Garry Kasparov

Garry Kimovich Kasparov (Russian: , Russian

Garry Kasparov
pronunciation: [ar kimvt ksparf]; born Garik Kimovich Weinstein,[2] 13
April 1963) is a Russian (since 1991) and Croatian (since 2014) chess grandmaster,
former world chess champion, writer, and political activist, whom many consider to
be the greatest chess player of all time.[3] From 1986 until his retirement in 2005,
Kasparov was ranked world No. 1 for 225 out of 228 months. His peak rating of
2851,[4] achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by
Magnus Carlsen in 2013. Kasparov also holds records for consecutive professional
tournament victories (15) andChess Oscars (11).

Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at
age 22 by defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov.[5] He held the official FIDE
world title until 1993, when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival
organization, the Professional Chess Association.[6] In 1997 he became the first
world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls, when
he lost to the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue in a highly publicized match. He
continued to hold the "Classical" World Chess Championship until his defeat by
Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. In spite of losing the title, he continued winning
tournaments and was the world's highest-rated player when he retired from Kasparov in 2007
professional chess in 2005. Full name Garry Kimovich
Kasparov
After Kasparov retired, he devoted his time to politics and writing. He formed the
United Civil Front movement, and joined as a member of The Other Russia, a
Country Soviet Union
coalition opposing the administration and policies of Vladimir Putin. In 2008, he
Russia (since 1992)
announced an intention to run as a candidate in that year's Russian presidential race,
Croatia (since 2014)[1]
but failure to find a sufficiently large rental space to assemble the number of Born 13 April 1963
supporters that is legally required to endorse such a candidacy led him to withdraw. Baku, Azerbaijan SSR,
Kasparov blamed "official obstruction" for the lack of available space.[7] Although Soviet Union
he is widely regarded in the West as a symbol of opposition to Putin,[8] he was Title Grandmaster (1980)
barred from the presidential ballot,[7] as the political climate in Russia makes it
World 198593 (undisputed)
difficult for opposition candidates to organize.[9][10]
Champion 19932000 (classical)
He is currently chairman for the Human Rights Foundation and chairs its FIDE 2812 (October 2017)
International Council. Kasparov is a frequent critic of American professor emeritus rating [inactive]
of Russian studies Stephen F. Cohen, whom he describes as a Soviet and Russian Peak 2851 (July 1999,
apologist. Kasparov and Cohen participated in aMunk Debate in 2015 over the issue rating January 2000)
of reengaging or isolating Russia, with 58% of the audience siding with Kasparov's
Peak No. 1 (January 1984)
argument of isolating Russia, compared to 48% before the debate.[11][12] In 2014, he
ranking
obtained Croatian citizenship.[1] He lives in New York City and
travels often.[13]
Kasparovs voice (in Russian)
0:00

Contents from Kasparov's interview for Ekho

Moskvy, 13 September 2011
1 Early career
2 Toward the top Problems playing this file? See media help.
 3 1984 World Championship
4 World Champion
5 Break with and ejection from FIDE
6 Losing the title and aftermath
7 Retirement from chess
8 Politics
9 Playing style
10 Olympiads and other major team events
11 Records and achievements
12 Books and other writings
13 Chess against computers
14 See also
15 Notes
16 Further reading
17 External links

Early career
Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein (Russian: ) in
Baku, Azerbaijan SSR (now Azerbaijan), Soviet Union. His father, Kim
Moiseyevich Weinstein, was Russian Jewish, and his mother, Klara Shagenovna
Gasparian, was Armenian.[14][15][16][17] Kasparov has described himself as a "self-
appointed Christian", although "very indifferent".[18]

Kasparov first began the serious study of chess after he came across a chess problem
set up by his parents and proposed a solution.[19] His father died of leukemia when
Garry was seven years old.[20] At the age of twelve, Garry adopted his mother's
.[21]
Armenian surname, Gasparian, russified as Kasparov

From age 7, Kasparov attended the Young Pioneer Palace in Baku and, at 10 began
training at Mikhail Botvinnik's chess school under noted coach Vladimir
Makogonov. Makogonov helped develop Kasparov's positional skills and taught him
to play the Caro-Kann Defence and the Tartakower System of the Queen's Gambit
Declined.[22] Kasparov won the Soviet Junior Championship in Tbilisi in 1976,
scoring 7 points of 9, at age 13. He repeated the feat the following year, winning Kasparov at age 11, Vilnius, 1974
with a score of 8 of 9. He was being trained by Alexander Shakarov during this
time.

In 1978, Kasparov participated in the Sokolsky Memorial tournament in Minsk. He had been invited as an exception but took first
place and became a chess master. Kasparov has repeatedly said that this event was a turning point in his life, and that it convinced
him to choose chess as his career. "I will remember the Sokolsky Memorial as long as I live", he wrote. He has also said that after the
orld Championship.[23]
victory, he thought he had a very good shot at the W

He first qualified for the Soviet Chess Championshipat age 15 in 1978, the youngest ever player at that level. He won the 64-player
Swiss system tournament atDaugavpils on tiebreak over Igor V. Ivanov to capture the sole qualifying place.

Kasparov rose quickly through the World Chess Federation rankings. Starting with an oversight by the Russian Chess Federation, he
participated in a grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina (then part of Yugoslavia), in 1979 while still
unrated (he was a replacement for Viktor Korchnoi who was originally invited but withdrew due to threat of boycott from the
Soviets). Kasparov won this high-class tournament, emerging with a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him to the top
group of chess players (at the time, number 15 in the world)[24] ). The next year, 1980, he won the World Junior Chess Championship
in Dortmund, West Germany. Later that year, he made his debut as second reserve for the Soviet Union at the Chess Olympiad at
Valletta, Malta, and became a Grandmaster.

Toward the top

As a teenager, Kasparov tied for first place in the USSR Chess Championshipin 198182. His
first win in a superclass-level international tournament was scored at Bugojno, Bosnia and
Herzegovina in 1982. He earned a place in the 1982 Moscow Interzonal tournament, which he
won, to qualify for the Candidates Tournament.[25] At age 19, he was the youngest Candidate
since Bobby Fischer, who was 15 when he qualified in 1958. At this stage, he was already the
No. 2-rated player in the world, trailing only World Chess Champion Anatoly Karpov on the
January 1983 list.

Kasparov's first (quarter-final) Candidates match was against Alexander Beliavsky, whom he
defeated 63 (four wins, one loss).[26] Politics threatened Kasparov's semi-final against Viktor
Korchnoi, which was scheduled to be played in Pasadena, California. Korchnoi had defected
from the Soviet Union in 1976, and was at that time the strongest active non-Soviet player.
Various political maneuvers prevented Kasparov from playing Korchnoi, and Kasparov
forfeited the match. This was resolved by Korchnoi allowing the match to be replayed in
London, along with the previously scheduled match betweenVasily Smyslov and Zoltn Ribli.
The Kasparov-Korchnoi match was put together on short notice by Raymond Keene.
Kasparov lost the first game but won the match 74 (four wins, one loss).
Kasparov becomes World
In January 1984, Kasparov became the No. 1 ranked player in the world, with a FIDE rating
Junior Champion at
Dortmund in 1980 of 2710. He became the youngest ever world No. 1, a record that lasted 12 years until being
broken by Vladimir Kramnik in January 1996; the record is currently held by Magnus
Carlsen.

