Off-stoichiometric mixture:

MARINE DIESEL 1 y
C x H y x (O2 3.76 N 2 ) Products
FAUZI IMAM HIDAYAT - 04211745000015 4
Gas Cycle
Thermodynamic Principles : All internal combustion (Open cycle and heated engine)
1. Gasoline (Otto) engine : Spark ignition & Compresses air-fuel mixture
2. Diesel engine : Compressed ignition & Compresses air only
Internal Combustion Engine: An engine that produces power by burning fuel inside a
combustion chamber within the engine
Advantages Of Diesel Engines :
-More efficient and economical to use -Fuel vapor is not explosive -Exhaust gases are less
poisonous less carbon monoxide -Greater lugging power and torque -Engines are durable
and if properly cared for will maintain their economy, -Fuel is less volatile (no vapor lock
problems) -Can use a variety of fuels and mixtures
Disadvantages Of Diesel Engines :
-Engines must be stronger and heavier because of higher compression rates, -Initially more Actual 4-stroke spark ignition engine vs Ideal Otto Cycle
expensive -Fuel could gel in colder climates - Generally noiser operation -Very pungent
exhaust odor
Operation : Increased pressure of combustion gases acts on piston then converted to rotary
motion. Can be 2 or 4 stroke :
2-stroke: 1 power stroke per 1 crankshaft rev
4-stroke: 1 power stroke per 2 crankshaft rev
A stroke is a single traverse of the cylinder by the piston (from TDC to BDC) and 1
revolution of crankshaft = 2 strokes of piston
Engine Structure Stationary Parts
-Engine frame - several stationary parts fastened together
-Cylinder block - supports crank shaft / cylinder assembly
-Cylinder liner - bore in which piston moves
-Cylinder head - seals liner at combustion end
-Oil sump - reservoir containing lubricating oil
Engine Structure Moving Parts
-Piston - reciprocating motion
-Piston rings - seal cylinder, distribute oil, transfer heat from piston to cylinder wall
-Piston pin - connect piston to connecting rod Daya Motor :
-Connecting rod - reciprocating/rotating motion connect piston to crankshaft -Indicated Power (IP) : Kerja akibat hasil pembakaran terhadap piston, Digambarkan pada
-Camshaft - rotating motion controls operation of valves grafik P V, Pendekatannya dengan menggunakan rate of Heat release
-Crankshaft - rotating motion drives (work output) -Effective Power (brake horsepower): Daya keluaran dari motor
-Flywheel - significant mass that allows crankshaft to deliver a steady uniform output Torsi hasil pengereman / pembebanan
MEP : mean effective pressure
-Bearings - support crankshaft T : mg x d
Daya perhitungan dari torsi i = 1 untuk 2-stroke
Auxiliary Systems
P = 2 x Rps x T i = untuk 4-stroke
-Air System, Fuel System, Ignition System, Cooling Systems,
Lube Oil System, Propulsion Drive Mechanisms Daya dari motor L : panjang langkah
P = i x MEP x L x A x z x Rps A : penampang silinder
Combustion Stoichiometry. Air contains molecular nitrogen N2, when the products are low Z : jumlah silinder
temperature , the nitrogen is not significantly affected by the reaction, it is considered inert.
y y y
The complete reaction of a general hydrocarbon CxHy with air is: C x H y x (O2 3.76 N 2 ) xCO2 H 2O 3.76 x N 2 energy
Cx H y a(O2 3.76 N 2 ) bCO2 cH 2O dN 2 4 2 4
C balance: x = b b = x
H balance: y = 2c c = y/2
O balance: 2a = 2b + c a = b + c/2 a = x + y/4
N balance: 2(3.76)a = 2d d = 3.76a/2 d = 3.76(x + y/4)
y y y
C x H y x (O2 3.76 N 2 ) xCO2 H 2O 3.76 x N 2 Energi Pembakaran dari Bahan Bakar= pembakaran tergantung dari laju massa bahan
4 2 4 bakar dan low heating value Qfuel = mf x LHV
The above equation defines the stoichiometric proportions of fuel and air.The Konsumsi Bahan Bakar (Fuel Consumption / FC) = Jumlah massa bahan bakar yang
stoichiometric quantity of oxidizer is just that amount needed to completely burn a quality dibutuhkan oleh suatu motor dalam rentang waktu operasionalnya. Unit satuan, ex. Kg/h
of fuel 1. If more than a stoichiometric quantity of oxidizer is supplied, the mixture is said Konsumsi Bahan Bakar Spesifik (Fuel Specific Consumption / SFC)
to be fuel lean 2.While supplying less than the stoichiometric oxidizer result in fuel rich. Jumlah massa bahan bakar yang dibutuhkan oleh suatu motor untuk setiap satuan daya dan
The stoichiometric mass based air/fuel ratio for CxHy fuel is: waktu pada beban dan putaran tertentu
y y
Unit satuan, ex. g/kWh, g/BHPh. SFC = mf / Brake power
nM x O
M 3.76 x N
M
A / F s mair i i air 4 4 Efisiensi
2 2

m fuel ni M i fuel xM C yM H Eff.mekanik (m) terjadi akibat adanya gesekan pada komponen-komponen motor dan
penggunaan daya untuk keperluan operasional motor sendiri
Substituting the respective molecular weights and dividing top and bottom ,by x one gets
the following expression that only depends on the ratio of the number of hydrogen atoms to
hydrogen atoms (y/x) in the fuel.
Fuel Lean Mixture. Fuel-air mixtures with more than stoichiometric air (excess air) can
burn, With excess air you have fuel lean combustion, At low combustion temperatures, the
extra air appears in the products in unchanged form:
y y
C x H y ( x )(O2 3.76 N 2 ) xCO2 H 2O dN 2 eO2
4 2
for a fuel lean mixture have excess air, so g > 1
Fuel Rich Mixture. Fuel-air mixtures with less than stoichiometric air (excess fuel) can
burn, With less than stoichiometric air you have fuel rich combustion, there is insufficient
oxygen to oxidize all the C and H in the fuel to CO2 and H2O, Get incomplete combustion
where carbon monoxide (CO) and molecular hydrogen (H2) also appear in the products.
y y Eff. Volumetrik (v)
C x H y ( x )(O2 3.76 N 2 ) xCO2 H 2O dN 2 eCO fH 2
4 2 Perbandingan antara massa udara yang masuk ke dalam silinder terhadap massa udara
where for fuel rich mixture have insufficient air g < 1 ideal pada volume silinder
Off-Stoichiometric Mixtures. The equivalence ratio, f, is commonly used to indicate if a
mixture is stoichiometric, fuel lean, or fuel rich. (v) = m / (L A z N)
A / F s F / Amixture a a
Eff. Efektif ( )
A / F mixture F / As e
Besarnya energi panas dari bahan bakar yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menghasilkan
stoichiometric f = 1
kerja bersih
fuel lean f<1
fuel rich f > 1. Stoichiometric mixture: = brake power / Q
y
C x H y x (O2 3.76 N 2 ) Products
e fuel