UsingHighResistanceGrounding

toMitigateArcFlashHazards
Presenter:AjitBapat,P.E.
DETECT/PROTECT
I GARD HRG
IGARDsHRGsystemscandetectaground
d d
fault,signalanalarm,andlocatetheaffected
branchorfeederremovingmaintenance
personnelfromthedangersofhigherfault
currents.
MITIGATE
IGARDsFALCONprovidesarcflashmitigation
atthespeedoflight byusingadjustablelight
sensitivitytoreducearcflashenergywithfast
detectionandtripping,under1ms.
ARCFLASHANALYSIS
IGARDs ARCFLASHANALYSISwillcalculateyour
RiskusingIEEEandNFPAequationsand
methodsanddevelopacomprehensive
h d dd l h
protectionplantoachieveasaferenvironment

foryourpeopleandplant .
Here'swhereyou'llfindanswerstoyour
questionsabout:
Thecurrentemphasisonarcflash
Hazardscreatedbyarcflashandarc
blast
Whatyouneedtodotoprotect
workersandcomplywith us.ferrazshawmut.com/arcflash
OSHArequirements
q
Regulationsthatimpactplant
operations,includingNFPA70and
NFPA70E
Arcflashhazardanalysis
Thehazardsofarcingfaults
SolutionsandservicesFerraz
Shawmutoffers
h ff
UsingHighResistanceGrounding
toMitigateArcFlashHazards
Presenter:Ajit Bapat,P.E.
Power System Grounding Methods
PowerSystemGroundingMethods
Ungrounded

SolidlyGrounded
CornerDeltaGrounded
Corner Delta Grounded
Midphasegrounded

ResistanceGrounded
 Solidly Grounded System
METAL ENCLOSURES

TO
LOAD

BONDING
JUMPER

Grounding and Bonding means a permanent and continuous conductive

path to the earth with sufficient ampacity to carry any fault current liable
t be
to b imposed
i d on it andd off sufficiently
ffi i tl llow iimpedance
d tto lilimit
it th
the voltage
lt
rise above ground and to facilitate the operation of the protective
devices in the circuit.
SolidlyGroundedSystems

Earth
 Risk
Electrical deficiencies are the leading ignition
source and cause of fire and explosion.
p

Empirical data indicates that approximately 80%

of all electrical faults are ground faults.
 Consequence
From 1992 to 1999 the customers from one major
insurance company reported 228 losses that were
attributed
tt ib t d to
t ground
d faults
f lt with
ith a total
t t l costt off US $180
million.
 Solidly Grounded Systems
SolidlyGroundedSystems
Sustainedarcingfaultscanreleaseintenseheatand
g
mechanicalenergycausingseveredamageandinjury

ARCING FAULT DAMAGE

(KILOWATT CYCLES)
 CausesofBoltedandArcingFaults
g
Whatcausesthesetypesoffaults?
Boltedfaults(lowimpedanceandhighcurrent)
Improperconnectionsaftermaintenance
Installation errors
Installationerrors

Arcingfaults(highimpedance,lowercurrent)
Carelesscoverordeviceremoval
Careless cover or device removal
Foreignobject(tool)droppedintoequipment
Misalignmentofmovingcontacts(partsfailure)
Di t
Dirtcontaminationordielectricbreakdown
t i ti di l t i b kd
Entryofforeignbody(rodent,snake,squirrel)
BoltedandArcingFaultCharacteristics

Arcing fault incident energy produced is

Greater at higher bolted fault current levels
Reduced by dynamic impedance (air)
And increased by the time duration of the arc

The most controllable factor in reducing the

incident energy is time
Current flow in an arcing fault is approximately half
that of the bolted fault current (impedance of air)
 ElectricalArcFacts
ec ca c ac s

Arciselectriccurrentpassingthroughair
Shockpotentialfromcontactwitharc
Temperatureofarcplasmacenterisgreaterthan5000F(somesay
much higher)
muchhigher)
Radiatedheatburns
Pressurewavegeneratedfromarc
Impacttohearing,etc
h i
Gaseouscopperis44,000timessolid

Moltenmetalexpelledfromequipmentathighspeed
Molten metal expelled from equipment at high speed
Arcfaultresultsfromsomethingwrongoroutofplace
 IEEE ArcingFaults
IEEE Arcing Faults
IEEEStd2422001
Recommended Practice for the Protection and Coordination of Industrial and
RecommendedPracticefortheProtectionandCoordinationofIndustrialand
CommercialPowerSystems
8.2.2
Onedisadvantageofthesolidlygrounded480Vsysteminvolvesthehigh
g , gg
magnitudeofdestructive,arcinggroundfaultcurrentsthatcanoccur.