Later in 1984, he won the Candidates' final 84 (four wins, no losses) against the resurgent former world champion Vasily
Smyslov, at Vilnius, thus qualifying to play Anatoly Karpov for the World Championship. That year he joined the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union (CPSU), as a member of which he was elected to the Central Committee of
Komsomol in 1987.

1984 World Championship

The World Chess Championship 1984 match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov had many ups and downs, and a very
controversial finish. Karpov started in very good form, and after nine games Kasparov was down 40 in a "first to six wins" match.
[27]
Fellow players predicted he would be whitewashed 60 within 18 games.

In an unexpected turn of events, there followed a series of 17 successive draws, some relatively short, and others drawn in unsettled
positions. Kasparov lost game 27, then fought back with another series of draws until game 32, his first-ever win against the World
Champion. Another 14 successive draws followed, through game 46; the previous record length for a world title match had been 34
games, the match of Jos Ral Capablanca vs. Alexander Alekhine in 1927.

Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the scores to 53 in Karpov's favour. Then the match was ended without result by Florencio
Campomanes, the President of Fdration Internationale des checs (FIDE), and a new match was announced to start a few months
later. The termination was controversial, as both players stated that they preferred the match to continue. Announcing his decision at
a press conference, Campomanes cited the health of the players, which had been strained by the length of the match.
The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without result. Kasparov's relations with
Campomanes and FIDE were greatly strained, and the feud between them finally came to a head in 1993 with Kasparov's complete
break-away from FIDE.

World Champion
The second Karpov-Kasparov match in 1985 was organized in Moscow as the best of 24
games where the first player to win 12 points would claim the World Champion title. The
scores from the terminated match would not carry over; however, in the event of a 1212
draw, the title would remain with Karpov. On 9 November 1985, Kasparov secured the title by
a score of 1311, winning the 24th game with Black, using a Sicilian defense. He was 22
years old at the time, making him the youngest ever World Champion,[28] and breaking the
record held by Mikhail Tal for over 20 years.[29] Kasparov's win as Black in the 16th game
has been recognized as one of the all-time masterpieces in chess history
.

Kasparov after winning the
FIDE World Championship
title in 1985
As part of the arrangements following the aborted 1984 match, Karpov had been granted (in
the event of his defeat) a right to rematch. Another match took place in 1986, hosted jointly in
London and Leningrad, with each city hosting 12 games. At one point in the match, Kasparov
opened a three-point lead and looked well on his way to a decisive match victory. But Karpov
fought back by winning three consecutive games to level the score late in the match. At this
point, Kasparov dismissed one of his seconds, grandmaster Evgeny Vladimirov, accusing him
of selling his opening preparation to the Karpov team (as described in Kasparov's
autobiography Unlimited Challenge, chapter Stab in the Back). Kasparov scored one more
win and kept his title by a final score of 121
1.

A fourth match for the world title took place in 1987 in Seville, as Karpov had qualified through the Candidates' Matches to again
become the official challenger. This match was very close, with neither player holding more than a one-point lead at any time during
the contest. Kasparov was down one full point at the time of the final game, and needed a win to draw the match and retain his title.
A long tense game ensued in which Karpov blundered away a pawn just before the first time control, and Kasparov eventually won a
long ending. Kasparov retained his title as the match was drawn by a score of 1212. (All this meant that Kasparov had played
Karpov four times in the period 198487, a statistic unprecedented in chess. Matches organized by FIDE had taken place every three
years since 1948, and only Botvinnik had a right to a rematch before Karpov
.)

A fifth match between Kasparov and Karpov was held in New York and Lyon in 1990, with each city hosting 12 games. Again, the
result was a close one with Kasparov winning by a margin of 1211. In their five world championship matches, Kasparov had 21
wins, 19 losses, and 104 draws in 144 games.

Break with and ejection from FIDE

With the World Champion title in hand, Kasparov began opposing FIDE. Beginning
in 1986, he created the Grandmasters Association (GMA), an organization to
represent professional chess players and give them more say in FIDE's activities.
Kasparov assumed a leadership role. GMA's major achievement was in organizing a
series of six World Cup tournaments for the world's top players. A somewhat uneasy
relationship developed with FIDE, and a sort of truce was brokered by Bessel Kok, a
Dutch businessman.

This stand-off lasted until 1993, by which time a new challenger had qualified Kasparov and Viswanathan Anand in
through the Candidates cycle for Kasparov's next World Championship defense: a publicity photo on top of theWorld
Trade Center in New York
Nigel Short, a British grandmaster who had defeated Anatoly Karpov in a qualifying
match, and then Jan Timman in the finals held in early 1993. After a confusing and
compressed bidding process produced lower financial estimates than expected,[30] the world champion and his challenger decided to
play outside FIDE's jurisdiction, under another organization created by Kasparov called the Professional Chess Association (PCA).
This is where a great fracture occurred in the lineage of the FIDE version of the World Champions tradition. In an interview in 2007,
, as it hurt the game in the longrun.[31]
Kasparov called the break with FIDE the worst mistake of his career

Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE, and played their well-sponsored match in London. Kasparov won convincingly by a
score of 127. The match considerably raised the profile of chess in the UK, with an unprecedented level of coverage on Channel
4. Meanwhile, FIDE organized a World Championship match between Jan Timman (the defeated Candidates finalist) and former
World Champion Karpov (a defeated Candidates semifinalist), which Karpov won.

FIDE removed Kasparov and Short from the FIDE rating lists. Thus, till this was in effect,
there was a parallel rating list presented by PCA which featured all world top players,
regardless of their relation to FIDE. There were now two World Champions: PCA champion
Kasparov, and FIDE champion Karpov. The title remained split for 13 years.

Kasparov defended his title in a 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand at the World Trade
Center in New York City. Kasparov won the match by four wins to one, with thirteen draws. It
was the last World Championship to be held under the auspices of the PCA, which collapsed
when Intel, one of its major backers, withdrew its sponsorship.

Kasparov and Sting in 2000 Kasparov tried to organize another World Championship match, under another organization,
the World Chess Association (WCA) with Linares organizer Luis Rentero. Alexei Shirov and
Vladimir Kramnik played a candidates match to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in a
surprising upset. But when Rentero admitted that the funds required and promised had never materialized, the WCA collapsed. This
left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organization stepped inBrainGames.com, headed by Raymond Keene. No match against
Shirov was arranged, and talks with Anand collapsed, so a match was instead arranged against Kramnik.

During this period, Kasparov was approached by Oakham School in the United Kingdom, at the time the only school in the country
with a full-time chess coach,[32] and developed an interest in the use of chess in education. In 1997, Kasparov supported a
scholarship programme at the school.[33] Kasparov also won theMarca Leyenda trophy that year.

