek and Seoul
Semiconductor of Korea were the number
FIG. 5. Growth will be strongest two, number four and number five suppli-
in lighting, followed by signs and ers, demonstrating strength in TV and mon-
automotive applications. itor backlights, LEDs that were also used in
lighting. The number three supplier, Osram
it is expected to enjoy in 2012. Strategies Opto Semiconductors notably postponed its
Unlimited forecasts a 1.5% growth in LED initial public offering last year.

revenues in 2012 over 2011 and a CAGR of The number six spot is shared by Philips Heat-Spring
2% over the forecast period of 2012-2016. Lumileds and Cree since the companies rev-
The strongest segments of the market will enues are close enough to be within the mar-
be LEDs in lighting, followed by LEDs used gin of error, while Sharp of Japan comes in
to make signs and LEDs used in automotive
Table 1. Price per kilolumen of 1W

Solder
applications. The respective sizes of these high-power LED, 4Q'11 Ribbon
markets in 2011 and forecast growth rates

Color temperature $/klm
are shown in Figs. 4 and 5.
The LED-based sign industry is fueled by 2700K 8.50
the Chinese domestic sign market, which 3000K 7.50
was US$2.5 billion in size in 2011. Strategies >3000K and <4000K 5.00 Solder
Unlimited expects this market to grow by a >4000K 4.50 Preforms
CAGR of 9.4% over 2012-2016.
The strongest segment for growth in auto- at number seven, followed by Toyoda Gosei
motive is for headlamps, which are expected (TG) and Everlight of Taiwan. In 2011, Nichia
to make up 38% of the automotive revenues and TG were the major beneficiaries of the
by 2016, up from 10% in 2011. Daytime run- boom in the tablet market.
ning lights made up the largest portion of
the automotive market in 2011, at 26%. Auto- Conclusions Learn more:
motive LEDs are expected to grow by 6.6% Strategies Unlimited projects moderate http://indium.us/F306
CAGR over 2012-2016. growth rates for the LED and LED in light-
The backlight TV/monitor segment has ing markets going forward, at 2% and 10%
suffered from overcapacity issues. In addi- CAGR, respectively. For LEDs in lighting, rev-
tion, lower-cost direct-lit TVs in the 32-35- enue growth will be strongest in the retail
inch size range, which require fewer LEDs display applications, followed by commer-
than edge-lit flat-panel TVs, are driving cial/industrial lighting and outdoor area
down demand in this sector. lighting. The strongest segments of the LED
The mobile segment of the LED market market will be in lighting, followed by signs
is driven by demand for camera flashes and and then automotive lamps.
LINKS
Revenues for LEDs in lighting forecast to grow 10% for 2012-2016, says Strategies Unlimited
www.ledsmagazine.com/products/36060
www.indium.com
LED lighting market to grow while LED component market goes flat
askus@indium.com
ASIA CHINA EUROPE USA
Strategies Unlimited forecasts LED revenue growth of nearly 10% in 2011
2012 Indium Corporation
www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/10/9

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to retailers, our 100-year history of advancing safety demonstrates our
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VISIT WWW.UL.COM/BRIGHT
___________________
technology | REMOTE PHOSPHOR
Remote-phosphor technology can

deliver a more uniform and attractive
light output from LED lamps
Remote-phosphor systems can yield uniform light from a large emitting surface, and can eliminate
the need for a secondary optic to achieve the desired light distribution, as MARTIN SCHIEL explains.
A
s high-power LEDs have proved small bulbs for domestic use.
their ability to deliver the lumi- In addition, the characteris-
nous flux and efficacy needed to tics of the light emitted by
satisfy an ever-growing variety of appli- each LED in a bulb or fi x-
cations, component manufacturers have ture containing multiple
turned their attention to refi ning the qual- LEDs must be closely
ity of the light produced. Indeed the light- matched. However, vari-
ing industry is demanding solid-state ations in manufactur- Phosphor
lighting (SSL) technology that can deliver ing processes can result in
consistent color and light output over rela- LED chips having different flux, LED die
tively-large surface areas. Achieving color color and forward voltage from unit to
consistency with phosphor-converted unit, which may not be acceptable for the
white LEDs can be costly and/or difficult. end product if not dealt with effectively. FIG. 1. Phosphor applied to a blue LED at
Remote-phosphor technology, however, can LED manufacturers have developed vari- the die level.
deliver color consistency and efficacy gains. ous ways to overcome such effects. The most
Technical improvements in the qual- familiar of these is LED binning: the LEDs National Standards Institute (ANSI), and
ity of light will support the efforts of LED are tested and then categorized into one of a some LED manufacturers even offer sub-
lighting vendors to produce replacements number of groups, or bins, according to the ANSI binning.
for incandescent or compact-fluorescent characteristic of the light produced. Fulfi ll- An alternative approach is to adjust the
lamps in industry-standard form factors, ing individual customer orders from a small characteristics of the light from each LED
or for fi xtures that traditionally use ordi- number of such bins or even a single bin using optical techniques to normalize the
nary fluorescent tubes such as troffers and ensures that each customer will receive wavelengths to within a certain range. This
other recessed ceiling lights. devices that are matched in performance, can reduce or eliminate the need for bin-
To meet the established form factors for with the closeness of the match required ning. For example, this has enabled Phil-
troffer lights, for example, equivalent LED depending on the application. ips Lumileds to introduce its new Free-
retrofits will need to have a large light- dom from Binning product ranges such as
emitting surface. This challenges designers Freedom from binning the Luxeon A family. By exactly matching
to achieve smooth and even illumination The binning system, although eff ective, the phosphor coating to the wavelength of
across the entire surface. In fact, a uni- has some disadvantages: it can be dif- light emitted by each royal-blue LED die,
form and consistent light-emitting surface, ficult for customers to understand, and a technique the company calls Lumiramic
unmarked by identifiable point sources lead-time issues may arise if the num- phosphor technology, Philips Lumileds
and exempt from noticeable chromatic- ber of LED units available in any one bin can achieve remarkably uniform outputs
ity variation, is desirable in many applica- is insufficient to satisfy a complete order in terms of the color temperature of white
tions ranging from large industrial lights to immediately. It is worth noting, however, light (see Fig. 1).
that LED manufacturing processes have
MARTIN SCHIEL is Regional Technical significantly improved, allowing binning Remote-phosphor technology
Manager with Future Lighting Solutions limits to be revised. Smaller bins have While conventional white LEDs offer the
(EMEA), a division of Future Electronics. been published, as defined by the American advantage of providing an integrated device

technology | REMOTE PHOSPHORS
with a known white-light output, they oper- formats in a polycarbonate material. chromatic) wavelength that has the same
ate as bright point sources of light, which ChromaLit XT glass remote-phosphor ele- perceived color as the source. For this rea-
causes the uniformity problems alluded ments, introduced at Light+Building 2012, son, dominant wavelength is the defining
to above in applications with a large light- allow at least three times greater lumen parameter for the phosphor element. The
emitting surface. density, and appear neutral in color when dominant wavelength should lie between
Remote-phosphor technology is now gain- the lamp is off. Whereas a downlight using 450-460 nm for optimal performance.
ing acceptance in applications that require a 61.5-mm diameter ChromaLit element Philips Lumileds Luxeon Rebel ES Royal
uniform illumination and high efficiency, can comfortably achieve 1000 lm, with the Blue offers two bins that provide the wave-
such as downlights, high-bay lighting, use of ChromaLit XT at the same diameter, length required for these phosphor ele-
the lumen output ments. This LED provides a typical flux
can be increased of 1030 mW at 700 mA and has a superior
to 3000 lm in the hot/cold factor that enables it to maintain
same enclosure. a record 50% conversion efficiency even at
The ChromaLit elevated temperatures.
plates, such as cir- The mixing chamber is highly impor-
Blue cular optics, are tant when designing with remote phos-
LEDs two-dimensional phor technology. In retrofit applications for
Mixing chamber
elements suitable instance, typically using a ChromaLit 3D ele-
Remote phosphor
for applications ment, this consists of a highly reflective PCB
FIG. 2. Elements of a remote-phosphor system emitting white with a f lat light- cover with holes for the LEDs. Reflective sur-
light with a large light-emitting surface. emitting surface. faces are needed to direct as much flux as
T h r e e - d i m e n - possible from the LED source to the phos-
replacement lamps and others. sional shapes such as Ellipse, Candle and phor element. Optimal design can poten-
A lighting fixture featuring remote- Dome are available for applications such tially increase the efficacy of the luminaire
phosphor technology typically consists of as retrofit lamps and pendant lights (see by around 6%.
an LED board containing royal blue LEDs, Fig. 3). Fig. 4 shows how a three-dimen- Several types of materials may be suit-
a mixing chamber, and a remote-phos- sional ChromaLit element may be used in able. To cite one example, Furukawa Electric
phor element, as shown in Fig. 2. Using an a domestic retrofit bulb. Co. produces a polyethylene terephthalate
arrangement such as this, lighting design- (PET)-based material that offers 99% reflec-
ers can achieve a range of color rendering Completing the design tivity and can handle temperatures up to
index (CRI) and correlated color tempera- Remote phosphor designed into a retrofit 177C, and can be die-punched to any shape
ture (CCT) values for white light through bulb enables high output density, since the depending on the chamber dimensions.
the use of different remote-phosphor ele- reflected light is spread over a large phos- Special care must be taken over thermal
ments with the same LED board. Further, phor area and is efficiently recycled to exit design, as with all LED lighting designs.
LEDs from one or a combination of two the fixture. The LEDs, the phosphor ele- Tests should be performed using proto-
royal-blue color bins can be used, which ment, the mixing chamber, and the reflec- types as close to the final design as possible.
simplifies inventory management. tive material all play a vital role in influenc- The main aspect to consider is the junction
The remote-phosphor element also has ing the overall efficiency of the fixture. temperature of the LED and the maximum
a significant diffusing effect that can help For the ChromaLit 3D elements, conver- temperature within the ChromaLit mate-
achieve smooth lighting free from visi- sion efficacy is depen-
ble point sources and chromaticity varia- dent on the combina-
tions. In addition, since the phosphor ele- tion of CCT and CRI.
ment is positioned remotely from the LED Both conversion effi-
source, heating of the phosphor by the LED cacy and color con-
is reduced, ensuring excellent spectral sta- sistency are closely
bility over time. linked to the charac-
The ChromaLit range of remote-phosphor teristics of the royal-
elements, manufactured by Intematix and blue LEDs. While the
available from Future Lighting Solutions, peak wavelength of
offers a wide choice of forms and sizes for the LED is impor-
system designers wanting to implement tant for radiomet-
a remote-phosphor lamp. The ChromaLit ric requirements, the
elements are available in seven categories, dominant wavelength FIG. 3. Three-dimensional ChromaLit remote-phosphor
including round, square, linear and panel is the pure (mono- elements, typically used in domestic retrofit applications.

