12

KIN THC HA M
(Bin son: c Tm)

HP M

Ha m cn bn ca mt bi ht l cc hp m. Do cc bn phi thuc lng cc nt trong tt

c cc hp m, bt u t cc hp m trng th t nhin, ri hp m 7 v sau l cc hp m
nghch (cn c gi l "nhn to").

lm quen vi cch ghi hp m cho mt bi ht, trc ht cc bn nn bt u bng cc hp

m trng th t nhin v hp m 7. Ch dng cc hp m ny thi v bit ghi hp m theo mt
vi nguyn tc l lm cho bi ht thm mu sc. V nu cc bn thm vo tit tu m
cho cc hp m ny th cc bn lm ha m cn bn cho bi ht vi mt nhc c m nh
guitar v piano.

I. CCH GHI HP M

Vic ghi hp m c nhng nguyn tc sau:

1. Nguyn tc th 1: hp m thng xut hin vo u nhp. Trong nhp cng c th xut hin
thm hp m khc thm mu sc cho cch m.

2. Nguyn tc th 2: trong nhp c nhiu nt thuc hp m no th nhp s nhn hp m ny.

Tuy nhin cc bn nn phn bit nt no l nt chnh ca hp m v nt no l nt ph/nt
lt/nt hoa m trong nhp.

3. Nguyn tc th 3: cc hp m s ni tip nhau t nhp ny sang nhp khc theo 2 cch:

a) theo vng qung 4:

C => F => Bb => Eb => Ab => Db (C#) => Gb (F#) => Cb (B) => Fb (E) => A => D => G
=> v quay v C

hoc theo vng qung 5 (ngc li vi vng trn):

C => G => D => A => E => B => F# => C# => G# (Ab) => D# (Eb) => A# (Bb) => F =>
v quay v C

b) thay th nhau: cc hp m c nhng nt ging nhau c th thay th nhau. Th d: C v Am

(c 2 nt ging nhau: C, E); C v Em (c 2 nt ging nhau: E, G); F v Am (c 2 nt ging nhau:
A, C); C v F (c mt nt ging nhau: C), v.v...

4. Nguyn tc th 4: vic chuyn hp m ny sang hp m khc nghe "mt m", du dng

th gia cc hp m ny phi c mt nt ging nhau v cc nt cn li ca hp m trc c
chuyn sang cc nt ca hp m sau theo 1/2 cung hoc ti a 1 cung ln hoc xung.

Th d: t G chuyn v Dm: hp m G = GBD v hp m Dm = DFA

- nt D (trong hp m G) s gi nguyn l nt D (trong hp m Dm)
- nt G (trong hp m G) s gim xung 1 cung v nt F (trong hp m Dm)
- nt B (trong hp m G) s tng ln 1 cung ln nt A (trong hp m Dm)

Cc bn hy th ghi hp m cho bi nhc "Bay i Cch Chim Bin" ca nhc s c Huy nh km

xem sao?

II. CC HP M TRONG M GIAI

1. Hp m trong m giai trng:

Cc bn chng 2 qung ba tun t ln tng nt trong mt m giai th s c cc hp m t
nhin c s dng trong m giai ny.

Th d, m giai C c cc hp m sau:

Qung ba th 2: GABCDEF
Qung ba th 1: EFGABCD

---------------------
nt m giai: CDEFGAB

Tn gi hp m: C Dm Em F G Am B dim

Tng qut ha: I ii iii IV V vi vii

Nh vy trong mt bi ht c vit theo m giai trng, cc hp m c s dng gm c:

+ 3 hp m trng: bc I, IV v V

+ 3 hp m th: bc ii, iii v vi

+ 1 hp m gim (dim): bc vii

Bng cch tnh ny, m giai D s c cc hp m sau: D, Em, F#m, G, A, Bm v C#dim

v m giai E s c cc hp m: E, F#m, G#m, A, B, C#m v D#dim

v.v...