Losing the title and aftermath

The Kasparov-Kramnik match took place in London during the latter half of 2000.
Kramnik had been a student of Kasparov's at the famous Botvinnik/Kasparov chess
school in Russia, and had served on Kasparov's team for the 1995 match against
Viswanathan Anand.

The better-prepared Kramnik won game 2 against Kasparov's Grnfeld Defence and
achieved winning positions in Games 4 and 6, although Kasparov held the draw in
both games. Kasparov made a critical error in Game 10 with the Nimzo-Indian
Defence, which Kramnik exploited to win in 25 moves. As White, Kasparov could
not crack the passive but solid Berlin Defence in the Ruy Lopez, and Kramnik
Kasparov playing againstVladimir
successfully drew all his games as Black. Kramnik won the match 86. Kasparov
Kramnik in the Botvinnik Memorial
became the first player to lose a world championship match without winning a game match in Moscow, 2001
since Emanuel Lasker lost to Jos Ral Capablanca in 1921.

After losing the title, Kasparov won a series of major tournaments, and remained the top rated player in the world, ahead of both
Kramnik and the FIDE World Champions. In 2001 he refused an invitation to the 2002 Dortmund Candidates Tournament for the
[34]
Classical title, claiming his results had earned him a rematch with Kramnik.
Kasparov and Karpov played a four-game match with rapid time controls over two days in December 2002 in New oYrk City. Karpov
surprised the experts and emerged victoriously, winning two games and drawing one.[35]

Due to Kasparov's continuing strong results, and status as world No. 1 in much of the public eye, he was included in the so-called
"Prague Agreement", masterminded byYasser Seirawan and intended to reunite the two World Championships. Kasparov was to play
a match against the FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov in September 2003. But this match was called off after Ponomariov
refused to sign his contract for it without reservation. In its place, there were plans for a match against Rustam Kasimdzhanov,
winner of the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004, to be held in January 2005 in the United Arab Emirates. These also fell
through due to lack of funding. Plans to hold the match in Turkey instead came too late. Kasparov announced in January 2005 that he
was tired of waiting for FIDE to organize a match and so had decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Championship title.

Retirement from chess

After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for the ninth time, Kasparov announced on 10 March 2005 that he would retire
from serious competitive chess. He cited as the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world (he commented when winning the
Russian championship in 2004 that it had been the last major title he had never won outright) and expressed frustration at the failure
to reunify the world championship.

Kasparov said he may play in some rapid chess events for fun, but intends to spend more time on his books, including both the My
Great Predecessors series (see below) and a work on the links between decision-making in chess and in other areas of life, and will
continue to involve himself inRussian politics, which he views as "headed down the wrong path".

Kasparov has been married three times: to Masha, with whom he had a daughter before divorcing; to Yulia, with whom he had a son
[36][37]
before their 2005 divorce; and to Daria (Dasha), with whom he has two children.

Post-retirement chess
On 22 August 2006, in his first public chess games since his retirement, Kasparov played in the Lichthof Chess Champions
Tournament, a blitz event played at the time control of 5 minutes per side and 3 second increments per move. Kasparov tied for first
with Anatoly Karpov, scoring 4/6.[38]

Garry Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov played a 12-game match from 2124 September 2009, in Valencia, Spain. It consisted of four
rapid (or semi rapid) games, in which Kasparov won 31, and eight blitz games, in which Kasparov won 62, winning the match with
total result 93. The event took place exactly 25 years after the two players' legendary encounter at World Chess Championship
1984.[39]

Kasparov actively coached Magnus Carlsen for approximately one year beginning in February 2009. The collaboration remained
secret until September 2009.[40] Under Kasparov's tutelage, Carlsen in October 2009 became the youngest ever to achieve a FIDE
rating higher than 2800, and rose from world number four to world number one. While the pair initially planned to work together
throughout 2010,[41] in March of that year it was announced that Carlsen had split from Kasparov and would no longer be using him
as a trainer.[42] According to an interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel, Carlsen indicated that he would remain in contact
and that he would continue to attend training sessions with Kasparov,[43] but in fact no further training sessions were held and the
[44]
cooperation gradually fizzled over the course of the spring.

In May 2010 it was revealed that Kasparov had aided Viswanathan Anand in preparation for the World Chess Championship 2010
against challenger Veselin Topalov. Anand won the match 65 to retain the title.[45]

, winning each one, against players atTel-Aviv University in Israel.[46]

Also in May 2010 he played 30 games simultaneously

In January 2011, Kasparov began training the American grandmaster Hikaru Nakamura. The first of several training sessions was
held in New York just prior to Nakamura's participation in the Tata Steel Chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands.[47] In
December 2011, it was announced that the cooperation had come to an end.[48]
 Kasparov played two blitz exhibition matches in the autumn of 2011. The first, in
September against French grandmaster Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, in Clichy
(France), which Kasparov won 1. The second was a longer match consisting of
eight blitz games played on 9 October, against English grandmaster Nigel Short.
Kasparov won again by a score of 43.

Kasparov delivering a speech in
Arizona in October 2017
A little after that, in October 2011, Kasparov played and defeated fourteen
opponents in a simultaneous exhibition that took place inBratislava.[49]
On April 25 and 26, 2015, Kasparov played a mini-match against Nigel Short. The
match consisted of two rapid games and eight blitz games. Kasparov won the match
.[50]
decisively with a score of 81, winning all five games on the second day

Pula, Croatia.[51]
On Wednesday August 19, 2015 he played and won the 19 games of a simultaneous exhibition in

On Thursday 28 April and Friday 29 April 2016 at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis, Kasparov played a 6-round
exhibition blitz round-robin tournament with Fabiano Caruana, Wesley So, and Hikaru Nakamura in an event called the Ultimate
Blitz Challenge.[52] He finished the tournament third with 9.5/18, behind Hikaru Nakamura (11/18) and Wesley So (10/18). At the
post-tournament interview, he considered the possibility of playing future top-level blitz exhibition matches.

On June 2, 2016, Kasparov played against fifteen chess players in a simultaneous exhibition in the Kaiser-Friedrich-Halle of
Mnchengladbach. He won all games.[53]

In 2017, Kasparov came out of retirement to participate in the inaugural St. Louis Rapid and Blitz tournament from August 1419,
scoring 3.5/9 in the rapid and 9/18 in the blitz, finishing 8th out of 10 participants, which included Nakamura, Caruana, former world
champion Anand, and the eventual winner, Aronian.[54][55] Any tournament money that he earned would go towards charities to
promote chess in Africa.