FIG. 4. An LED replacement lamp, featuring a three-dimensional

remote-phosphor element.

rial, which, for ChromaLit 3D elements, should be kept below 110C
after stabilization.

Light distribution
When doing a comparison between remote phosphor and a white
LED solution, it can be shown that the former provides improved
thermal performance of the blue LED and phosphor and improved

light extraction through an efficient mixing chamber. Also, the
design can eliminate the need for a secondary optic to achieve the
desired light distribution. For this reason, the Energy Star require-
ment for omnidirectional integral bulbs is much more easily

achieved with a 3D remote-phosphor solution than by using white
LEDs (see Fig. 5). For the latter, either secondary optical systems
are required, or the LEDs must be placed in a three-dimensional
arrangement. In both cases, the result is increased system complex-
ity and cost.
To produce a light output of approximately 850 lm at 3000K and

CRI of 80, it is possible to use six white LEDs at a (hot) efficacy of 78
lm/W with 12.6W input power. Assuming a glass diffuser with 95%
efficiency and secondary optics with 90% efficiency, the total out-
put is 844 lm at 67 lm/W.
With a remote-phosphor solution, by contrast, it is possible to use
five blue LEDs at a hot ChromaLit conversion efficacy of 177.6 lm/W

at 10.5W input power. Assuming a value for the LEDs wall-plug effi-
ciency of 49% and a glass diffuser efficiency of 95% with no second-
ary optics needed, the total output is 868 lm at 82.7 lm/W. This is a
net increase in efficacy of 24%. Neither example accounts for power
supply/driver efficiency. With the LED count reduction and the elim-
ination of secondary optics, the total cost of the remote-phosphor
solution is also competitive.

Remote phosphor: ideal applications

The Lambertian lighting distribution of ChromaLit Round, Square,

Linear and Panel elements make these units ideal for downlight and
______________

other directional applications. ChromaLit Ellipse, Candle and Dome,
on the other hand, are more application-specific.

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The ChromaLit Ellipse, with its beam method of beam shaping.

angle of 280 (omnidirectional intensity LED technolog y is
distribution), is ideal for A-Lamp and other having a prolonged and
omnidirectional light sources along with profound impact on the
landscape and pathway lighting. The Chro- lighting industry. LEDs
maLit Candle, which has a 255 beam angle and their supporting
producing a side-emitting intensity distri- components are fi nding
bution, suits the aesthetics and form fac- new ways to meet tough
FIG. 5. A wide-angle bulb replacement using white LEDs
tor of LED decorative bulbs, chandeliers performance require-
(left) has a sharp 180 cut-off. In comparison, a remote-
and lanterns. The ChromaLit Dome has a ments, comply w ith
phosphor approach using the ChromaLit Candle (right) has
directional beam angle of 215 and is ideal legacy standards, and
a 255 beam angle.
for bulbs, ceiling fixtures, pendants, wall deliver benefits such
sconces, downlights and floodlights, where as lower power consumption and longer The latest developments aim to maximize
reflectors may also be used as a further replacement intervals. the quality of white light produced, and allow
designers to select the most suitable solution
LINKS by choosing from high-quality white LEDs
Tech Lighting announces remote-phosphor LED luminaire using Intematix optic that offer freedom from binning on the one
www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/1/13 hand, or remote-phosphor technology on
Cree licenses remote-phosphor IP www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/12/24 the other. Each approach comes with a high
level of support spanning electrical, optical
Patents compete for priority in the remote-phosphor LED technology space
www.ledsmagazine.com/features/9/7/1 and mechanical design to help the user over-
come technical barriers, maximize perfor-
Video: Leveraging remote-phosphor technology www.ledsmagazine.com/presentation/7
mance and minimize time to market.
________________
__________________________________
LEDs | LIFE SCIENCE
Monochromatic and colored LEDs open

new frontiers in solid-state lighting
LED-based lighting can deliver narrow-spectrum light that RAJENDRA SWAMY says can provide real
benefits in life-science applications such as plant growth, aquarium lighting, and general lighting
that is wildlife friendly.
S
olid-state lighting (SSL) has shown of light, plant cultivation is
great promise in meeting the also influenced by various
demands of energy efficiency in other factors, such as soil
lighting systems with the potential to con- quality, water availability,
trol energy costs, minimize environmen- and climatic conditions.
tal impacts, and improve energy indepen- Cultivating plants in a
dence. And while phosphor-converted white greenhouse environment
LED have found their way into many general- allows for control of all the
illumination applications, monochromatic/ elements that influence the
colored LEDs are also used in a number of growth of the plant. Within
applications throughout the architectural, a greenhouse, it is possible
entertainment and automotive segments. to cultivate plants in loca-
Monochromatic LEDs emit light at specific tions and at times when
wavelengths and offer optimal light output climatic conditions would
that could benefit an even broader spectrum adversely affect them. The
of promising new application areas. Lets dis- artificial lighting used in
cuss potential applications in plant growth a greenhouse is one of the
or horticulture, aquarium lighting, and gen- most critical elements that
eral lighting with specific benefits for wildlife. affects the growth and mor-
Monochromatic LEDs that emit a nar- phology of plants.
row bandwidth of light first found their way The artificial light in
in indicator display applications. Over the a greenhouse offers sev-
years, with the continual advances in LED eral advantages, such as:
technology, high-brightness monochromatic allowing growth during
LEDs have been used in various other appli- times of too little sunshine
cations such as backlighting, automotive or shorter days; allow-
illumination, architectural, theatrical, and ing for growth in multiple
signage lighting. The wide range of colors layers resulting in higher
available in LEDs along with their compact FIG. 1. Multiple monochromatic LEDs are combined in a
yields; allowing lighting
size, high efficiency, and versatility makes horticultural lighting system. from underneath or inside
them an attractive alternative to traditional plants; making it possible
light sources in these applications. Further- Plant growth to fit more plants into a given size of green-
more, the characteristics of monochromatic Plants use light as a source of energy to house; and allowing for faster growth by
LEDs are now being applied to a whole host carry out the process of photosynthesis. supplementing the sunshine available.
of new applications where the spectral com- Photosynthesis is the primary chemical
position of light plays a critical role in sus- reaction that influences the growth and sur- Enhancing photosynthesis
taining and enhancing the life of various vivability of the plant. Different wavelengths The process of photosynthesis primarily
species in different environments. in the spectrum of light influence various takes place in the chloroplasts which are
aspects of plant growth such as the size of located in the leaves of the plants, specifi-
RAJENDRA SWAMY is an LED Application the plant, germination process, flowering, cally using a pair of green pigments called
Engineer for Osram Opto Semiconductors. and vegetation. In addition to the quality chlorophyll. The chlorophyll, along with

We bring quality to light.
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LEDs | LIFE SCIENCE
several other pigments Normalized spectra density (W/nm)

such as beta-carotene, 1.0
are organized in clus- 0.9
ters and are involved 0.8
in the light reaction. 0.7
0.6
Each of these different
0.5
colored pigments can 0.4
absorb a different wave- 0.3
length of light and pass 0.2
its energy to the central 0.1
0.0
chlorophyll molecule to 360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760
carry out the process of Wavelength (nm)
photosynthesis.
The chlorophyll pig- FIG. 2. The spectral power density of seven monochromatic
ments have a peak LEDs from Osram Opto Semiconductors with peak
absorption, primar- wavelengths of 450, 465, 590, 625, 634, and 660 nm
ily in the blue and red align with the absorption peaks for the important pigments
regions of the light involved in photosynthesis.
spectrum. Table 1 Normalized spectra density (W/nm)
details the absorption 1.0
peaks for the impor- 0.9
tant pigments involved 0.8
in photosynthesis. 0.7
H i g h - p r e s s u r e 0.6
sodium (HPS) lamps 0.5
0.4
are the most widely 0.3
used supplementa l 0.2
lighting sources for 0.1
greenhouses today. 0.0
360 410 460 510 560 610 660 710 760
HPS lamps, although
Wavelength (nm)
efficient in convert-
ing supplied electrical FIG. 3. The spectral power density of a broad-band LED with
power to light output, a color temperature of 9000K and a monochromatic LED
have a spectral energy with peak wavelength of 450 nm from Osram combine for
that emits in the yellow- optimal aquarium lighting.
orange part of the spec-
trum and are deficient in blue and red parts (Fig 1). Fig. 2 shows the spectral distribu-
of the spectrum which are the key regions for tion of Osram LEDs that match the peaks.
photosynthetic activity. Therefore, most of LEDs are also more efficient in the conver-
the spectral energy emitted by these lamps sion of electrical power to light in the pho-
is wasted and not utilized by the plants for tosynthetically active region (PAR), rang-
photosynthetic activity. ing from 400-700 nm, than any traditional
light source.
Deficiencies in legacy sources Of course LEDs bring many of the same
In addition, HPS lamps radiate high advantages to horticultural lighting that
amounts of heat that increases the tempera- they do to general illumination. LEDs have
ture of greenhouses, adding to higher energy long lifetimes as compared to traditional
consumption. Metal-halide (MH) and com- lighting sources, which results in lower
pact-fluorescent lamps produce more light maintenance costs. Also, the spectral out-
in the blue region of the spectrum and not put of the light could be tuned using LEDs
enough in the red and far-red regions. of different wavelengths to deliver optimum
Monochromatic LEDs tuned to specific growth and energy savings for a particular
wavelengths to match the absorption peaks species of plant.
of the photosynthetic pigments can create Other advantages with LEDs include a
an ideal environment for plant cultivation choice of different viewing angles which
When it comes to LED lighting solutions
Weve got you covered Inside &