2. Hp m trong m giai th:

Ha m cho m giai th th mu sc hn v c 3 th m giai th: m giai th t nhin, m giai

th giai iu v m giai th ha iu. m giai th, ngoi cc hp m ging nh m giai trng
tng ng, cn c thm mt s hp m do th giai iu v ha iu mang li.

Th d, m giai Am t nhin gm cc nt: A B C D E F G s dng cc hp m ging nh trong m

giai C l: Am, B dim, C, Dm, Em, F v G;

v m giai Am ha iu gm cc nt: A B C D E F G# c thm hp m E (gm 3 nt E G# B) do

c nt G#;

v m giai Am giai iu gm cc nt: A B C D E F# G# c thm 2 hp m:

D (gm 3 nt D F# A) do c nt F# v

E (gm 3 nt E G# B) do c nt G#.

Nh vy, mt bi ht c vit theo m giai th s c th s dng c cc hp m sau:

+ 5 hp m trng: bc III, IV, V, VI v VII

+ 3 hp m th: bc i, iv, v

+ 1 hp m gim (dim): bc ii

III. GII KT

Mt bi ht thng c cu trc nh sau:

Phin khc ---> Phin khc lp li ---> ip khc ---> ip khc lp li ---> Phin khc
(hoc on A ---> on A' ---> on B ---> on B' ---> on A')

Do , trc khi ghi hp m cho bi ht, cc bn phi xem cu trc ca bi ht: bi ht gm my

on. Khi tuyn giai iu dng ngh - nt ko di trng , tc l xong mt on. Theo th
d cu trc bi ht nu trn th cc on dng ngh s xy ra cui cc on A, A', B v B'. Cch
thc m cc nt xut hin chun b cho on dng ngh c gi l cadence (tm dch l gii
kt).

C 3 loi gii kt thng dng:

1. Gii kt hon ton (trn vn): cc nt ca tuyn giai iu chuyn v cc nt trong hp m bc

V dng ngh nt ch m vi hp m bc I th gc (nt ch m phn trm). Gii kt ny
to hiu qu trn vn cho giai iu.

Th d, on dng ngh kt thc bi ht "Ma Thu Cho Em" ca Ng Thy Min, giai iu dng
ngh nt ch m ca m giai C - nt C:

2. Gii kt khng hon ton: cc nt ca tuyn giai iu cng di chuyn v cc nt trong hp m

bc V dng ngh nt bc III hoc bc V ca m giai vi hp m bc I th gc (nt ch m
phn trm), to hiu qu l giai iu cha kt thc hn m cn phi tip tc sau na.

Th d, on dng ngh cui phin khc 1 ca bi "Ma Thu Cho Em", giai iu dng ngh nt
bc III ca m giai C - nt E:

3. Gii kt na: cc nt ca tuyn giai iu di chuyn v cc nt trong hp m bc V dng

ngh nt bc II, V hoc VII vi hp m bc V th gc (nt bc V phn trm). Cch kt ny
to hiu qu l giai iu tm dng ngh ri s tip tc tr li.

Th d, on dng ngh cui phin khc 1 ca bi "Gi Gi Cho My Ngn Bay" ca on

Chun-T Linh, giai iu dng ngh nt bc V ca m giai C - nt G:

Cn 2 loi gii kt t c s dng:

+ Gii kt kiu thnh ca (plagal cadence): cn c gi l gii kt kiu Amen. Thng c dng
kt thc trong cc bi thnh ca nh th Thin Cha Gio La M. Xut hin trong cc bi ht
cung trng, kt bi ht, tuyn hp m chuyn v hp m trng bc IV ri v hp m trng
bc I. Loi gii kt ny to hiu qu khng nh, khng g thay i c.
Th d: on kt bi "Mt Bic" ca Ng Thy Min trc khi qua Coda:

+ Gii kt gy (interrupted cadence): cn c gi l gii kt lc hng (deceptive cadence).

kt bi ht, tuyn hp m chuyn v hp m bc V ri v hp m bc khc thay v bc I (c th
l hp m bc VI). Loi gii kt ny thuc loi gii kt khng vng v gy hiu qu bt ng, ngc
nhin, lng l cho ngi nghe.

