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Sarawak Campus

Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science


Higher Education Division

Tutorial 9: Sustainable Transport


CVE10006
Sustainable Design
(Semester 2, 2015)
Version date (20 October, 2015)

Student Name:

Student Identification Number:


SCORE

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1.
a) In full sun (defined as 1 kW/m2 of solar radiation, an exact number), a 15.0 Percent-efficient
photovoltaic array can deliver 0.15 kW/m2 of DC power under standard test conditions. After
accounting for dirt, temperature effects and conversion from DC to AC, about 75% of that will be
delivered to the grid (or to the household). For, Melbourne, which receives, on average, about 4.0
hours of full sun a day over the course of a year, how many kWh per day could be generated by
a 15 m2 PV array? [1 mark]
PV day = 15 * 0.15 * 0.75 * 4 = 6.75 kWh/day = 6.8 kWh/day (2 significant figures)

b) If an electric car requires 0.15 kWh of electricity to travel 1.0 km, how many km could be driven in
a year on the electricity derived from the 15 m2 array under the conditions described above? [1
mark]
Annual km = (6.75/0.15) * 365 = 16,425 km = 16,000 km (2 significant figures)

c) How far could the same vehicle drive if it were powered by a solar array in Brisbane which
receives, on average, 6.0 hours of full sun per day? [1 mark]
= 16,425 * 1.5 = 24,367 km = 24,000 km (2 significant figures)

2.
a) Suppose a Petrol Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) can travel for 15 km/l while running on petrol
that costs $1.50 per litre and it takes 0.15 kWh of electricity to drive 1 km. Compute the cost per
kilometre of driving while running on petrol and while running on electricity (note: assume the cost
of electricity is $0.32 per kWh). [2 marks]
Petrol = $1.50/15 = $0.10 per km
Electricity = 0.15 kWh/km * $0.32 kWh = $0.05 per km

b) Which is cheaper?
Electricity

c) If the average price rise in Australia for petrol is 3.5% per year and the average price rise for
electricity is 5% per year, what will the cost per km of petrol and electricity driving be in 10 years
time? [3 marks]
Petrol price = $2.12; Electricity price = $0.52 per kWh
Petrol = $2.12/15 = $0.14 per km
Electricity = 0.15 kWh/km * $0.52 kWh = $0.08 per km

3. Table 1 presents data on the cost of owning and operating a motor vehicle in Australia. Use these
data to answer the following questions.

a) Based on the data in Table 1, what is the average annual salary of the typical Australian? [1
mark]
About $74,000 per year pre-tax or $58,000 per year post-tax

b) The average Australian works for 240 days per year. A daily public transport passes costs $7.00.
What is the total cost of using public transport to get to work every work day? [1 mark]
= 240*$7.00 = $1,680 (three significant figures)

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c) Using the daily fare of $7.00, if you used public transport every day of the year including
weekends for travel to work, social activities, shopping etc., what would the total annual cost of
using public transport be? [1 mark]
= 365*$7.00 = $2,560 (three significant figures)

d) What percentage of an average Australians salary (post-tax) would be consumed by using public
transport every day of the year? How does this compare to the cost of owning and operating a
motor vehicle? [2 marks]
= ($2,555/$58,000)*100 = 4.4%
This is much lower than even the cheapest motor vehicle which uses about 9% of annual
salary

e) Why do you think most Australians choose to own a car rather than take public transport? How
could the city be redesigned to reduce our reliance on automobiles? [2 marks]
Because with a car they have more options of where and when to travel
If public transport ran to more locations, more frequently that would increase usage. Also,
if cities were designed such that you lived, worked and shopped all within a short distance
of your home that would also reduce dependence on automobiles.