Outside
www.FutureLightingSolutions.com/Applications
FIG. 4. Hatchling turtles enter the ocean.
improves application efficiency, control depend on both the spectral quality and
options for intensity of light, instant turn- intensity of light. LEDs are an attractive
on times, and cold start for photoperiodic alternative for artificial lighting because
lighting, as compared to traditional light- of their high energy efficiency at key wave-
ing sources. As the world population contin- lengths for the photosynthetic growth.
ues to increase and more agricultural land Monochromatic LEDs with their narrow
is lost to urban development, greenhouses spectral bandwidth eliminate the need for
equipped with artificial lighting will play fi lters and complex cooling systems, and
a more important role in plant cultivation. offer a long life expectancy as compared to
traditional lighting sources.
Algae growth In high density algal growth, mutual
Now lets move on to an application in algae shading of cells results in photo inhibition
growth. Microalgae have shown great prom- where the light delivery becomes restricted
ise as a source in the production of pharma- as the cell concentration increases. Sev-
ceuticals, health foods, and chemicals. More eral studies have shown that pulsed LED
recently there has been a renewed interest in light results in an increase in cell concen-
algae for biofuel generation such as bioetha- tration as compared to continuous light.
nol and biodiesel as possible alternatives for Pulsed light can produce higher values of
fossil fuels. instantaneous photosynthetic photon flux
There are several advantages of using (PPF), facilitating deeper penetration of
algae for biofuel generation. Algae do not light which results in increased algal pro-
compete for arable land with traditional ductivity. LEDs, with their instant turn-on
agricultural crops like corn and sugarcane. and turn-off times, can be used effectively to
They can be cultivated in open ponds or in generate pulsed light at variable duty cycles.
closed loop systems such as photobioreac- Biofuel generation from algae could poten-
tors (PBRs) located on non-arable lands. tially reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
Algae can grow in a wide variety of climate curb the effects of global warming.
and water conditions. And they can poten-
tially produce higher quantities of biofuel Turtle friendly lighting
compared to other oil crops. Monochromatic LED lighting can also
Algae are very similar to plants and per- come into play in general lighting where
form the same chemical process of photo- the intent is to minimize the disturbance
synthesis. Outdoor open ponds and enclosed of the environment. For example, artificial
PBRs are the most common production sys- night lighting can disrupt the orientation
tems for harvesting algae. PBRs provide a of hatchling sea turtles emerging from their
more controlled environment for the growth nests on oceanic beaches. The evolutionary
of algae. Light cannot be stored in PBRs and instinct of hatchling sea turtles pushes them
is supplied continuously, which is essential towards the brightest source of light in view.
for the phototropic growth of microalgae. Naturally this would be the sun or the moon,
The growth and metabolism of algae leading it towards the ocean horizon and
_________________
__________________________
LEDs | LIFE SCIENCE
into its new ecosystem (Fig. 4). coast. To protect the endangered sea turtle
Instead, hatchling turtles can be populations, the Florida Fish and Wildlife
attracted to the artificial light visible close Conservation Commission (FWC) has come
to beaches such as street, building, or park- up with guidelines for approved sea turtle
ing-lot lighting. Hatchlings not entering the lighting which includes LEDs with wave-
lengths greater than 560 nm.
Pigment Absorption Peak
Beta-carotene 450 nm; 480-485 nm Aquarium Lighting
dual peak Lastly lets discuss aquarium lighting.
Chlorophyll a 430 nm; 662 nm Aquarium lighting systems have tradition-
dual peak ally included light sources based on fluores-
Chlorophyll b 453 nm; 642 nm cent, incandescent, and MH lamps. The pur-
dual peak pose of lighting in an aquarium is to provide
Phycoerythrin 590 nm uniform illumination to the space under-
water and to support the growth and suste-
Phycocyanin 625 nm
nance of marine life. Lighting could also be
TABLE 1. The peak absorption used as a decorative element to create differ-
wavelengths of important pigments ent scenes for the aquatic life such as moon-
involved in photosynthesis. lighting, sunrise, and sunset.
Similar to plant growth in terrestrial appli-
ocean suffer high rates of mortality from cations, LEDs offer optimal spectral output
exhaustion, dehydration, and predation. for growth of marine life. LED systems pro-
Several studies and field experiments have vide high intensity light with less radiant heat
shown that the spectral energy and inten- than traditional lighting sources, thereby
sity of light to which the hatchling sea tur- reducing the cooling requirements. Also LED
tles are exposed plays an important role in lighting systems offer higher efficiency, lower
the sea-finding mechanism of these turtles. maintenance costs, and no wavelength deg-
Studies have also shown that sea turtles radation with time as experienced in fluores-
are more sensitive to shorter wavelengths cent systems.
of light as compared to longer wavelengths Specific LED wavelengths enhance the
(>560 nm) that fall at the periphery of sea fluorescence and colors of certain species
turtle vision. of corals. Shorter wavelengths around 450
Lighting solutions that produce adequate nm, which also equate to higher energy, pen-
light output so that people can move about etrate water better than longer wavelengths
safely and emit only longer wavelengths of light. High-color-temperature LEDs with
(560-700 nm) of light are therefore being a broad-band spectrum that simulates the
considered as turtle safe lighting along appearance of sunlight with a blue spike for
oceanic beaches. Longer wavelengths can coral fluorescence are being widely consid-
be produced by using fi lters on traditional ered for aquarium lighting. Fig. 3 shows the
lighting sources. But filtering inherently spectral distribution of LEDs that match the
reduces the intensity of the light output, cre- requirement. Also, LEDs are a point source of
ates system losses, and also could produce light, and as light penetrates the water and
some leakage of light at shorter wavelengths. reflects with the movement of the water sur-
LEDs that emit only specific wavelengths of face, they produce a more natural and eye-
light (>560 nm) require no fi lters and offer catching shimmer effect in the aquarium.
an attractive alternative to traditional light- LEDs that emit specific wavelengths
ing sources. LED lighting systems also have that alter the spectral composition of light
long lifetimes resulting in lower mainte- offer exciting new possibilities. These light
nance costs, have less power consumption, sources offer advantages over traditional
and are directional sources resulting in less lighting sources that go well beyond energy
light pollution. savings. The unique properties of mono-
The beaches of Florida, which are major chromatic LEDs offer a potential to create
rookery sites for hatchling sea turtles, have an impact and apply light to areas in ways
witnessed a decline in sea turtle popula- it was never thought to be possible with
tion because of the development along the incumbent technologies.
______________
conference | SEMICON WEST
Semiconductor industry moves toward

automated LED production on 6-inch wafers
Driven by market demand, the semiconductor industry progressed toward consensus on building-
block standards for automating LED production on 6-in wafers at the Semicon West conference,
explains PAULA DOE.
W
ith the fast-growing demand gets better yields than 3-in, said Iain Black, the main driver of the LED market.
for HB-LEDs, the industry has VP of manufacturing engineering at Phil- One key enabler of these gains is basic stan-
added roughly 100 new fabs in ips Lumileds, and one of the co-chairs of the dards for materials and equipment interop-
the last five years, for a total of 169 LED fabs SEMI (Semiconductor Equipment and Mate- erability. Standards are needed to mature
worldwide. Thats pushed total industry epi- rials International) HB-LED standards effort. the supply chain, said Black. Weve put
taxy capacity to balloon by 5, to some 2 mil- Conversion to the larger diameter wafers considerable effort into our specs to upscale
lion (4-in equivalent) wafers a month (Fig. 1). will take a little longer than originally the capabilities of the supply chain. Others
But the sector still has considerable head- expected, as LED makers currently have can reap the benefits of this work, but its
room to improve yields and reduce costs excess capacity on their 2-in and 4-in lines, still a young industry and the vendors need
to drive the growth of the solid-state light- and fast falling 4-in wafer prices have made to mature their processes. If we are able to
ing (SSL) market by moving to larger diam- 4-in more competitive, said Virey. But prices establish decent standards, then everyone
eter wafers and automated production with of 6-in wafers are also falling quickly, and knows what to chase, and it will drive capa-
tighter process controls. The major players they could drop below $200 by
are making good progress on the ground the end of the year. Yole expects Worldwide LED Epitaxy capacity to reach 2.03M in 2012
work to enable this transition, by collabo- more than 25% of the total sap- (4-in equivalent per month)
rating to forge consensus on the basics of phire wafer surface area pro-
common wafer parameters, common inter- cessed will be on 6-in wafers Europe & Mideast SE Asia
2.8% 1.9%
faces for production equipment, and com- within the next two to three
Americas China
mon communication software to communi- years, 50% a few years thereafter. 11.2% 25.8%
cate data from analysis tools. Improving chip manufac-
turing process yields is the low Korea
17.3%
Compelling economics hanging fruit for bringing down Taiwan
Lower front-end processing costs for 6-in SSL costs to drive market growth, 21.8%
Japan
wafers mean about a 25% cost savings com- concurred Jed Dorscheimer, man- 19.2%
pared to 4-in wafers, per unit surface area, aging director of equity research Source: SEMI Opto/LED Fab Forecast , April 2012
if yields are the same, estimated Eric Virey, for lighting and solar at Canac-
senior LED analyst at Yole Dveloppement, in cord Genuity. He noted that pro- FIG. 1. LED 2012 fab capacity by region.
discussions on HB-LED manufacturing solu- cess yields were typically 65%-
tions at the recent Semicon West event (Fig. 70% at the market leaders, and only 10% at bility much more readily. If every spec is
2). That assumes the larger wafer costs come some newcomers, compared to >95% for the unique, we will get there much more slowly.
down to about $150, 3 as much as the $50 semiconductor industry. Small yield losses at For automation, its good that we can inno-
4-in wafers. Though the larger wafers are still each process step compound quickly into big vate mostly around established semiconduc-
more costly per unit area, more die per process yield hits. He figures good progress in improv- tor industry standards, but we need to get the
pass makes production more efficient, and the ing yields over the next two years could real- differences squared away for common cas-
yields are better, so the product cost is less. istically help enable a $7-$8 60W-equivalent settes and handling of bowed wafers so we
We see the advantage that the newer gen- LED bulb by about 2014, propelling the gen- can need to do as little invention as possible.
eration [6-in] equipment is much better and eral lighting industry to surpass displays as
Silicon wafers?
PAULA DOE supports HB-LED programs at SEMI, the global industry association serving the If 6-in sapphire gives such an improvement
manufacturing supply chain for micro- and nano-electronics, including semiconductors, PV, HB- in yields and cost, what about the potential
LEDs, MEMS, flat-panel displays and printed/flexible electronics. of larger silicon wafers? Eight-inch silicon