Candidate for FIDE presidency

On 7 October 2013 Kasparov announced his candidacy for World Chess Federation president during a reception in Tallinn, Estonia,
where the 84th FIDE Congress took place.[56] Kasparov's candidacy was supported by his former student, reigning World Chess
Champion and FIDE#1 ranked player Magnus Carlsen.[57] At the FIDE General Assembly in August 2014, Kasparov lost the
presidential election to incumbent FIDE presidentKirsan Ilyumzhinov, with a vote of 110-61.[58]

A few days before the election took place, the New York Times Magazine had published a lengthy report on the viciously fought
campaign. Included was information about a leaked contract between Kasparov and former FIDE Secretary General Ignatius Leong
from Singapore, in which the Kasparov campaign reportedly "offered to pay Leong $500,000 and to pay $250,000 a year for four
years to the Asean Chess Academy, an organization Leong helped create to teach the game, specifying that Leong would be
responsible for delivering 11 votes from his region [...]".[59] In September 2015 the FIDE Ethics Commission found Kasparov and
Leong guilty of violating its Code of Ethics[60] and later suspended them for two years from all FIDE functions and meetings.
[61]

Politics

Central committee member of Komsomol

Kasparov joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1984, and in 1987 was elected to the Central Committee of
Komsomol. But in 1990 he left the party and together with his family fled from Baku to Moscow on a chartered plane[62] when
[63]
pogroms against Armenians in Bakutook place forcing thousands of ethnic Armenians to flee Azerbaijan.

Keeper of the Flame award

In 1991, Kasparov received the Keeper of the Flame award from the Center for Security Policy for "propagation of democracy and
the respect for individual rights throughout the world". In his acceptance speech Kasparov lauded the defeat of communism while
also urging the United States to give no financialassistance to central Soviet leaders.[37][64][65][66][67]

Democratic Party of Russia and Choice of Russia bloc

In May 1990, Kasparov took part in the creation of the Democratic Party of Russia, which at first was a liberal anti-communist party,
later shifting to centrism. Kasparov was in June 1993 involved with the creation of the "Choice of Russia" bloc of parties and in 1996
took part in the election campaign ofBoris Yeltsin. In 2001 he voiced his support for the Russian television channelNTV.[16]

Unwitting board member of award organization

In April 2007, it was asserted[68] that Kasparov was a board member of the National Security Advisory Council of Center for
Security Policy,[64] a "non-profit, non-partisan national security organization [in Washington, DC] that specializes in identifying
policies, actions, and resource needs that are vital to American security".[65] Kasparov confirmed this and added that he was removed
shortly after he became aware of it. He noted that he did not know about the membership and suggested he was included in the board
by accident because he received the 1991 Keeper of the Flame award from this organization.[66][67] But Kasparov maintained his
Hoover Institution.[37]
association with the leadership by giving speeches at think tanks such as the

United Civil Front

After his retirement from chess in 2005, Kasparov turned to politics and created the United Civil Front, a social movement whose
main goal is to "work to preserveelectoral democracy in Russia".[69] He has vowed to "restore democracy" to Russia by restoring the
rule of law.[70][71][72]

The Other Russia

Kasparov was instrumental in setting up The Other Russia, a coalition which opposes Putin's government. The Other Russia has been
boycotted by the leaders of Russia's mainstream opposition parties, Yabloko and Union of Rightist Forces due to its inclusion of
Kremlin.[73]
nationalist and radical groups. Kasparov has criticized these groups as being secretly under the auspices of the

Attacked
On 10 April 2005, Kasparov was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with a chessboard he had just
signed. The assailant was reported to have said "I admired you as a chess player, but you gave that up for politics" immediately
before the attack.[74] Kasparov has been the subject of a number of other episodes since, including police brutality and allegedly
harassment from the Russian secret service.[75][76]

Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March

Kasparov helped organize the Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March on 3 March 2007
and The March of the Dissenterson 24 March 2007, both involving several thousand
people rallying against Putin and Saint Petersburg Governor Valentina Matviyenko's
policies.[77][78]

Arrest in Moscow and questioning by FSB Kasparov at the third Dissenters

March in Saint Petersburg on 9 June
On 14 April 2007, Kasparov led a pro-democracy demonstration in Moscow. Soon
2007
after the demonstration's start, however, over 9,000 police descended on the group
and seized almost everyone. Kasparov, who was briefly arrested by the Moscow
police, was warned by the prosecution office on the eve of the march that anyone participating risked being detained. He was held for
some 10 hours and then fined and released.[79] He was later summoned by theFSB for violations of Russian anti-extremism laws.[80]

KGB general says Kasparov's life in danger

Speaking about Kasparov, former KGB general Oleg Kalugin in 2007 remarked, "I do not talk in detailspeople who knew them are
all dead now because they were vocal, they were open. I am quiet. There is only one man who is vocal and he may be in trouble:
[former] world chess champion [Garry] Kasparov. He has been very outspoken in his attacks on Putin and I believe that he is
probably next on the list."[81]

2007 presidential bid

On 30 September 2007, Kasparov entered the Russian Presidential race, receiving 379 of 498 votes at a congress held in Moscow by
The Other Russia.[82]

In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention of standing for the Russian presidency as the candidate of the "Other Russia"
coalition and vowed to fight for a "democratic and just Russia". Later that month he traveled to the United States, where he appeared
on several popular television programs, which were hosted byStephen Colbert, Wolf Blitzer, Bill Maher, and Chris Matthews.

Detention at rally
On 24 November 2007, Kasparov and other protesters were detained by police at an Other Russia rally in Moscow. 3,000
demonstrators arrived to allege the rigging of upcoming elections. Following an attempt by about 100 protesters to march through
police lines to the electoral commission, which had barred Other Russia candidates from parliamentary elections, arrests were made.
The Russian authorities stated a rally had been approved but not any marches, resulting in several detained demonstrators.[83] He was
subsequently charged with resisting arrest and organizing an unauthorized protest and given a jail sentence of five days. Kasparov
appealed the charges, citing that he had been following orders given by the police, although it was denied. He was released from jail
on 29 November.[84] Putin criticized Kasparov at the rally for his use of English when speaking rather than Russian.
[85]

Forced to quit campaign

On 12 December 2007, Kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability to rent a meeting hall
where at least 500 of his supporters could assemble. With the deadline expiring on that date, he explained it was impossible for him
to run. Russian election laws required sufficient meeting hall space for assembling supporters. Kasparov's spokeswoman accused the
government of using pressure to deter anyone from renting a hall for the gathering and said that the electoral commission had rejected
ge gathering at a meeting hall.[86]
a proposal that would have allowed for smaller gathering sizes rather than one lar

"Putin must go"

Kasparov was among the 34 first signatories and a key organizer of the online anti-Putin campaign "Putin must go", started on 10
March 2010. The campaign was begun by a coalition of opposition to Putin who regard his rule as lacking any rule of law. Within the
text is a call to Russian law enforcement to ignore Putin's orders. By June 2011 there were 90,000 signatures. While the identity of
.[87][88][89][90]
the petition author remained anonymous, there was wide speculation that it was indeed Kasparov

Human Rights Foundation

Kasparov was named Chairman of the Human Rights Foundation in 2011, succeeding the recently deceased author, activist, and
former Czech president Vclav Havel.[91] On 31 January 2012 Kasparov hosted a meeting of opposition leaders planning a mass
march on 4 February 2012, the third major opposition rally held since the disputed State Duma elections of December 2011. Among
other opposition leaders attending wereAlexey Navalny and Yevgenia Chirikova.[92]
Arrest and beating at Pussy Riot trial
On 17 August 2012 Kasparov was arrested and beaten outside of the Moscow court while attending the verdict reading in the case
involving the all-female punk band Pussy Riot.[93] On 24 August he was cleared of charges that he took part in an unauthorized
protest against the conviction of three members of Pussy Riot. Judge Yekaterina Veklich said there were "no grounds to believe the
testimony of the police." He could still face criminal charges over a police officer's claims that the opposition leader bit his finger
while he was being detained.[94] He later thanked all the bloggers and reporters who provided video evidence that contradicted the
testimony of the police.