Th d: on kt bi "Nim Khc Cui" ca Ng Thy Min c ha m kt gy nh sau:

n y th cc bn bit cch ghi hp m t nhin v n gin cho mt bi ht. Ti xin tm

tt li cch ghi hp m nh sau:

Hp m xut hin phch mnh ca nhp: nguyn tc th 1.

Xc nh cc nt no l nt chnh ca hp m trong nhp: nguyn tc th 2.

Chuyn hp m theo vng qung 4/qung 5: nguyn tc th 3.

Thay th hp m cho hp m tin hnh theo vng qung 4/qung 5: nguyn tc th 4.

Xc nh cc on dng ngh trong bi ht chn hp m gii kt.

Xin lu thm:

+ Trc khi ghi hp m cho mt nhp, cc bn nn tnh ton hp m trong nhp trc v
hp m s n trong nhp ngay sau theo nguyn tc th 3 vng qung 4/qung 5.

+ Gi tuyn hp m thng nht trong cc on lp li tr trng hp giai iu trong on lp li

c thay i nt khc khng ng hp m trong on trc.
 PHI KH CHO CA KHC

I. HP M 7

Qua bi 1, cc bn bit cch ghi hp m t nhin (hp m trng v th) cho mt bi ht.
Ngoi cc hp m t nhin, cc bn cn c th s dng thm hp m 7 thm mu sc ha
m.

1. Hp m 7 l hp m 4 nt, c thnh lp nh sau:

Chng ln hp m (c trng v th) thm mt qung 3 th tnh t nt qung 5 ca hp m

(hoc qung 7 th tnh t nt gc hp m). Nu l hp m trng th tn gi ca hp m s l:
hp m trng 7, v nu l hp m th th tn gi l hp m th 7.

ng lm ln hp m trng 7 th d, C7 vi hp m 7 trng Cmaj7. Hp m trng 7 l

hp m trng c thm nt qung 7 th tnh t nt gc hp m trng. cn hp m 7 trng
(cng l hp m c 4 nt) c thm nt qung 7 trng tnh t nt gc hp m.

2. Theo lut ha m phn gii kt m ta bit, trc khi tr v hp m ch kt hon ton

hoc kt khng hon ton, tuyn hp m s tin hnh n hp m bc 5.

to hiu qu "ro gi" hp m ch hn, hp m bc 5 ny c nhn thm mt nt tr

thnh hp m 7. 4 nt trong hp m 7 ny s chuyn v 3 nt trong hp m ch theo bc 1/2
cung hoc 1 cung ln xung. Nt gc ca hp m bc 5 c th khng chuyn v tr thnh nt
qung 5 trong hp m ch hoc c th nhy theo qung 5 xung hoc qung 4 ln v nt ch
m trong hp m ch.
 Th d v cch chuyn nt t hp m G7 sang hp m C trong cung C

II. CU TRC CA PHN HA M CHO CA KHC

Phn ha m cho ca khc thng thng c cu trc nh sau:

Khc do u (Introduction, gi tt l Intro) => dng ngh 1 => m cho phin khc 1 => dng
ngh 2 => m cho phin khc 2 => dng ngh 3 => m cho ip khc => dng ngh 4 =>
m cho phin khc 1 lp li => dng ngh 5 => m cho phin khc 2 lp li => dng ngh
6 ( kt hoc lp li ca khc t u hoc lp li t ip khc tr i).

A. Son tit iu m:

1. i vi ca khc c ha m theo phong cch nhc nh pop hoc rock, vic phi lm trc
tin l xc nh tit iu trng m (rhythm) cho khc do u, phin khc, ip khc v kt bi.