could potentially give a 60% cost improve- West and other industry events. Now thanks take 16 wafers to maximize their capacity and
ment at the die level provided the yields to hard work by some 160 volunteers from avoid the need to install additional loading
were equal, Virey reported (Fig. 2). Though across the industry, the first SEMI standards stations. That option would come at the cost
the wafers are significantly cheaper, the real for 6-in sapphire wafer parameters and com- of requiring extra handling steps to transfer
advantage here too is not the substrate cost, mon wafer cassettes and software protocols the wafers back to 12-wafer cassettes for the
which is only 5%-10% of the bill of materials, for automation are moving through the con- rest of the process line, or requiring revision
but the highly efficient and automated mature sensus building process. of the rest of the equipment software to han-
semiconductor infra- dle the different format. The industry com-
Epiwafer manufacturing cost per unit surface
structure, especially (Arbitrary units) Assumptions: mittee is currently soliciting input on this
if using a fully depre- 120
Identical yields issue from LED makers worldwide before the
ciated CMOS fab. The 200 mm silicon end of October.
100 -60% at the processed in
key problem to solve die level fully depreciated
remains thermal mis- 80 CMOS fabs Software and communication interfaces
Front end
match, which causes 60 On the software side, the key initial issue is a
more wafer bow and common communication interface to make
40
strain that impacts Epitaxy it simpler for LED makers and their equip-
yields, which still 20 ment suppliers to get the data out of the tool
Substrate
remain significantly 0 to monitor production quality. Higher auto-
100 mm Sapphire 150 mm Sapphire 200 mm silicon
below sapphire, though @ US$50 @ US$150 mation needs well established data acquisi-
somewhat lower yields Source: Yole Dveloppement tion and monitoring to control production
could be acceptable FIG. 2. Potential cost benefits of larger 6-in sapphire wafers at the fab level, notes Karl-Heinz Buechel,
with the lower costs. and moving to 8-in silicon wafers. Aixtron program manager for corporate
Most major companies control systems and the subgroup leader
have research programs, but the jury remains The automation task force has agreed to of the software working group in the SEMI
out on if silicon will be a widely viable replace- keep the external dimensions of the cassette automation task force.
ment for sapphire. for handling 6-in sapphire wafers in the auto- The task force analyzed the available
Hanmin Zhao, CTO of Lattice Power mated process flow the same as the standard options of the semiconductor industry inter-
Corp, a China-based startup funded by some 25-wafer cassettes used for semiconductor face called SECSII/GEM (SEMI equipment
$120 million in largely US venture capital, manufacturing, so it fits the storage racks communications standard/generic equip-
reported his company is now selling com- and other infrastructure already available. ment model), another SEMI standard called
mercial LED die from volume production Discussions at Semicon West considered the Interface A, and XML and concluded that a
runs of several hundred wafers a day on issues around how many of the thicker and system based on SECSII/GEM could meet cur-
2-in silicon wafers. The company uses stress more bowed sapphire wafers could most effi- rent and future requirements for LED man-
reduction layers of AlN (aluminium nitride) ciently be carried by each cassette. Wider ufacturing. Interface A may be considered
and AlGaN (aluminium gallium nitride) to pockets within the cassette are needed, but for future needs for higher bandwidth for
reduce bow to 20-30 m to eliminate crack- tool makers need to settle on a common size enhanced engineering data acquisition.
ing, yielding 120 lm/W in production for a and spacing of these slots to automate the The LED sector will, however, need to
45-mil chip. The company is working on scal- handling and tracking of the wafers. develop its own solution within SECSII/GEM
ing production to 6-in wafers in the lab, and A standard cassette format will help drive to handle its unique need to track wafers on
looking for available production facilities to interoperability between tools, and reduce the graphite process trays within the batch
start production next summer. capital costs and manufacturing costs, notes tools by wafer, position and process. And it
Jeff Felipe, Entegris regional product special- will need to decide whether to base its own
Wafers cassettes and capacity ist lead and SEMI automation task force co- SECSII/GEM applications dialect on the sim-
Automating HB-LED production naturally chair. If the carriers take 12 wafers, spaced to pler 200-mm-wafer version commonly used
requires some basic agreement on the physi- correspond to every other slot of the 25-wafer on the legacy process tools, or whether it
cal characteristics of the wafers so the equip- cassettes, the automation and wafer process needs the more advanced capabilities of the
ment can be designed to handle them. Taking tools can handle and track the LED wafers 300-mm version.
the coming transition to 6-in substrates as a with the existing semiconductor software. The task force is now polling LED makers
clean-slate opportunity to optimize the pro- But the smaller capacity cassettes would to determine the most important functions
cess from the beginning, most of the major mean that batch equipment, such as metal users need, so equipment makers can all get
suppliers and device makers have joined in organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), that data out of the tool in a consistent way
a collaborative effort to reach consensus may need to install an additional load station to feed into the device makers data analysis
on basic wafer parameters and interopera- for efficient throughput. system. Making a custom communications
bility standards, with meetings at Semicon Alternatively, the LED cassettes could system for each customer just increases the

cost of the tool and the cost of integrating

the data across the process, notes Buechel.
The secret sauce of the LED maker is ana-
lyzing the data, not in getting the data out
1: 813,534 m
of the machine and formatting it.
Common wafer parameters

The automation interface work can move
forward because the 6-in wafer task force
has largely reached consensus on the basic 500 m / 50
standard parameters for 6-in sapphire (px = 0.775)
wafers, which should also help drive the
quality and consistency of the wafer prod-
uct. With more industry standard specs
we can then produce higher volumes of the
same product with tighter control and lower
cost, compared to making so many custom
products, said David Reid, Chongqing Silian 2: 406,217 m
Optoelectronics COO, and a co-chair of the
SEMI HB-LED standards committee.
10.07.2012 14:55:35
The wafer task force solicited input from
players around the world to reach agreement FIG. 3. Example of dot-matrix laser marking, which is being tested for survivability,
on wafer features ranging from physical courtesy of InnoLas Semiconductor.
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geometry like thickness and edge profile, to want the mark on the back side for better sur- uct yield, and to agree on common best prac-
conventions of wafer marking and fiducials, vivability, and some want marks on both front tice methods to measure those parameters.
to quality requirements like back side rough- and back just in case. Other SEMI work in Asia, driven by Epistar
ness, amount of warp and surface condition. The task force has devised a standard and TSMC in Taiwan, is focusing on environ-
The legacy specs that were in use didnt marking system with billions of unique mental health and safety issues for HB-LED
really capture whats important to our cus- options for each supplier, and Silian, Inno- production, aiming at specifying best prac-
tomers today, noted Reid. We needed a com- Las Semiconductor and Osram Opto Semi- tices for installing and operating production
mon way to talk about things, and to capture conductors are working together to test the equipment to a common worldwide standard.
expectations as well as specifications. The survival of various deep laser marking sys- The group is working to complete and extend
standards will include both 1.0-mm and 1.3- tems through wafer processing. the existing semiconductor safety standards
mm thicknesses, and both notches and flats, InnoLas marks test wafers from Silian to more specifically apply to the LED manu-
as all are widely used, although with time the with various dot-matrix and alpha-numeric facturing process, with its MOCVD tools and
industry will likely move towards the thinner figures with a UV laser (Fig. 3). Osram will pyrophoric gases.
wafers and the smaller notches as fiducials. then process the wafers and test the marks Were trying to change the worlds light-
Collaborating companies also reported for readability. Results are expected by Octo- ing industry, notes Reid. No one company
on their joint work to figure out solutions ber. The dot matrix marking would be pre- can do it alone.
to some new issues posed by automation ferred if the dots can successfully be made To learn more, or to join the industry vol-
and process control systems, such as how to deeply and distinctly enough to survive pro- unteers working on forging consensus stan-
uniquely mark the sapphire wafers for track- cessing, as it takes up less wafer area and is dards for sapphire wafer parameters, auto-
ing so that the identifying marks survive the easier to check. mated equipment interfaces, safety, and other
processing. Current wafer IDs are not neces- The group is now starting a new effort to high volume manufacturing enablers, please
sarily unique: some users want a mark on the determine which bulk and surface wafer see http://semi.org/en/standards/P041367, or
front of the wafer for ease of reading, some defects have the most real impact on prod- contact Paul Trio, ptrio@semi.org.
__________
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MARKET INTELLIGENCE

