HYPERBOLIC RADIO NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEM

NAME DESCRIPTION PICTURE

Users can return to previously
determined positions with an
accuracy of 18 to 90 meters using
Loran-C in the time difference
repeatable mode. Advances in
technology have allowed greater
LORAN-C
automation of Loran-C operations.
New technology has allowed the
United States Coast Guard to
establish centralized control of the
continental U.S. Loran-C system at
two locations.
A radio position-fixing system
designed to cover specific air route
segments and, in particular, long
trans-ocean crossings across the
Atlantic Ocean. It was
experimentally installed on aboard
DECTRA aircraft of several airlines. It uses
the normal Decca Navigator
frequency band of 70-130 kHz and
existing which had been equipped
with aerials twice as high as usual
(600 ft) and transmitters of four
times normal power.
Used three aerials spaced on a
line 1.5 miles long, or about three
wavelengths at the operating
frequency of 300 kHz. An identical
signal was fed to all three aerials
but at one outer aerial, it was
delayed by 90 degrees of phase
while at the other outer aerial it is
advanced by 90 degrees. Multiple
lobes with deep nulls between
them were produced by the
interaction of the three aerials. By
SONNE/CONSOL
steadily changing the phase shift in
the two outer aerials so that it
interchanged every 30 seconds,
these lobes were caused to sweep.
They were also switched at a very
much faster rate in synchronism
with a Morse pattern of dots and
dashes, the effect being that each
lobe carried only either dots or
dashes and was replaced by its
complement over the 30 second
period.
 One reason for this was that the
range of the 30 MHz signals was at
first greatly underestimated, as it
had been for the Knickebein
system operating in the same
frequency band. Later, it was
thought it might provide navigators
with enough fixing on their way to
the Continent to establish accurate
winds for later dead reckoning. It
GEE
was also assumed that the signal
would be jammed over Germany
within three months of it on the air
debut and would be of no value for
bombing thereafter. Actually it was
more than 5 months before that
happened and it was one of the
main aids used in the ' 1,000-
bomber' raid on Cologne in May
1942.
(Post Office Position Indicator) of
1946 was another phase-
comparison low-frequency (40
kHz) system that had some
features of Consol and of Decca. It
was to use aerials situated on a
POPPI short baseline radiating the same
frequency but not simultaneously,
alternating between the two aerials
at five times a second. Because of
the short baseline, the resultant
hyperbolae degenerated into
radials very rapidly.

REFERENCE:
http://jproc.ca/hyperbolic/
 SATELLITE BASED RADIO NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEM

NAME DESCRIPTION PICTURE

an autonomous regional satellite
navigation system developed
by Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO) which would
be under the total control of Indian
government. The government
approved the project in May 2006,
with the intention of the system
completed and implemented on 28
April 2016. It will consist of a
NAVIC or NAVigation constellation of 7 navigational
with Indian satellites. 3 of the satellites will be
Constellation placed in the Geostationary orbit
(GEO) and the remaining 4 in
the Geosynchronous orbit(GSO) to
have a larger signal footprint and
lower number of satellites to map
the region. It is intended to provide
an all-weather absolute position
accuracy of better than 7.6 meters
throughout India and within a
region extending approximately
1,500 km around it.
The European Union and European
Space Agency agreed in March
2002 to introduce their own
alternative to GPS, called
the Galileo positioning system.
Galileo became operational on 15
December 2016 (global Early
Operational Capability (EOC)). At
an estimated cost of EUR 3.0
billion, the system of
30 MEO satellites was originally
scheduled to be operational in
Galileo 2010. The original year to become
operational was 2014. The first
experimental satellite was launched
on 28 December 2005. Galileo is
expected to be compatible with
the modernized GPS system. The
receivers will be able to combine
the signals from both Galileo and
GPS satellites to greatly increase
the accuracy. Galileo is expected to
be in full service in 2020 and at a
substantially higher cost. The main
modulation used in Galileo Open
Service signal is the Composite
 Binary Offset Carrier (CBOC)
modulation.
China has indicated they plan to
complete the entire second
generation Beidou Navigation
Satellite System (BDS or BeiDou-2,
formerly known as COMPASS), by
expanding current regional (Asia-
BeiDou-2 Pacific) service into global
coverage by 2020. The BeiDou-2
system is proposed to consist of
30 MEO satellites and five
geostationary satellites. A 16-
satellite regional version (covering
Asia and Pacific area) was
completed by December 2012.
The United States' Global
Positioning System (GPS) consists
of up to 32 medium Earth
orbit satellites in six different orbital
GPS planes, with the exact number of
Global Positioning satellites varying as older satellites
System are retired and replaced.
Operational since 1978 and
globally available since 1994, GPS
is currently the world's most utilized
satellite navigation system.
It is a proposed three-satellite
regional time transfer system and
QZSS enhancement
Quasi-Zenith for GPS covering Japan. The first
Satellite System demonstration satellite was
launched in September 2010.

REFERENCE:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_navigation