2. Nu l ca khc c ha m cho khiu v th qu d, ch cn xc nh nhp iu khiu v cho

ca khc l xong nh rhumba, tango, pasodoble, swing, slow, chachacha, valse, boston...

Vic chn tit iu trng m cho ca khc ty thuc vo quan im ca ngi son ha m v...
cng c th ty theo yu cu ca tc gi ca khc hoc ca ngi s dng ca khc. Tit tu trng
phi c son cho ph hp vi tit tu ca giai iu v ph hp vi trng thi tnh cm theo ni
dung ca t v giai iu. Chng hn nh giai iu ang du dng, chy nh nhng th khng th
no c m bng tit tu si ni hoc o phch. Nhng tit tu nghch phch, nhn nh ph
hp cho cc on c kch tnh, tng phn.

3. cho ca khc thm mu sc, khng nn s dng 1 tit iu trng cho c bi m nn c t

nht 2: 1 tit iu cho phin khc v 1 tit iu cho ip khc. Tit iu trng cho ip khc c
th l 1 tit iu trng hon ton khc vi tit iu trng ca phin khc- gi thng dng l i
iu, hoc c th l bin tu ca tit iu phin khc (variation).

B. Cch son trng:

Qui nh thng thng cho k m b trng pop rock/jazz trn ging k nhc nh sau:

Trng kick (cn gi l bass drum) lun ri vo phch 1 xc nh u nhp. Tr trng hp

mun to hiu qu tit tu cho giai iu, trng kick c th ri vo phch nghch hoc phch yu.
 Trng snare thng ri vo phch yu (hoc phch nghch).

Hihat lm nhim v nh my nh nhp (metronome), gi tc (tempo).

Cc trng tom (t 3 trng tr ln) dng lm mu sc cho tit iu trng, thng c s

dng trong cc on trng bo.

Cymbal thng i i vi trng kick xc nh u on trng hoc to hiu qu nhn mnh

cho tit iu trng.

Cc bn tham kho on tit iu trng n gin c k m nh sau:

a s cc bn lm nhc trn vi tnh v thch nhc v cha tng nh n trong mt ban nhc nn
khng c kinh nghim v s phi hp nhp nhng gia cc nhc cng - gi l "n-gi" (en
jeu/ensemble). V vic son trng cho cc bn ny l... cc hnh!

Son trng d lm! Ci kh l s tng tng (imagination) to ra tit iu trng cho ph hp

vi giai iu m khng phi s dng nhng tit iu khiu v v nhng tit iu ph thng khc.
V bn c bit l mt trong nhng du n xc nh "l lch" ca ngi son ha m cho ca
khc nhc nh l tit iu trng? C bao gi cc bn nghe nhc ha tu ca Paul Mauriat? ng l
ngi son tit iu trng cc k hay v khc thng.

Mun son tit iu trng, cc bn theo cc bc sau (bi hng dn ny c son trn Sonar
vi m thanh trng GM trong Hypersonic 2):

1. Xc nh tit iu cho mt nhc c m (c th l piano hoc guitar). Th d:

2. t hihat ng y nh tit iu m (v hihat gi tc thay cho metronome):

3. t kick vo ngay cc u phch:

4. t snare vo phch 2 v 3:

5. Chnh li kick, snare v hihat nhn mnh tit iu:

C. Cch son bass:

Bass thng i i vi kick to ra tit iu nhng cng rt thng khi bass i nghch phch vi
kick to hiu qu "ny" cho tit iu. Nguyn tc chung trong nhc nh l bass s nh nt
gc v xen k vi nt qung 5 ca hp m. Tuy bass lm nn cho tit iu nhng ci hay v ti
nng ca ngi son ha m l son lm sao bass c tin hnh thnh giai iu theo hp m
trong bi.

Ly li th d vi on tit iu trng trn vi tc 80, ta cho hp m vo nh sau:

C | Am | F | G | C | Am | F | G | C