_________________________
technology | IP PROTECTION
IP strategy plays key role in LED

business development
Companies that are developing LED lighting products need to have an awareness of the wider patent
landscape to help them develop, protect and exploit their own intellectual property to its fullest, as
JACKIE MAGUIRE and DAVID SEGAL explain.
T
he field of LEDs is an extremely It is vital that individual inventors and Protecting innovative developments
exciting one for anyone with a flair organizations ensure that they have full Obtaining protection through a granted
for invention. Rapid technologi- control over their IP even if they decide patent is just one way to protect inventions
cal change in this market has led to huge to exclusively licence or sell it and under- and ideas. Having patents for your innova-
breakthroughs, and the potential seems stand the threats from third-party IP. Most tive developments and inventions gives you
unlimited. In business, however, opportu- businesses and inventors are aware that rights to stop others from making, selling,
nity normally walks hand in hand licensing, distributing or other-
with threat, and this is true in the Number of patents filed for GaN and InGaN LEDs wise profiting from your inven-
LED market. Successful players in 600 tion for a limited period of time in
the solid-state lighting (SSL) space exchange for a public disclosure of
must be aware of the competitive 500 that invention.
intellectual property (IP) land- When it comes to patents, nov-
scape and be prepared to protect 400 elty is key and so it is important
their proprietary technology. to know if someone else has also
As a technology extends from 300 developed something close to your
the stage of basic research through invention which would prevent it
to product development and com- 200 from being claimed as novel. Before
mercial success, there is always the starting your patent application,
100
potential for litigation for the devel- you should therefore undertake a
oper including patent infringe- 0 search for patents that have been
ment. The latter is a complex and 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 published around the world in your
Year Source: Thomson Innovation
potentially costly area for defen- area of technology/invention. It can
dants. For example, the commer- FIG. 1. The rate of filing for 3800 patent families on gallium be quite complex to submit a patent
cial success of mobile phone tech- nitride and indium gallium nitride LEDs. The data for years that stands a good chance of being
nology and social media networks 2011/2012 are incomplete. granted and if a company has any
has spawned an array of litiga- doubts over novelty it is best to con-
tion cases brought about either by competi- they need to have some kind of IP protec- sult an IP specialist who can help with this.
tors or by so-called non-practicing entities tion. However, there is a risk, if protection Organizations sometimes forget the need
(NPEs) and licensing companies. These are in every jurisdiction in which they are to ensure that nothing is publicly disclosed
organizations that own patents but do not planning to operate is not obtained right before full protection is in place. It is crit-
manufacture products based on them, and from the start, that they could be leaving ical that companies do not inadvertently
that base their business model on obtaining themselves open to challenges from com- make a public disclosure for example, at
income through licensing their IP namely petitors. A good IP strategy involves under- a conference, in a research paper or article,
their patent holdings. NPEs are sometimes standing exactly what intangible assets or perhaps in a standards meeting. If a dis-
referred to as patent trolls although when both you and your competitors have and closure is made and if a patent applica-
used in this way the phrase has derogatory their value, and also how to commercial- tion has not already been fi led then from
overtones and their modus operandi is not ize as well as protect them. We will focus that point onwards the invention may not be
necessarily predatory. fi rst on protection. deemed novel or inventive, and it will be dif-
ficult to obtain a commercially valuable pat-
JACKIE MAGUIRE (Jackie.maguire@collerip.com) is the CEO and provides IP management ent. In such a case, a business runs the risk
services and DAVID SEGAL is a Senior IP Analyst with UK-based Coller IP (www.collerip.com). of giving away its ideas or inventions for free.

Patenting issues and LEDs Number of patents filed for OLEDs obtaining IP protec-
When it comes to lighting, although incan- 2000 tion in each country
descent light bulbs and fluorescent tubes are 1800 also vary, which means
widely-known to generations of people, LED 1600 that professional inter-
lighting is a newer technology now spread- 1400 pretation is necessary.
ing out across the public arena. 1200
In Europe, a sys-
The advance of LED lighting is a reflec- tem operates to pro-
1000
tion of successful interdisciplinary activi- vide a method of pro-
800
ties involving chemistry, materials science, tection across the EU
600
engineering and physics in both basic and states, thereby making
400
applied research and ultimately commer- it more streamlined to
cial exploitation. These disciplines are cru- 200 obtain patent protec-
cial to the development of features of inven- 0 tion. In the EU, differ-
92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12
tions that are described in the international Year Source: Thomson Innovation ent trade restraints
patent literature, including inventions in apply, and it is espe-
FIG. 2. The rate of filing for 12,000 patent families on OLEDs.
healthcare, power generation, transport, cially important to
The data for 2011/2012 are incomplete.
and smartphones. consider competition
LED developments may therefore incorpo- law which covers the
rate inventions originally intended for alter- devices, and organic light emitting diodes free movement of goods around the EU and
native applications.For example, LEDs are (OLEDs), which are conjugated polymeric the avoidance of the abuse of a dominant
amenable to processing by established tech- molecules.Inventions in the patent litera- position in the market when planning
niques used in the semiconductor indus- ture also relate specifically to LED lighting. your IP strategy.
try. Of interest here are both inorganic In this article we address some IP issues Because patent protection overseas
LEDs, such as gallium nitride (GaN)-based associated with the growing areas of LED- can be complex, we recommend taking
based SSL with attention focused on aspects advice at an early stage to ensure pitfalls
of the wider patent landscape. are avoided, opportunities maximized
and costs are kept to a minimum. It can
Common questions be time-consuming and costly to sort out
Anyone with interests in LED lighting will errors later. In addition, patent portfolios
want to know answers to one or more of the need to be reviewed on a regular basis to
following questions: ensure that as organizations and legislation
Is this area of technical activity a grow- change, full protection remains in place.
ing or shrinking field?
Will my activities be susceptible to LED and OLED lighting
third-party patent infringement? Patent searches on LED lighting based on
Is my area of technology novel, or has it representative inorganic materials, namely
been described previously by third parties? GaN and Indium GaN (InGaN), show approx-
Who are the major patent holders and imately 3800 patent families that have been
what are their activities? filed over the past 20 years. A breakdown of
Are there common core technologies the published patent filing dates shows that
that players use? the LED lighting area based on GaN is one of
How valuable is my IP? expanding activity (Fig. 1).
It is possible for an organization or indi- Studies of the patent literature highlight
vidual to search the publicly available many active players in GaN/InGaN-based
information in national patent offices. It LEDs, including Sumitomo, Toyoda Gosei,
is however a time consuming process and Cree, Showa Denko, Toshiba, Sony, Sharp,
commercially-available software is avail- Rohm, LG Innotek, Osram, Matsushita, Phil-
able via professional organizations that ips and Seoul Opto Device.
simplifies and accelerates the searching Patent searches on OLEDs show approxi-
process for these databases. If an organiza- mately 12,000 patent families that have been
tion is trading, or planning to trade, inter- filed over the past 20 years. Fig. 2 shows the
nationally, the issue of protecting intellec- rapid ramp in patent filing in OLED tech-
tual assets across the globe can be quite nology over the last decade. OLED players
intricate. Each country has different pro- include Samsung, Eastman Kodak, Philips,
____________
cesses and methods, and the pitfalls in Merck, AU Optronics, Osram, Global OLED

Technology, DuPont, Cambridge Display shown the extended DWPI (Derwent World cases in a general area of technology here
Technology, LG and GE. Patents Index) title for the patents (from LED lighting can involve patents that
Thomson Innovation). describe a wide range of different features
Infringement Table 1 helps to demonstrate that if there of the technology.
A primary source of patent infringement is a range of core technologies common to a Everlight is also asking the US court to
cases in the US Federal District Courts in the product then infringement action can arise declare that two Nichia patents are invalid:
USA is the Justia website (www.justia.com). from patents relating to any of these core US 5,998,925, which was fi led in July 1997
This can be freely accessed, and we recom- technologies. Here, control circuitry and sen- and granted in December 1999, and US
mend continual review of this site to keep sors form part of the infringement action. 7,531,960, which was fi led in March 2007
up-to-date with lawsuits in LED technology. and granted in May 2009. These two patents
To illustrate the IP landscape, we will high- Everlight and Emcore vs. Nichia relate to the use of phosphors in producing
light three recent cases involving LED tech- Everlight Electronics Co., Ltd and Emcore white light in LEDs. For a recent update to
nology. The cases show the complexity and Corporation vs. Nichia Corporation and ______
the Everlight vs. Nichia case, see www.leds-
breadth of IP claims and how some patents Nichia America Corporation (case number _________________
magazine.com/news/9/6/18.
become cornerstones of subsequent IP claims. 2:2012cv11758) was fi led on April 19, 2012 at We also fi nd it useful to identify which
Michigan Eastern District Court. patents have been highly cited when con-
Philips vs. Nexxus In this case, Everlight is seeking enforce- sidering a set of documents pertaining to
Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV and ment of a patent US 6,653,215 (contact to a field of technology, since documents that
Philips Solid State Lighting Solutions Inc. n-GaN with Au termination, fi led in Octo- are highly cited (i.e. referenced by later
vs. Nexxus Lighting Inc. (case number ber 2001, granted in November 2003 and documents) may represent critical tech-
1:2012cv10549) was fi led on March 26, 2012 assigned to Emcore). Th is patent relates to nology. One of Nichias patents that Ever-
at Massachusetts District Court. The plain- metallization technology and illustrates, light is attacking (US 5,998,925) is a highly
tiff Philips has asserted six patents in this when compared to the case between Phil- cited document with about 500 citations,
case, listed in Table 1. For clarity we have ips and Nexxus Lighting, how infringement and has been extensively cited by GE, Cree,
Nichia, Osram and Toshiba (See the online Lektron vs. Philips was filed on April 6, 2012 at Oklahoma
version of this article for an illustration of Lektron, Inc. vs. Philips Solid-State Lighting Northern District Court.
theses citations). Solutions, Inc. (case number 4:2012cv00205) Lektron produces a modular Leon-sim-
ulated neon lighting prod-
Publication number Title - DWPI Publication date Application date uct described by US patent no.
6,361,186, which was filed in
US7,802,902B2 Lighting apparatus has thermal sensor detecting 2010-09-28 2008-03-27
operating temperature of LED to facilitate control
August 2000 and granted in
of magnitude of LED drive signal by LED driver. March 2002. In this case, US
6,361,186 is asserted against
US7,737,643B2 LED power control apparatus for controlling 2010-06-15 2007-07-20
power delivered to a load, has feed-forward driver Philips in relation to a product
that controllably varies intensity of radiation offering from that company.
from white LEDs without monitoring or regulating Th is case illustrates that a dis-
voltage or current provided to white LEDs. crete product can be subject
US7,358,679B2 LED-based lighting unit for illumination purposes 2008-04-15 2005-03-31 to infringement action in the
in e.g. home, commercial or industrial facility, has LED field in addition to com-
controller which provides second power to LED- mon technologies such as met-
based light source based on first power received allization, phosphors and elec-
from AC dimmer circuit. tronic circuitry.
US7,038,399B2 Illumination apparatus for home, has processor- 2006-05-02 2003-05-09 In summary, when businesses
based controller coupled to light emitting diode are involved in an area of tech-
and configured to receive power-related signal nology that is undergoing suc-
from alternating current dimmer circuit. cessful commercialization and
US 6,013,988 A Control circuit for semiconductor light used in 2000-01-11 1998-08-03 which has common core tech-
e.g. traffic lights. nologies used by different play-
US6,250,774B1 Luminaire with housing with light emission 2001-06-26 1998-01-23 ers, awareness of the wider
window and module lighting object has LED patent landscape is essential.
chips and optical systems forming light source Putting a value on the IP, ensur-
and optical mechanism, lighting units light ing the right protection is in
object parts during operation, chips each supply
place and reviewing it on a regu-
luminous flux of 5 lm during operations and
comprise 2 or more types of lighting units.
lar basis to ensure it is delivering
maximum commercial value is
TABLE 1. Patents asserted in the case of Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV and Philips Solid State important for any kind of busi-
Lighting Solutions Inc. vs. Nexxus Lighting Inc. ness, whether small or large.
Opticselect
carclo Optics
Specialists in Optic Design and Manufacture
arclo-optics.com www.carclo-optics.com www.carclo-optics.com www.carclo-optics.com www.