4. Figure 1 presents data on the primary modes of transport for several countries around the world. Use
these data to answer the following questions.

a) Which two countries have the lowest percentage of total travel via public transport (i.e., Train and
Bus)? [2 marks]
The USA and Australia

b) Which country has the highest percentage of total travel via public transport (i.e., Train and Bus)?
Why do you think this country has the transport profile that it does? [2 marks]
Japan;
it has a very well developed and extensive rapid rail system

c) Why do you think the USA, Canada and Australia all have a large proportion of their travel done
by domestic air? [1 mark]
These countries are very large so it would take a long time to get from one end of the
country to the other using other transport means

d) Which country comes closest to achieving sustainable transport? To the best of your knowledge,
has this nation had to make trade-offs in its standard of living to have the pattern of transport use
illustrated in Figure 1? [2 marks]
Japan.
No, Japan has a very high standard of living

5. In addition to public transport, cycling and walking also comprise part of a nations sustainable forms
of transport. Some data on the total use of sustainable transport for different countries is presented in
Figure 2. Use this figure to answer the following question.

a) Which country has the lowest percentage of trips made using sustainable transport options? [1
mark]
The USA

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b) Which country has the highest percentage of trips made using sustainable transport options? [1
mark]
The Netherlands

c) Which three nations have the highest percentage of trips made via cycling? Why might this be
the case? [2 marks]
The Netherlands, Denmark and Germany.
These countries have well developed cycle ways and compact cities.

d) Which three nations have the highest percentage of trips made via walking? Why might this be
the case? [4 marks]
Germany, the UK and Norway.
These countries have compact cities and work, home and entertainment tend to be co-
located.

e) Which three nations have the highest percentage of trips made via public transport? Why might
this be the case? [4 marks]
The UK, Norway and Germany.
These countries have well developed and punctual public transport systems.

6. Data on public transport use for journeys to work in Australian cities are summarised in Figure 3. Use
this figure to answer the following questions.

a) What percentage of Melbourne journeys to work is undertaken in public transport? [1 mark]


16.1%

b) What percentage of Sydney journeys to work is undertaken in public transport? [1 mark]


23.3%

c) How does Melbournes public transport share to compare to other Australian cities? [1 mark]
Melbourne is second best

d) Which city has the lowest share of work trips undertaken via public transport? [1 mark]
Hobart

e) Why do you think this might be the case? [1 mark]


Hobart is a small city and lacks a rail system

f) Do you use public transport, walking or cycling to get to school or work? If so, why? If not, why
not? [1 mark]
Open ended-discuss

7. Figure 4 presents data on the CO2 emissions of different forms of transport. Note that for all forms of
transport, emissions are per passenger. Use these data to answer the following questions.

a) What are the two most polluting forms of transport? [1 mark]


Air travel and passenger cars

b) According to Figure 1, which are the two most common forms of transport used in Australia? [2
marks]

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Air travel and cars and light trucks

c) What percentage of passenger car emissions could be saved if a person where to use a city bus
instead? [1 mark]
46.3% (3 significant figures)

d) What percentage of passenger car emissions could be saved if a person where to use a
motorcycle instead? [1 mark]
33.3% (3 significant figures)

e) What percentage of passenger car emissions could be saved if a person where to use a train
instead? [1 mark]
63.4% (3 significant figures)

8. Figure 5 presents data on the CO2 emissions per 1000 trips for Melbournes suburbs. Use this figure
to answer the following questions.

a) The lowest CO2 emissions per 1000 trips occur in what part of Melbourne? [1 mark]
The inner city

b) Why do you think this is the case? [1 mark]


Because here people can live, work and shop all within walking distance of their home
and the public transport network is extensive and runs frequently

c) What is the relationship between tram lines and railways and CO2 emissions per 1000 trips? [1
mark]
Wherever tram lines and railways occur CO2 emissions are reduced

d) Is there evidence to suggest that Melbournians will use sustainable transport options
preferentially when they are provided to them? [1 mark]
Yes, as the CO2 emissions along public transport corridors are reduced, this indicates
that people will use public transport if it is available to them

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Table 1. The cost of owning a motor vehicle in Australia.

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Figure 1. Passenger travel per capita by mode of transport.

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Figure 2. Percent of non-car trips in the USA and some European cities.

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Figure 3. Public transport use in several Australian cities.

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Figure 4. CO2 emissions of different transport options.

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Figure 5. CO2 emission patterns in Melbourne suburbs.

# End of Document #

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