Miscellaneous
Kasparov wrote in February 2013 that "fascism has come to Russia. ... Project Putin, just like the old Project Hitler, is but the fruit of
a conspiracy by the ruling elite. Fascist rule was never the result of the free will of the people. It was always the fruit of a conspiracy
by the ruling elites!"[95]

In April 2013, Kasparov joined in an HRF condemnation of Kanye West for having performed for the leader of Kazakhstan in
exchange for a $3 million paycheck, saying that West "has entertained a brutal killer and his entourage" and that his fee "came from
."[96]
the loot stolen from the Kazakhstan treasury

Kasparov denied rumors in April 2013 that he planned to leave Russia for good. "I found these rumors to be deeply saddening and,
moreover, surprising," he wrote. "I was unable to respond immediately because I was in such a state of shock that such an incredibly
inaccurate statement, the likes of which is constantly distributed by the Kremlins propagandists, came this time from Ilya Yashin, a
[97]
fellow member of the Opposition Coordination Council (KSO) and my former colleague from the Solidarity movement."

In an April 2013 op-ed piece, Kasparov accused prominent Russian journalist Vladimir Posner of failing to stand up to Putin and to
earlier Russian and Soviet leaders.[98]

Kasparov was presented with the Morris B. Abram Human Rights Award, UN Watch's annual human-rights prize, in 2013. The
organization praised him as "not only one of the worlds smartest men" but "also among its bravest."[99]

At the 2013 Women in the World conference, Kasparov told The Daily Beast's Michael Moynihan that democracy no longer existed
in what he called Russia's "dictatorship."[100]

Kasparov said at a press conference in June 2013 that if he returned to Russia he doubted he would be allowed to leave again, given
Putin's ongoing crackdown against dissenters. "So for the time being," he said, "I refrain from returning to Russia." He explained
shortly thereafter in an article for The Daily Beast that this had not been intended as "a declaration of leaving my home country,
permanently or otherwise," but merely an expression of "the dark reality of the situation in Russia today, where nearly half the
members of the oppositions Coordinating Council are under criminal investigation on concocted char
ges." He noted that the Moscow
prosecutors office was "opening an investigation that would limit my ability to travel," making it impossible for him to fulfill
"professional speaking engagements" and hindering his "work for the nonprofit Kasparov Chess Foundation, which has centers in
New York City, Brussels, and Johannesburg to promote chess in education."[100]

Kasparov further wrote in his June 2013 Daily Beast article that the mass protests in Moscow 18 months earlier against fraudulent
Russian elections had been "a proud moment for me." He recalled that after joining the opposition movement in March 2005, he had
been criticized for seeking to unite "every anti-Putin element in the country to march together regardless of ideology." Therefore, the
sight of "hundreds of flags representing every group from liberals to nationalists all marching together for 'Russia Without Putin' was
the fulfillment of a dream." Yet most Russians, he lamented, had continued to "slumber" even as Putin had "taken off the flimsy mask
[101]
of democracy to reveal himself in full as the would-be KGB dictator he has always been."

Kasparov responded with several sardonic Twitter postings to a September 2013 New York Times op-ed by Putin. "I hope Putin has
taken adequate protections," he tweeted. "Now that he is a Russian journalist his life may be in grave danger!" Also: "Now we can
expect NY Times op-eds by Mugabe on fair elections, Castro on free speech, & Kim Jong-un on prison reform. The Axis of
Hypocrisy."[102]
Allegation of FSB non-disclosure of Boston marathon bombing suspects
In a 12 May 2013 op-ed forThe Wall Street Journal, Kasparov questioned reports that the Russian security agency
, the FSB, had fully
cooperated with the FBI in the matter of the Boston bombers. He noted that the elder bomber, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, had reportedly met
in Russia with two known jihadists who "were killed in Dagestan by the Russian military just days before Tamerlan left Russia for
the U.S." Kasparov argued, "If no intelligence was sent from Moscow to Washington" about this meeting, "all this talk of FSB
cooperation cannot be taken seriously." He further observed, "This would not be the first time Russian security forces seemed
strangely impotent in the face of an impending terror attack," pointing out that in both the 2002 Moscow theater siege and the 2004
Beslan school attack, "there were FSB informants in both terror groupsyet the attacks went ahead unimpeded." Given this history,
he wrote, "it is impossible to overlook that the Boston bombing took place just days after the U.S. Magnitsky List was published,
creating the first serious external threat to the Putin power structure by penalizing Russian officials complicit in human-rights
crimes." In sum, Putin's "dubious record on counterterrorism and its continued support of terror sponsors Iran and Syria mean only
one thing: common ground zero."[103]

On the Navalny trial

Kasparov wrote in July 2013 about the trial in Kirov of fellow opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who had been convicted "on
concocted embezzlement charges," only to see the prosecutor, surprisingly, ask for his release the next day pending appeal. "The
judicial process and the democratic process in Russia," wrote Kasparov, "are both elaborate mockeries created to distract the citizenry
at home and to help Western leaders avoid confronting the awkward fact that Russia has returned to a police state." Still, Kasparov
felt that whatever had caused the Kirov prosecutor's about-face, "my optimism tells me it was a positive sign. After more than 13
ferent is good."[104]
years of predictable repression under Putin, anything dif

On the Syrian Civil War

Kasparov wrote in Time on 18 September 2013 that he considered the "chess metaphors thrown around during the world
s response to
the civil war in Syria" to be "trite" and rejected what he called "all the nonsense about 'Putin is playing chess and Obama is playing
checkers,' or tic-tac-toe or whatever." Putin, argued Kasparov, "did not have to outplay or outthink anyone. He and Bashar Assad won
by forfeit when President Obama, Prime Minister Cameron and the rest of the so-called leaders of the free world walked away from
the table." There is, he lamented, "a new game at the negotiating table where Putin and Assad set the rules and will run the show
under the protection of the U.N."[105] Kasparov said in September 2013 that Russia was now a dictatorship.[106] In the same month
he told an interviewer that "Obama going to Russia now is dead wrong, morally and politically," because Putin's regime "is behind
Assad."[107]

Croatia connections
Kasparov maintains a summer home in the Croatian city of Makarska. In early February 2014, Kasparov applied for citizenship by
naturalisation in Croatia, adding that he was finding it increasingly difficult to live in Russia. According to an article in The
Guardian, Kasparov is "widely perceived" as having been a vocal supporter of Croatian independence during the early 1990s. On 28
.[108]
February 2014, his application for naturalisation was approved, and he is now a Croatian passport holder