markets | CHINA
The China LED wafer market:

A story of commoditization
LUKE JOHNSON explains how a commoditization approach to high-quality LEDs for solid-state lighting
has failed in China.
I
n 2010, the future of the Chinese LED mar- 1. Most high power LEDs wafers are imported into China
ket was looking brighter than ever. The from countries like Japan, Korea, Taiwan and the US. Foreign
companies account for about 95% of revenues in the high-
world economy was recovering from the International and medium-power LED markets, according to GCiS China
Great Regression, new environmental and wafer suppliers Strategic Resource.
5. Many of the OEM
efficiency initiatives outlined in the countrys products, such as
automobiles and road
twelfth fiveyear plan would soon go into lighting, will end up as
effect, and Chinese central and local govern- Domestic wafer sales in China.
suppliers
ments were actively supporting the procure-
5. China is a net
ment of hightech production technology exporter, and its
across all industrial segments. Seeing LEDs Encapsulating plants LED chips, modules, devices OEMs
economy is
heavily
and solid-state lighting (SSL) as a growth 2. Many foreign 3. Other parts of the 4. Completed LED dependent on
sector, the government set out to control the international companies, value chain include components are sold to international
such as Osram or Samsung, manufacturers of LED OEMs, which manufac- sales. A slow
entire value chain, but not all went as planned. have Chinese encapsulating chips, modules and ture anything from cars, down in the
Back in 2010, Chinese policy makers partners, which turn the devices. computers, phones, world economy
imported wafers into a appliances, and of softens demand
believed that if they applied the same com- bulb. course, lights. for LED wafers.
moditization tactics on the hightech green
LED wafer market as they had done with so
Note: Location of factory on map does not correspond with location in China. Map used to illustrate import into and export out of China.
many other industrial products (solar pan- Source:GCiS
els, motors), then Chinese LED companies
could muscle foreign companies out of the FIG. 1. The current typical path of an LED wafer in China (Source CGiS) China ideally
value chain and supply Chinas downstream would want to own the entire value chain, which would mean less dependence on
industries themselves. Chinese leaders foreign imports of high quality LED components and wafers. This has yet to be realized
wanted their country to produce the semi- despite government support to leading companies such as Sanan. Also, note that for
conductor material, form the wafer, encap- many suppliers, these three or more steps have been completely vertically integrated.
sulate the bulb, create the component, make For instance, Samsung will manufacture the chips in Korea, encapsulate them in China,
the TV and sell it to customers abroad. They and then use them as backlighting for their phones or other products.
wanted to own the entire value chain, from
raw material to smart phone, from wafer to Route to commoditization time to act. And so they did.
automobile (see Fig. 1). This story of commoditization started over Chinese authorities are not shy about roll-
However, slow export sales from China, two years ago. Th is was a time when the ing up their sleeves and tinkering with mar-
lack of technological know how, and over world was coming out of the trough created kets. To wrestle market share away from
expansion would combine to keep significant by the great recession. Chinese exports had imports and multinationals, the Chinese
market share in the hands of multinationals, dipped and international demand for TVs, planners applied the same economic strat-
streamline the value chain, and perhaps even appliances, and lighting was expected to egy they had applied to other other hightech
hinder Chinas future ability to innovate. rebound. A fiveyear plan with major sec- green products volume. Increasing produc-
tions focused on incorporating green tech- tion volumes will push prices down and com-
LUKE JOHNSON is a Multi-Client Studies nology had just been published. There would moditize the product. With high enough out-
Manager at GCiS China Strategic Research. be a governmentdriven push for efficient put, product differentiation will shrink, and
GCiS is a US and Chineseowned, research products and subsidies for hightech indus- internationally recognized products will lose
based consulting firm focused on markets in tries. Finally, the existing production capa- their advantage. Presumably American, Ger-
the energy, industrial, chemicals & materials, bilities of Chinese LED wafer suppliers were man, Japanese and Taiwanese giants such as
and construction sectors. meager. For LED suppliers in 2010, it was the Cree, Osram, Nichia and Epistar simply would

markets | CHINA
not be able to compete with the cheap domes-

tic products. It worked for solar panels. Why
not LEDs? International
These policy makers started by promot- wafer suppliers
ing upstream industries, downstream indus- 1.
tries and everything in between. Local gov-
Domestic
ernments supported regional LED suppliers wafer 2. 3.
by enacting policies that called for municipal suppliers
lighting projects to only use LEDs made by a
regional manufacturer. Some, such as those
in Guangdong, went so far to demand that all Encapsulating Chips Modules Devices OEMs
public lighting use only LEDs in 3years time. plants
Besides directly funding LED projects, the Front-end Back-end Application
government offered money back to customers
who purchased efficient LED TVs and other
efficient appliances, indirectly promoting
downstream sales. But more than anything
else, subsidies on expensive LED wafer pro- FIG. 2. The Future of Chinas LED value chain (Source: GCiS). The future of the
duction equipment, particularly the metal- LED market in China will evolve to look something like the above. Manufacturers
organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of LED wafers, chips, and devices will converge together as front-end suppliers.
system, made manufacturing LEDs more These products will be sold to LED light and module manufacturers. For higher-end
accessible than ever. Official government esti- applications such as telephones and cars, OEMs will remain the final step in selling
mates also lured suppliers in expanding, by product to consumers.
predicting that the total LED market would
be worth RMB 400 billion (around $63 billion outlook in the LED wafer market. years or so, the market will become more
today) over four years, a massive sum. Shandong Inspur Huangguang Optoelec- streamlined and more concentrated. Instead
This combination of expected growth in tronics, a large domestic manufacturer of five different steps, it will be reduced to
exports after 2010, optimism from the five of LEDs, had 16 MOCVD tools in 2010. By three: a frontend, a backend and an appli-
year plan, and government backing in just the end of 2011, this company had procured cation step (See Fig. 2).
about every form fueled capacity and begin another 16 MOCVD systems. In the 2011 The story of commoditization is com-
the first stage of commoditization. Over the business year, however, this company ran monplace in China, but it may not be
next two years, the number of MOCVD tool their factory at an average of about 44%. This the best way to control the entire value
purchases increased dramatically. In 2010, means most of their production equip- chain, as was its initial intention with SSL.
there were about 220 MOCVDs owned across ment had been sitting idle and not return- Instead, international wafer and LED sup-
16 Chinese companies. By the end of 2011, the ing on the investment. pliers will remain key players, since they
same 16 companies had just short of 500 units. will still be the only other suppliers capa-
Margins and mergers ble of manufacturing the high lumen, high
Output up, prices down As prices and margins continue to decrease, quality, highintensity white LEDs which
With such a massive increase in production smaller companies in the middle stages of the comprise over 70% of the total LED market
capacity, prices began to drop as supply out- value chain will be forced to either leave the by revenues (but only about 7% by sales vol-
weighed demand. LED prices declined by market or become acquired by larger com- ume). Commoditization does reduce prices
1015% every year since 2010, with some sec- panies. Concurrently, larger companies will but it can compromise a company's techno-
tors, particularly blue and white low power look to expand their range of offerings. APT, logical advancement.
LEDs, dropping more rapidly. a domestic company, has already moved From an investment standpoint, China
Domestic wafer suppliers now find that as toward this trend. In 2010, the company only has spent heavily in expanding its produc-
the total production capabilities of compet- offered LED chips, but has expanded production capabilities. If these investments were
itors increased (and product differentiation tion capabilities to include LED devices. to fail, then there would be little incentive
decreased) pricing power of companies began Cree, an American company, is stretched to invest further and try to develop a bet-
to diminish. As market power decreases, so over many stages of the chain, occupying ter product, a product which is competitive
does the companys markup, and compa- materials, chips, wafers, modules and com- with those produced by foreign companies.
nies were finding their margins squeezed. ponent supplies. Other companies, such as For this reason, commoditization will fail to
One domestic supplier noted: Companies Samsung, control the entire value chain, from put the upper end of the value chain into the
which manufacture blue LEDs have basically chip production, to the OEM application. hands of domestic Chinese companies. LEDs
been squeezed to the point where they do not Consolidation and mergers will be a slow are showing to be resistant to China's com-
make any profitThere is not a very positive but necessary process. Over the next five moditization economic model.

FEBRUARY 12-14, 2013
Santa Clara Convention Center
Santa Clara, CA USA
www.strategiesinlight.com
S L
2013
Exceeded 4,600 registrants

in 2012
Nearly 180 exhibitors
and sponsors including
40 new companies
Strategies in Light is the worlds

largest and longest-running
conference and exhibition
addressing LEDs and solid-state
lighting. It has also become the
most comprehensive event of its
kind, offering activities of interest
to attendees representing every
level of the LED/SSL vertical
supply chain, from substrates to
systems, from manufacturing to
lighting design.
SPONSORSHIP AND EXHIBIT OPPORTUNITIES

Worldwide US (East Coast) Europe
Tim Carli, Sales Sabrina Straub, Sales Virginia Willis, Sales
+1 650 946 3163 +1 603 891 9213 +44 0 1992 656 663
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Presented by: Flagship Media Sponsors: Events: Owned & Produced by:
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LED SHOW

