Mathematical structure

In mathematics, a structure on a set is an additional mathematical object that, in some manner, attaches (or relates) to that set to
endow it with some additional meaning or significance.

A partial list of possible structures are measures, algebraic structures (groups, fields, etc.), topologies, metric structures (geometries),
orders, events, equivalence relations, differential structures, and categories.

Sometimes, a set is endowed with more than one structure simultaneously; this enables mathematicians to study it more richly. For
example, an ordering imposes a rigid form, shape, or topology on the set. As another example, if a set has both a topology and is a
group, and these two structures are related in a certain way
, the set becomes a topological group.

Mappings between sets which preserve structures (so that structures in the source or domain are mapped to equivalent structures in
the destination or codomain) are of special interest in many fields of mathematics. Examples are homomorphisms, which preserve
algebraic structures; homeomorphisms, which preserve topological structures; and diffeomorphisms, which preserve differential
structures.

Contents
1 History
2 Example: the real numbers
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links

History
In 1939, the French group with the pseudonym Nicolas Bourbaki saw structures as the root of mathematics. They first mentioned
them in their "Fascicule" of Theory of Sets and expanded it into Chapter IV of the 1957 edition.[1] They identified three mother
structures: algebraic, topological, and order.[1][2]

Example: the real numbers

The set of real numbers has several standard structures:

an order: each number is either less or more than any other number .
algebraic structure: there are operations of multiplication and addition that make it into field.
a
a measure: intervals along the real line have a specificlength, which can be extended to theLebesgue measure on
many of its subsets.
a metric: there is a notion ofdistance between points.
a geometry: it is equipped with ametric and is flat.
a topology: there is a notion of open sets.
There are interfaces among these:

Its order and, independently, its metric structure induce its topology.
Its order and algebraic structure make it into anordered field.
 Its algebraic structure and topology make it into aLie group, a type of topological group.

See also
Abstract structure
Algebraic structure
Equivalent definitions of mathematical structures
Intuitionistic type theory
Space (mathematics)

References
1. Corry, Leo (September 1992). "Nicolas Bourbaki and the concept of mathematical structure".Synthese. 92 (3): 315
348. JSTOR 20117057 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/20117057). doi:10.1007/bf00414286 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2
Fbf00414286).
2. Wells, Richard B. (2010).Biological signal processing and computational neuroscience(http://www.mrc.uidaho.edu/~
rwells/techdocs/Biological%20Signal%20Processing/Chapter%2010%20Mathematical%20Structures.pdf) (PDF).
pp. 296335. Retrieved 7 April 2016.

Further reading
Foldes, Stephan (1994).Fundamental Structures of Algebra and Discrete Mathematics . Hoboken: John Wiley &
Sons. ISBN 9781118031438.
Hegedus, Stephen John; Moreno-Armella, Luis (2011). "The emergence of mathematical structures". Educational
Studies in Mathematics. 77 (2): 369388. doi:10.1007/s10649-010-9297-7.
Kolman, Bernard; Busby, Robert C.; Ross, Sharon Cutler (2000). Discrete mathematical structures(4th ed.). Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-083143-9.
Malik, D.S.; Sen, M.K. (2004).Discrete mathematical structures : theory and applications
. Australia:
Thomson/Course Technology. ISBN 978-0-619-21558-3.
Pudlk, Pavel (2013). "Mathematical structures".Logical foundations of mathematics and computational complexity
a gentle introduction. Cham: Springer. pp. 224. ISBN 9783319001197.
Senechal, M. (21 May 1993). "Mathematical Structures".Science. 260 (5111): 11701173.
doi:10.1126/science.260.5111.1170.

External links
"Structure". PlanetMath. (provides a model theoretic definition.)
Mathematical structures in computer science(journal)

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