Sochi Olympics
Kasparov spoke out several times about Putin's antigay laws and the proposed Sochi Olympics boycott. He explained in August 2013
that he had opposed Russias bid from the outset, since hosting the Olympics would "allow Vladimir Putins cronies to embezzle
hundreds of millions of dollars" and "lend prestige to Putins authoritarian regime." Kasparov added that Putin's anti-gay law was
"only the most recent encroachment on the freedom of speech and association of Russias citizens," which the international
community had largely ignored. Instead of supporting a games boycott, which would "unfairly punish athletes," Kasparov called for
athletes and others to "transform Putins self-congratulatory pet project into a spotlight that exposes his authoritarian rule for the
entire world to see."[109] In September, Kasparov expanded on his remarks, saying that "forcing athletes to play a political role
against their will is not fair" and that politicians should not "hide behind athletes." Instead of boycotting Sochi, he suggested,
politicians should refuse to attend the games and the public should "put pressure on the sponsors and the media." Coca-Cola, for
example, could put "a rainbow flag on each Coca-Cola can" and NBC could "do interviews with Russian gay activists or with
Russian political activists." Kasparov also emphasized that although he was "still a Russian citizen," he had "good reason to be
."[110]
concerned about my ability to leave Russia if I returned to Moscow

Annexation of Crimea
Kasparov has spoken out against the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and has stated that control of Crimea should be returned to
[111]
Ukraine after the overthrow of Vladimir Putin without additional conditions.

Access to website blocked

Kasparov's website was blocked by the Russian federative regulator, Roskomnadzor, at the behest of the public prosecutor, allegedly
due to Kasparov's opinions of the Crimean crisis. Kasparov's block was made in unison with several other notable Russian sites that
were accused of inciting public outrage. Reportedly, several of the blocked sites received an affidavit noting their violations.
[112]
However, Kasparov stated that his site had received no such notice of violations after its block.

Winter Is Coming
In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must
Be Stopped. In the book, Kasparov likens Putin to Hitler, and explains the need for the west to oppose Putin sooner, rather than
appeasing him and postponing the eventual confrontation. According to his publisher, "Kasparov wants this book out fast, in a way
that has potential to influence the discussion during theprimary season."[113][114]

2016 United States presidential election

In the United States presidential election, 2016, Kasparov described Republican front-runner Donald Trump as "a celebrity showman
with racist leanings and authoritarian tendencies,"[115] and criticised Trump for calling for closer ties with Vladimir Putin,[116] and
responded to Trump's running mate, Mike Pence, calling Putin a strong leader, that Putin is a strong leader "in the same way arsenic
is a strong drink".[117] He also criticised the economic policies of Democratic primary candidate Bernie Sanders, but showed respect
[118]
for Sanders as "a charismatic speaker and a passionate believer in his cause."

Playing style
Kasparov's style of play has been compared by many to Alekhine's.[119][120] Kasparov has described his style as being influenced
chiefly by Alekhine, Tal and Fischer.[121] Kramnik has opined that "[Kasparov's] capacity for study is second to none", and said
"There is nothing in chess he has been unable to deal with."[122] Carlsen, whom Kasparov coached from 2009 to 2010, said of
Kasparov, "I've never seen someone with such a feel for dynamics in complex positions."[123] Kasparov was known for his extensive
[124][125]
opening preparation and aggressive play in the opening.

Olympiads and other major team events

Kasparov played in a total of eight Chess Olympiads. He represented the Soviet Union four times and Russia four times, following
the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. In his 1980 Olympiad debut, he became, at age 17, the youngest player to represent the
Soviet Union or Russia at that level, a record which was broken by Vladimir Kramnik in 1992. In 82 games, he has scored
(+503=29), for 78.7% and won a total of 19 medals, including team gold medals all eight times he competed. For the 1994 Moscow
Olympiad, he had a significant organizational role, in helping to put together the event on short notice, after Thessaloniki canceled its
offer to host, a few weeks before the scheduled dates. Kasparov's detailed Olympiad record[126] follows:

Valletta 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 9/12 (+81=3), team gold, board bronze;
 Valletta 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 9/12 (+81=3), team gold, board bronze;
Lucerne 1982, USSR 2nd board, 8/11 (+60=5), team gold, board
bronze;
Dubai 1986, USSR 1st board, 8/11 (+71=3), team gold, board gold,
performance gold;
Thessaloniki 1988, USSR 1st board, 8/10 (+70=3), team gold, board
gold, performance gold;
Manila 1992, Russia board 1, 8/10 (+70=3), team gold, board gold,
performance silver;
Moscow 1994, Russia board 1, 6/10 (+41=5), team gold;
Yerevan 1996, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+50=4), team gold, board gold,
performance silver;
Bled 2002, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+60=3), team gold, board gold.
Kasparov made his international teams debut for the USSR at age 16 in the 1980
European Team Championship and played for Russia in the 1992 edition of that Kasparov at Valletta in 1980
championship. He won a total of five medals. His detailed Euroteams record,
from,[127] follows.

Skara 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 5/6 (+50=1), team gold, board gold;
Debrecen 1992, Russia board 1, 6/8 (+40=4), team gold, board gold, performance silver
.
Kasparov also represented the USSR once in Youth Olympiad competition, but the detailed data at Olimpbase is incomplete; the
Chessmetrics Garry Kasparov player filehas his individual score from that event.

Graz 1981, USSR board 1, 9/10 (+80=2), team gold.

Records and achievements

Chess ratings achievements

Kasparov holds the record for the longest time as the No. 1 rated player in the worldfrom 1986 to 2005 (Vladimir Kramnik shared
the No. 1 ranking with him once, in the January 1996 FIDE rating list).[128] He was also briefly ejected from the list following his
split from FIDE in 1993, but during that time he headed the rating list of the rival PCA. At the time of his retirement, he was still
[129]
ranked No. 1 in the world, with a rating of 2812. His rating has fallen inactive since the January 2006 rating list.

In January 1990 Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking Bobby Fischer's old record of
2785. By the July 1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists, Kasparov had reached a 2851 Elo rating, at that time the highest rating
ever achieved.[130] He held that record for the highest rating ever achieved until Magnus Carlsen attained a new record high rating of
2861 in January 2013. According to the unofficial Chessmetrics calculations, Kasparov was the highest rated player in the world
continuously from February 1985 until October 2004.[131] He also holds the highest all-time average rating over a 2 (2877) to 20
(2856) year period and is second to onlyBobby Fischer's (2881 vs 2879) over a one-year period.