PHOTONICS LEDS LIGHTING

standards | THERMAL MANAGEMENT
Standards emerge for thermal

characterization of LEDs
JIANZHONG JIAO explains that accurate and standardized characterization of LED junction temperature
is critical to SSL product manufacturers developing optimal designs.
ment instrument, thermal energy can then
A
light emitting diode, or LED, per the Tj and the thermal resistance of an LED. The
ANSI/IES RP-16 definition, is a p-n JEDEC is part of the Electronic Industries be calculated based on direct measurements
junction semiconductor device that Association (EIA), and the JC15 Committee of electrical and optical characteristics.
emits incoherent optical radiation when for- focuses on thermal characterization for elec- The thermal power and thermal resis-
ward biased. A p-n junction is formed at the tronic devices, including LEDs. tance of the LED determine the junction
boundary between a p-type and an n-type Thermal characterization of LEDs is a temperature. There are several approaches
semiconductor, created in a single crystal of special case because unlike to obtaining LED junction
the semiconductor by doping or by epitaxy. other semiconductor diodes, temperature. The method
Junction temperature, usually denoted as LEDs convert electric energy most widely practiced by
Tj, refers to the temperature at the p-n junc- into energies in the form of LED manufacturers and test
tion of a semiconductor device. Performance light (optical energy) and heat laboratories is the one rec-
characteristics of LEDs, such as light output, (thermal energy). The electric ommended by the JESD 51-51
color and lumen maintenance are a func- energy to optical energy con- Standard. The standard rec-
tion of the junction temperature experi- version efficiency is deter- ommends measuring LEDs
enced by the LED during its operation. That mined by the operating condi- with both the heating cur-
fact means that the solid-state lighting (SSL) tions of an LED its junction rent, or LED operating cur-
industry needs a standardized way to char- temperature and the applied rent, as well as the measure-
acterize junction temperature and other forward current. ment current, which is a very
thermal specifications so that LEDs from Obviously, not all electric small reference current.
different manufactures can be fairly com- energy thats input to the LED is converted The first step is to obtain the LEDs ther-
pared and product designers can develop to light since heat is also generated by the mal power. You begin by measuring the
quality lamps and luminaires with appro- LED. The thermal energy dissipated at the LEDs total optical power with the heating
priate thermal management systems. p-n junction of the LED is determined by current and corresponding heating forward
For a given electrical power input to an the difference of the total electrical energy voltage after the LED has reached a steady-
LED, the junction temperature is dependent applied and the total energy emitted as opti- state. You then calculate the thermal power
on the LEDs thermal resistance. In reality cal radiation. In other words, the total ther- by subtracting the optical power from the
junction temperatures of the LEDs are not mal energy or heat generated in the LED input electric power, although the method-
directly measured. Recently, measurement can be determined by subtracting the opti- ology requires additional steps for accuracy.
standards known as JESD 51-51 have been cal energy from the input power. Because the The second step is to switch from the heat-
established by the Joint Electron Device total optical energy can be measured by a ing current to the much smaller measure-
Engineering Councils (JEDEC) JC15 Com- photometry system, such as an integrating ment current and quickly measure the cor-
mittee to provide a consistent and reliable sphere, and total input electric energy can responding forward voltage. If the forward
approach for the LED industry to obtain the be determined using an electrical measure- voltage changes from the equivalent cur-
rent level when using heating current and
DR. JIANZHONG JIAO, Director of Regulations and Emerging Technologies at OSRAM Opto the optical power generated by the measure-
Semiconductors, Inc. is an internationally recognized lighting expert. He has been actively ment current is ignored, then the power dif-
involved in LED and SSL standard development activities. He serves as the Chairman of the ference or corrected thermal power between
SAE Lighting Committee, past Chairman of NGLIA, past Chairman of the NEMA SSL Technical driving the LED at heating (high) current
Committee, active member of IESNA Testing Procedure Committee and Roadway Lighting and measurement (very low) current can be
Committee, ANSI SSL Working Groups, Standard Technical Panel of UL8750, standard committees determined. This corrected thermal power
in IEEE, CIE USA, SEMI, JEDEC and other organizations. He can be reached at jianzhong.jiao@ value is the input electric power with heat-
osram-os.com ing current at steady-state, page 66

manufacturing | SUPPLY CHAIN
Long lead times hamper SSL sales

and broader deployment
LED lighting manufacturers can minimize supply chain issues by focusing on supplier fulfillment,
selecting sources, and service standards explains RAY SJOLSETH.
R
egardless of industry, almost any To shorten lead times and in turn win more performance goals and the lighting maker
business owner will seek a way to business, there are three key issues that you must match the requirements to the compo-
reduce lead times and increase must find a way to address in order to own nent or subsystem supplier offerings.
sales. Unfortunately, the LED lighting indus- your piece of the pie: product fulfillment, Once the order is placed and the spe-
try is known for its long lead times, which sourcing suppliers and service standards. cialty pieces are engineered, the LEDs pro-
are almost always caused by supply chain vided by the suppliers are often inaccurate
issues. This latency directly affects the clos- Product fulfillment and the process has to be repeated. Usu-
ing of the sale, and thats extremely detri- Many LED lighting manufacturers use var- ally this mismatch occurs because suppli-
mental in any industry, let alone one as new ious component suppliers such as Cree, ers have difficulty filling orders properly, and
and ever-evolving as the solid- so production is delayed. The delay in
state lighting (SSL) industry. But production is one reason lead times
there are steps that you can take are longer, causing buyers to seek
to minimize supply-chain issues. other manufacturers.
Because the LED lamp and To better manage product ful-
luminaire industry is such a land fi llment, LED lighting manufactur-
grab, it is crucial to find ways to ers should be aware of the internal
overcome challenges innate to systems and processes their com-
being a first mover. The main ponent suppliers have in place and
issue that causes longer lead follow those procedures in compos-
times starts with the supply chain, ing orders. Transparency is the key
which directly affects whether a when working with vendors because
lead will result in a sale. if youre able to understand why and
On average, lead times are how they do things, youll be better
approximately six weeks, but it able to place orders moving forward
would be preferable and better that can be quickly and accurately
for business to begin a project fi lled. Clear communication of your
in less than three weeks. Th is is needs while understanding their
particularly important because capabilities will help eliminate mis-
LED retrofit projects are often understandings in the future.
impulse purchases where the
FIG. 1. Seesmarts 100W Day White LED high Bay luminaire
buyer expects samples and beta Sourcing providers
delivers 7527 lm and can be specified with an aluminum or
tests to begin immediately. Another supply chain issue for LED
acrylic cone.
While buyers enthusiasm is lighting manufacturers is sourcing
great for business, it can also providers who maintain a steady
have a negative impact on the bottom line if Philips, Lumileds, Seoul Semiconductor, supply of parts specially designed for LED
the purchasing process isnt quick and effi- Epistar, Osram and others to supply pieces fi xtures. Inventory of aluminum and plas-
cient. The LED industry is saturated with of the final LED fi xture. These suppliers offer tic extrusions, injection moldings and driv-
lighting product providers, and buyers can broad component families for LED products, ers are needed to properly engineer LED
easily move to a provider who can obtain but there are often problems with orders fi xtures, but it is difficult to find providers
and install the new lighting fi xtures faster. being completed correctly. For example, who are capable of keeping up with demand.
most projects ultimately combine specially A delay in delivery of parts also causes
RAY SJOLSETH is President of Seesmart LED. engineered components that meet buyers extended lead times. page 66

manufacturing | SUPPLY CHAIN
from page 65 variation in rent costs, labor costs and other

Because most LED lighting manufactur- variables such as location of highways and
ers arent completely vertically integrated, room available for expansion. Those located
few of the businesses can afford to source overseas , and there are many, might be able
raw materials fi rsthand. Sourcing quality to cut labor costs, but they have to deal with
providers is the next best solution to main- longer shipping times.
taining inventory standards. To ensure your At the same time, many suppliers are
provider is in the best position to meet your overwhelmed with growth because SSL
needs, youll need to communicate as much demand is increasing. There are so many
information to them as possible. Its nec- opportunities that its difficult to focus and
essary to make them aware of forecasted perfect one area of supply, and so vendors
run rates, engineering changes, large-scale often get bogged down. Th is delay is then
projects and product standards such as UL, passed on to manufacturers and ultimately
DesignLights Consortium (DLC) and Con- the end user.
formite Europeenne (CE). Also, if you have To address these issues, many manufac-
anticipated dates of rollout, its best to pass turers have begun insourcing these prod-
that information along as well. ucts. Working with suppliers who are closer
Its also important to do your due dili- in proximity should shorten lead times and
gence regarding the companies that you alleviate uncertainty. Manufacturers can
work with. Are they stable? Have you also forecast production needs by main-
checked references? Are they organized? All taining visibility into sales representatives',
of these factors contribute to the systems dealers' and distributors upcoming projects.
they have in place to make sure your order LED technology offers an ever-chang-
is complete and on time. ing product line that is getting increas-
ingly better and more affordable every day.
Service standards As demand is set to continue to increase,
Another common issue in the LED lighting manufacturers will be better positioned to
manufacturing industry is service. A man- address supply-chain issues if they develop
ufacturers location is a large determinant strategies and partnerships to decrease lead
of cost and turnaround on supplies due to times. Thats the path to close more deals.
standards | THERMAL MANAGEMENT
iMCU Thermal characterization from page 64 measured, and because it is a critical param-
minus input electric power at the measure- eter when conducting LED lighting product
intelligent Multifunc- ment current level, and minus the optical design and testing, often LED users are con-
tional Controller Unit power at steady-state. cerned with how junction temperatures are
After the corrected thermal power is determined and reported.
Controller for outdoor lighting obtained, the LEDs thermal resistance can Furthermore, the thermal resistance of a
Low stand-by power consumption be determined. The JEDEC standard names given LED package is an important param-
(< 500mW) the thermal resistance obtained from the eter in designing thermal management sys-
6 variable functions to control measured data as real thermal resistance tems in LED lamps or luminaires. The JEDEC
your luminaires and provides the calculations for obtain- recommendation benefits LED users by help-
ing it based on measurement current, volt- ing them to understand measurement and
Direct support of electronical
age and corrected thermal power. Once the calculation procedures regarding junc-
ballasts (110V and DALI) as
well as ballasts for power thermal resistance is determined, the LEDs tion temperatures and LED thermal resis-
reduction junction temperature can be calculated. The tances, and how they should be obtained by
detailed measurement and calculation pro- LED manufacturers. In the process of stan-
cedures are provided in JESD 51-51. dardizing the LED datasheets provided by
It is very important to have a consistent LED manufacturers, it will be encouraged or
www.vossloh-schwabe.com approach in determining LED junction tem- specified that all LEDs thermal characteris-
perature. In most LED manufacturers data- tics, such as thermal resistance and junction
sheets, LED performance characteristics are temperature, shall be obtained using the
based on or referenced to the junction tem- above JEDEC standard. Stay tuned for fur-
perature. Because this value is not directly ther LED standards development updates.

PRODUCT showcase TO PROMOTE YOUR PRODUCT HERE, PLEASE CONTACT MARY DONNELLY
AT maryd@pennwell.com, JOANNA HOOK AT joannah@pennwell.com
OR ALLISON O'CONNOR AT allison@jagmediasales.com
B A RT H E L M E L E D S O L U T I O N S E X C E L L E N C E O P TO I N C .
CHROMOFLEX Pro Excellence Opto. Inc.s e-litestar

Barthelme LED Solutions products on DLC QPL
announces the new and advanced Excellence Opto. Inc. (EOI), a pio-
CHROMOFLEX Pro series. The neer of SSL energy saving products
PRO version consists of 1 to since 1995, has just announced
4-channels, DMX, DALI and KNX their e-lite star Wall Packs and
and is totally radio controlled. Roadway Streetlight SL2 now listed
CHROMOFLEX Pro was de- on DesignLights Consortium(DLC)
signed to attain sophisticated illuminations in the field of Qualified Product List(QPL). The DLC
decoration and wellness with a minimum of effort. The unit is a collaboration of utility companies
is equipped with various colour effects by default as well and regional energy efficiency organizations committed
as editable programmes. Several CHROMOFLEX Pro to raise awareness of the benefits of efficient lighting and
can be linked in a network which makes it possible for all supports only high quality, high performing LED products.
colour changes/scenes to alternate automatically in sync. Excellence Opto. Inc.(EOI) specializes in LED Traffic
CHROMOFLEX Pro Mini - Stripe with 32 A in 12 V and Signals, LED automotive, LED Lighting fixtures and
24 V is perfectly suitable for smaller and delicate profiles Streetlights. With QS9000, ISO9001, TS16949 and ISO
and LED linear luminaires. 14001 certificates, EOI ensures quality and longevity of
the products from designing, manufacturing to delivery.
Tel: +49-(0)911/ 42476-0
Fax: +49-(0)911/ 42476-66
Email: info@barthelme.de
Web: www.barthelme.eu
Tel: 909-784-3333 Email: sales@e-litestar.com
Visit us at SIL Europe, Booth C7 Fax: 909-784-3330 Web: www.e-litestar.com
I N T E M AT I X C H R O M A L I T LABSPHERE, INC.
ChromaLit XT Remote Phosphor Introducing illumialite Handheld

for High-Intensity LED Lighting Photometer from Labsphere
Intematix ChromaLit XT remote phosphor offers a Labsphere continues to expand our illumia product line
powerful and elegant solution for new applications like with illumialite - a handheld photometer for complete
spotlights and floods, spectral flux analysis. This
extending ChromaLit sphere-based portable
technologys light qual- device provides fast and
ity and adding higher accurate NIST traceable
light intensity, 65% measurements of small
lower cost per lumen LEDs, fiber outputs and
and enhanced off-state other small sources up to 1
neutral color when compared to conventional remote cm. Illumialite combines
phosphors that are yellow in color. ChromaLit XT can be a 4 cm integrating sphere
used to make lighting better outdoors and meets UL stan- spectral light measurement system in an ergonomic
dards. Available in a wide range of CCT and CRI options design with point and shoot trigger feature. Self-
and Round, Square and Linear shapes, it provides the absorption correction via a built-in auxiliary lamp and dark
same unparalleled design freedom, exceptional light correction software capability makes illumialite both
quality, reduced system cost and improved efficacy of all reliable and affordable for LED manufacturers and lumi-
ChromaLit products. naire designers.
Tel: 1-603-927-4266
Tel: : 1-510-933-3300 Email: sales@labsphere.com
Email: chromalit@intematix.com; Web: www.intematix.com Web: www.labsphere.com

last word
Take a comprehensive system view

when considering remote phosphor
Remote-phosphor technology can reduce LED component cost, increase system
efficacy, and simplify thermal systems in SSL products, says MITCH JANSEN of INTEMATIX.
incorporate a highly-ref lective mixing
T
he July issue of LEDs Magazine a white LED system for an added cost of
featured a great article by Crees $3.40. Alternately, a 1000-lm system can be chamber. The recommended ref lective
Michael Leung comparing white created using blue LEDs and remote phos- material adds about $0.20 to the luminaire
LED and remote-phosphor solid-state phor with two fewer LEDs, reducing LED cost, so the sum of new material cost for the
____
lighting (SSL) downlight systems (www. cost by $3.40. design falls between $2.42 and $2.55 which
ledsmagazine.com/features/9/7/6). The Lets take a more detailed look at the is lower than the $3.40 savings in LEDs.
technical comparison is indeed fair and options. In the case of a remote phosphor In examining the entire system, how-
well structured. At Intematix, a maker of system, blue LEDs are used to pump the ever, other benefits of the remote phosphor
remote-phosphor light sources, we wanted phosphor. Blue LEDs do not have phos- approach can also lead to additional cost
to keep the discussion going and take a phor or require binning, and savings. For example, the
closer look at cost. as such cost less to manufac- remote-phosphor approach
In Fair comparison of white LEDs and ture. That could mean that yields an inherently diff use
remote phosphor guides design choice, the LEDs in a remote-phos- light source. In a traditional
Leung asserts that the entire system cost of phor approach cost less than LED system, a diff user is typ-
each approach must be taken into account the white LEDs. ically used to reduce glare
when comparing traditional phosphor-con- The article also states that and create more consistent
verted-white-LED versus remote-phosphor a remote phosphor solution light significantly reducing
technologies for generating white light. which produces the higher efficacy. Removing the dif-
While he is correct in pointing out that efficiency requires a remote fuser improves efficacy and
additional lumens can be gained through phosphor optical element saves about $0.30 to $0.35.
additional LEDs, there are other factors to which costs $15 in small The efficiency gained by
quantities to $8 in high volume, using remote-phosphor solutions can
thus being a poor tradeoff for the translate not only in savings in LED costs,
$3.40 in LED savings. In our expe- but also in reduced heat sink costs. There,
rience, remote-phosphor optics the cost tradeoffs have to be done at the sys-
at that cost would typically be tem level.
much larger than the one recom- Remote-phosphor luminaire designs
mended for the 1000-lm down- allow several paths to cost savings. By reduc-
light case, and be used for much ing the number or type of LEDs, eliminating
higher lumen systems. A 1000-lm, the diff user and/or shrinking the heat sink,
remote-phosphor solution pro- luminaire manufacturers can significantly
vided by Intematix would typ- reduce total cost of ownership. Comparing
consider when examining system cost. ically use a 2.4-in standard ChromaLit the bill of material of a 3000K, 80-CRI, 1000-
In his analysis, Leung estimated that a Round optic or a smaller 1.7-in ChromaLit lm LED downlight with a remote-phosphor
1000-lm downlight would use 10 LEDs at a XT Round optic. These parts can be pur- downlight of the same specification, the
total cost of around $17.00 based on an LED chased at $2.22 and $2.35 for quantities remote phosphor system both increases effi-
cost of about $1.70. Leung suggests match- of 1000. cacy and reduces overall cost.
ing the improved efficacy of a remote- To get the most of the added efficiency,
phosphor system by adding two LEDs to the remote-phosphor design must also MORE: www.intematix.com

100W+, 98% Efficient
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LT3791 4-Switch Synchronous VOUT from 0V to 60V with , LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are
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CREE MODULES DELIVER BEAUTIFUL LIGHT
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Mark McClear
Vice President, Applications Engineering at Cree
Cree LED modules enable you to get your

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industry-leading performance and unparalleled
manufacturing flexibility. Whether you are
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something else, the LMH2 provides the efficacy,
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Find a Cree Solutions Provider or authorized

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or call 1.866.924.3645.

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SEPTEMBER 2012

TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Life science

   

Hong Kong Office:

www.gfac.com Experience more...

We offer innovative Milling, EDM, Laser,

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september Cover Story

33 MARKETS 9 NEWS +ANALYSIS

LEDsmagazine.com SEPTEMBER 2012 3

SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT Christine Shaw

Moving beyond SSL's EDITOR Maury Wright

early adopters nicolep@pennwell.com

I 'm just back from The LED Show that took

4 SEPTEMBER 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

Strategies in Light Japan

ADVERTISERS index Shenzhen Bang-Bell

6 SEPTEMBER 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

Models offering 10,000 Amp IP65

SSL Solutions Faster surgeprotectors@trpssl.com

Tivoli LED fixtures light revamped Kauffman Center

ENTERTAINMENT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

LEDs and remote- Osram and Samsung

LEDsmagazine.com SEPTEMBER 2012 9

10 SEPTEMBER 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

CS161X and CS163X TRIAC Dimmable LED

 Best-in-class TRIAC dimmer compatibility

Stay current at www.cirrus.com/ledcs163x

2012 Cirrus Logic, Inc. All rights reserved. Cirrus Logic,

AFFORDABLE INTEGRATED SOLUTIONS

Welcome at booth C31

12 SEPTEMBER 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

associated with lighting at the seven schools. The energy reduc-

These energy-efficient lights virtually eliminate maintenance,

14 SEPTEMBER 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

LEDsmagazine.com SEPTEMBER 2012 15

LED FLOOD LIGHT 600W IS AVAILABLE NOW !

LEDsmagazine.com SEPTEMBER 2012 19

Soraa will lead DOE funded research on GaN substrates

DOE verifies high-performing BR30/R30 lamps, AR111 lamps disappoint

Lighting Facts from page 19

20 SEPTEMBER 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

DOE affirms lumen maintenance of L Prize lamp

MBNLED PLASTIC COVERS PROLED FLEX STRIPS

MBNLED ALUMINIUM PROFILES

Azzurro granted EUR 2.6 million DOE announces SBIR/

22 SEPTEMBER 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

Receive Finalize options, order Part ready

Receive order Part

Its easy to work with Proto Labs. Just upload your

Visit www.protolabs.com/lighting today

Proto Labs 2012 ISO 9001:2008 Certified ITAR Registered

SIL Europe to focus on LED

Paul Thurk, managing director of Arch Ven-

LEDsmagazine.com SEPTEMBER 2012 25

Europe provides funds and updates

LEDsmagazine.com SEPTEMBER 2012 27

28 SEPTEMBER 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

LED lighting market holds steady in 2012

LEDsmagazine.com SEPTEMBER 2012 33

34 SEPTEMBER 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

44% of the mobile LED market in 2011. Tablet

LEDsmagazine.com SEPTEMBER 2012 35

Best-in-class TRIAC dimmer compatibility

Remote phosphor: ideal applications