Other records
Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in 15 individual
tournaments from 1981 to 1990.The streak was broken by Vasily Ivanchuk at Linares 1991, where Kasparov placed 2nd, half a point
[25]
behind him. The details of this record winning streak follow:

Frunze 1981, USSR Championship, 12/17, tie for 1st;

Bugojno 1982, 9/13, 1st;
Moscow 1982, Interzonal, 10/13, 1st;
Niki 1983, 11/14, 1st;
Brussels OHRA 1986, 7/10, 1st;
Brussels SWIFT 1987, 8/11, tie for 1st;
Amsterdam Optiebeurs 1988, 9/12, 1st;
 Belfort (World Cup) 1988, 11/15, 1st;
Moscow 1988, USSR Championship, 11/17, tie for 1st;
Reykjavk (World Cup) 1988, 11/17, 1st;
Barcelona (World Cup) 1989, 11/16, tie for 1st;
Skellefte (World Cup) 1989, 9/15, tie for 1st;
Tilburg 1989, 12/14, 1st;
Belgrade (Investbank) 1989, 9/11, 1st;
Linares 1990, 8/11, 1st.
Kasparov won the Chess Oscar a record eleven times.

Books and other writings

Early writings
Kasparov has written books on chess. He published a controversial[132] autobiography when still in his early 20s, originally titled
Child of Change, later retitled Unlimited Challenge. This book was subsequently updated several times after he became World
Champion. Its content is mainly literary, with a small chess component of key unannotated games. He published an annotated games
collection in 1985: Fighting Chess: My Games and Career[133] and this book has also been updated several times in further editions.
He also wrote a book annotating the games from his World Chess Championship 1985 victory, World Chess Championship Match:
Moscow, 1985.

He has annotated his own games extensively for the Yugoslav Chess Informant series and for other chess publications. In 1982, he
co-authored Batsford Chess Openings with British grandmaster Raymond Keene and this book was an enormous seller. It was
updated into a second edition in 1989. He also co-authored two opening books with his trainer Alexander Nikitin in the 1980s for
British publisher Batsfordon the Classical Variation of the Caro-Kann Defence and on the Scheveningen Variation of the Sicilian
Defence. Kasparov has also contributed extensively to the five-volume openings series
Encyclopedia of Chess Openings.

In 2000, Kasparov co-authored Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge[134] with grandmaster
Daniel King. The 202-page book analyzes the 1999 Kasparov versus the World game, and holds the record for the longest analysis
devoted to a single chess game.[135]

My Great Predecessors series

In 2003, the first volume of his five-volume work Garry Kasparov on My Great Predecessors was published. This volume, which
deals with the world chess champions Wilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, Jos Ral Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, and some of
their strong contemporaries, has received lavish praise from some reviewers (including Nigel Short), while attracting criticism from
others for historical inaccuracies and analysis of games directly copied from unattributed sources. Through suggestions on the book's
website, most of these shortcomings were corrected in following editions and translations. Despite this, the first volume won the
British Chess Federation's Book of the Year award in 2003. Volume two, covering Max Euwe, Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov
and Mikhail Tal appeared later in 2003. Volume three, covering Tigran Petrosian and Boris Spassky appeared in early 2004. In
December 2004, Kasparov released volume four, which covers Samuel Reshevsky, Miguel Najdorf, and Bent Larsen (none of these
three were World Champions), but focuses primarily on Bobby Fischer. The fifth volume, devoted to the chess careers of World
Champion Anatoly Karpov and challenger V
iktor Korchnoi, was published in March 2006.

Modern Chess series

His book Revolution in the 70s (published in March 2007) covers "the openings revolution of the 1970s1980s" and is the first book
in a new series called "Modern Chess Series", which intends to cover his matches with Karpov and selected games. The book
"Revolution in the 70s" concerns the revolution in opening theory that was witnessed in that decade. Such systems as the
controversial (at the time) "Hedgehog" opening plan of passively developing the pieces no further than the first three ranks are
examined in great detail. Kasparov also analyzes some of the most notable games played in that period. In a section at the end of the
book, top opening theoreticians provide their own "take" on the progress made in opening theory in the 1980s.

Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparovseries

Kasparov is publishing three volumes of his games.

Historical revision
Kasparov believes that the conventional history of civilization is radically incorrect.
Specifically, he believes that the history of ancient civilizations is based on
misdatings of events and achievements that actually occurred in themedieval period.
He has cited several aspects of ancient history that he says are likely to be
anachronisms.[136][137]

Kasparov has written in support of New Chronology (Fomenko), although with

some reservations.[138] In 2001, Kasparov expressed a desire to devote his time to
this research after his chess career. "New Chronology is a great area for investing my
intellect ... My analytical abilities are well placed to figure out what was right and
what was wrong."[139] "When I stop playing chess, it may well be that I concentrate
[139]
on promoting these ideas... I believe they can improve our lives."

Later, Kasparov renounced his support of Fomenko theories but reaffirmed his belief New Chronology (Fomenko)uses
that mainstream historical knowledge is highly [140][141]
inconsistent. statistical analysis to identify
anachronisms in historical records,
such as this claimed parallelism
Other post-retirement writing between reign-lengths in dynasties of
the Kingdom of Judah (10th-6th
In 2007 he wrote How Life Imitates Chess, an examination of the parallels between
centuries BC) and the Eastern
decision-making in chess and in the business world. Roman Empire (4th - 7th centuries
AD).
In 2008 Kasparov published a sympathetic obituary for Bobby Fischer, writing: "I
am often asked if I ever met or played Bobby Fischer. The answer is no, I never had
that opportunity. But even though he saw me as a member of the evil chess establishment that he felt had robbed and cheated him, I
[142]
am sorry I never had a chance to thank him personally for what he did for our sport."

He is the chief advisor for the book publisherEveryman Chess.

Kasparov works closely withMig Greengard and his comments can often be found on Greengard's blog (apparently no longer active).

Kasparov collaborated withMax Levchin and Peter Thiel on The Blueprint, a book calling for a revival of world innovation, planned
to release in March 2013 from W. W. Norton & Company. The book was never released, as the authors disagreed on its contents.[143]

In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must
Be Stopped. The title is a reference to theHBO television series Game of Thrones.[113]

Bibliography
Kasparov Teaches Chess (198485, Sport in the USSR Magazine; 1986, First Collier Books)
The Test of Time (Russian Chess) (1986, Pergamon Pr)
World Chess Championship Match: Moscow , 1985 (1986, Everyman Chess)
Child of Change: An Autobiography(1987, Hutchinson)
LondonLeningrad Championship Games(1987, Everyman Chess)
 Unlimited Challenge (1990, Grove Pr)
The Sicilian Scheveningen(1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd)
The Queen's Indian Defence: Kasparov System(1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd)
Kasparov Versus Karpov, 1990 (1991, Everyman Chess)
Kasparov on the King's Indian(1993, B.T. Batsford Ltd)
Garry Kasparov's Chess Challenge(1996, Everyman Chess)
Lessons in Chess (1997, Everyman Chess)
Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge
(2000, Kasparov Chess Online)
My Great Predecessors Part I(2003, Everyman Chess)
My Great Predecessors Part II(2003, Everyman Chess)
Checkmate!: My First Chess Book(2004, Everyman Mindsports)
My Great Predecessors Part III(2004, Everyman Chess)
My Great Predecessors Part IV(2004, Everyman Chess)
My Great Predecessors Part V(2006, Everyman Chess)
How Life Imitates Chess(2007, William Heinemann Ltd.)
Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part I: Revolution in the 70s(2007, Everyman Chess)
Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part II: Kasparov vs Karpov 19751985 (2008, Everyman Chess)
Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part III: Kasparov vs Karpov 19861987 (2009, Everyman Chess)
Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part IV: Kasparov vs Karpov 19882009(2010, Everyman Chess)
Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I (2011, Everyman Chess)
Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part II (2013, Everyman Chess)
Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part III (2014, Everyman Chess)
Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped (2015, Public Affairs)

Chess against computers

32 simultaneous computers, 1985

Kasparov played against thirty-two different chess computers in Hamburg, winning all games, but with some difficulty.[144]

Deep Thought, 1989

Kasparov defeated the chess computerDeep Thought in both games of a two-game match in 1989.[145]

Deep Blue, 1996

In February 1996, IBM's chess computer Deep Blue defeated Kasparov in one game using normal time controls, in Deep Blue -
Kasparov, 1996, Game 1. Kasparov bounced back with three wins and two draws in the remaining five games, and won the match 4
2.

Deep Blue, 1997

In May 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue defeated Kasparov 32 in a highly publicized six-game match. The match was
even after five games but Kasparov lost quickly inGame 6. This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in
match play. A documentary film was made about this famous matchup entitledGame Over: Kasparov and the Machine.

Kasparov claimed that several factors weighed against him in this match. In particular, he was denied access to Deep Blue's recent
games, in contrast to the computer's team, which could study hundreds of Kasparov's.

After the loss Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves, suggesting that during
the second game, human chess players, in contravention of the rules, intervened. IBM denied that it cheated, saying the only human
intervention occurred between games. The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity
they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer's play revealed during the course of the match. Kasparov requested
printouts of the machine's log files but IBM refused, although the company later published the logs on the Internet.[146] Much later, it
was suggested that the behavior Kasparov noted may have resulted from a glitch in the computer program.[147] Although Kasparov
wanted another rematch,IBM declined and ended their Deep Blue program.

Kasparov's loss to Deep Blue inspired the creation of the gameArimaa.[148]

Deep Junior, 2003

In January 2003, he engaged in a six-game classical time control match with a
$1 million prize fund which was billed as the FIDE "Man vs. Machine" World
Championship, against Deep Junior.[149] The engine evaluated three million
positions per second.[150] After one win each and three draws, it was all up to the
final game. After reaching a decent position Kasparov offered a draw, which was
soon accepted by the Deep Junior team. Asked why he offered the draw, Kasparov
said he feared making a blunder.[151] Originally planned as an annual event, the
match was not repeated.

Kasparov wore 3D glasses in his

Deep Junior was the first machine to beat Kasparov with black and at a standard
match against the programX3D
time control.[152]
Fritz.

X3D Fritz, 2003

In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game match against the computer program X3D Fritz, using a virtual board, 3D glasses and
a speech recognition system. After two draws and one win apiece, the X3D ManMachine match ended in a draw. Kasparov received
$175,000 for the result and took home the golden trophy. Kasparov continued to criticize the blunder in the second game that cost
him a crucial point. He felt that he had outplayed the machine overall and played well. "I only made one mistake but unfortunately
that one mistake lost the game."[153]

See also
Kasparov versus the World
List of chess games between Kasparov and Kramnik
Committee 2008
Putinism

Notes
1. Chess champion Garry Kasparov granted Croatian citizenship(https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/28/ches
s-champion-garry-kasparov-croatian-citizenship)
2. Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I, 2011, ISBN 978-1-85744-672-2, pp. 1617
3. "Most experts place [Bobby Fischer] the second or third best ever, behind Kasparov but probably ahead of
Karpov." Obituary of Bobby Fischer(https://www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,,2243266,00.html), Leonard
Barden, The Guardian, 19 January 2008
4. "Who is the Strongest Chess Player?"(http://www.chess.com/article/view/who-is-the-strongest-chess-player). Bill
Wall. Chess.com. 27 October 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
5. Ruslan Ponomariov won the disputed FIDE title, at the age of 18, when the world title was split
6. "Garry Kasparov | Biography & Facts"(https://www.britannica.com/biography/Garry-Kasparov). Encyclopedia
Britannica. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
7. Conor Sweeney, Chris Baldwin, Putin "heir" on course to win Russia election: poll(https://www.reuters.com/article/w
orldNews/idUSL1364229620071213)
 8. Eli Lake (17 June 2012)."Chessmaster Garry Kasparov Is Determined to Checkmate Vladimir Putin"(http://www.the
dailybeast.com/articles/2012/06/17/chessmaster-garry-kasparov-is-determined-to-checkmate-vladimir-putin.html)
.
The Daily Beast.
9. Gessen, Masha (2012).The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin . New York: Riverhead Books.
pp. 196197. ISBN 978-1-59448-842-9. Gessen describes some of the obstacles Kasparov encountered during the
attempt to build his campaign: his chartered plane was refused airport access; hotels were advised not to house him;
event attendees and organizers were threatened; secret police were a constant presence; a "total television
blackout" was enforced. These measures, Gessen concludes, kept the Kasparov movement from growing.
10. Demirjian, Karoun (2014-09-13)."Moscow city elections leave little room for Russian opposition"(https://www.washin
gtonpost.com/world/europe/moscow-city-elections-leave-little-room-for-russian-opposition/2014/09/12/918f562c-070
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Further reading
Borik, Otto (1991). Kasparov's Chess Openings: A World Champion's Repertoire . Trafalgar Square Pub. ISBN 0-
943955-39-4.
Stohl, Igor (2005). Garry Kasparov's Greatest Chess Games, V olume 1. Gambit Publications. ISBN 1-904600-32-8.
Stohl, Igor (2006). Garry Kasparov's Greatest Chess Games, V olume 2. Gambit Publications. ISBN 1-904600-43-3.
Krolyi, Tibor; Aplin, Nick (2007). Kasparov's Fighting Chess 19931998. Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-8994-4.
Krolyi, Tibor; Aplin, Nick (2007).Kasparov's Fighting Chess 19992005. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-8984-2.
Krolyi, Tibor; Aplin, Nick (2009).Kasparov: How His Predecessors Misled Him About Chess . Batsford. ISBN 978-1-
906388-26-3.

External links
Official website
Garry Kasparov player profile and games atChessgames.com
Garry Kasparov at DMOZ
Garry Kasparov, "Man of the Year?", OpinionJournal, 23 December 2007
Edward Winter, List of Books About Fischer and Kasparov
Appearances on C-SPAN
Kasparov's "Deep Thinking" talk at Google
 Sporting positions
FIDE World Chess Champion Succeeded by
Preceded by 198593 Anatoly Karpov
Anatoly Karpov Classical World Chess Champion Succeeded by
19852000 Vladimir Kramnik
Preceded by Russian Chess Champion Succeeded by
Peter Svidler 2004 Sergei Rublevsky

Achievements
World No. 1
Preceded by Succeeded by
1 January 1984 30 June 1985
Anatoly Karpov Anatoly Karpov
1 January 1986 31 December
Anatoly Karpov Vladimir Kramnik
1995
Vladimir Kramnik Veselin Topalov
1 July 1996 31 March 2006

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