IEEEStd1411993
RecommendedPracticeforElectricPowerDistributionforIndustrialPlants
7.2.4
Th
Thesolidlygroundedsystemhasthehighestprobabilityofescalatingintoa
lidl d d h h hi h b bili f l i i
phasetophaseorthreephasearcingfault,particularlyforthe480and600V
systems.Thedangerofsustainedarcingforphasetogroundfaultisalsohigh
forthe480and600Vsystems,andlowornearzeroforthe208Vsystem.
 Solidly Grounded Systems
SolidlyGroundedSystems
LinetoGroundFaultdoesnotcausetransient
overvoltagebutoftencausesvoltagesag
Permitslinetoneutralloads(lighting,heating
cables)
Groundfaultseasytolocate,butcauseunscheduled
service interruption
serviceinterruption
Dangerfromlowlevelarcinggroundfaults
,g p y
Since1970s,groundfaultprotectionmandatoryfor
solidlygrounded600Vservicesrated1000Aand
higherbytheCECandtheNEC
 UngroundedSystems
CapacitiveChargingCurrent
h
A

IC0 IC0 IC0

 UngroundedSystems
g y Voltage
g
RiseonGroundFault VA-G = 600 V
VB-G = 0 V
VA-G = 459 V VC-G = 600 V
VB-G = 174 V VN-G = 347 V
VA-G = 347 V C A
VC-G = 459 V
VB-G = 347 V
VN-G = 174 V
VC-G = 347 V C A N
VN-G = 0 V
C A N
120 60
82
N
G G
B
Full Ground Fault on Phase B
B

B
Partial (50%) Ground Fault on Phase B
No Ground Fault
Neutral point voltage is zero only when no ground fault present
Neutral voltage rises whenever a ground fault is present
Neutral voltage ranges from 0 V at no fault to 347 V at full fault
System Charging Current 3IC0
SystemChargingCurrent3I
A

3 IC0 3 IC0 IF = 3IC0

 Ungrounded Systems
UngroundedSystems
Negligible
Negligiblefaultcurrentandnotrippingonfirst
fault current and no tripping on first
groundfault
Difficulttolocategroundfaults
Difficult to locate ground faults
56timestransientvoltageescalationon
i
intermittent,sputteringarcinggroundfaults
i i i df l
duetoDCvoltagebuildupacrossthestray
capacitancetoground
i d
 DistributionSystemDesign
Criteria

Ungrounded
Ungrounded
ReliabilityPronetodoublefaultsandthustripouts
Safety Transientvoltagescanoccur
C t ff ti
Costeffectiveness L ti f lt i diffi lt
Locatingfaultsisdifficult
ScheduledMaintenanceDoublefaultscancause
unscheduledshutdowns
Prioritizedload Coordinationlostincaseof
doublefaults
 Resistance Grounding
ResistanceGrounding
Used
UsedinProcessIndustries,WaterandWasteWater,
in Process Industries, Water and Waste Water,
Hospitals,DataprocessingCenters
UsedonMVsystemstolimitgroundfaultcurrent
y g
Noarcinggroundfaultsaswithsolidgrounding
Noovervoltagesaswithungroundedsystems
No overvoltages as with ungrounded systems
 ResistanceGrounding
Resistorinsertedbetweenneutralandgroundto
limit ground fault current
limitgroundfaultcurrent
Resistorratedforlinetoneutralvoltage
A

347V

B
C

N Bolted
Ground Fault
69 5A to equipment
G frame

Equipment Bonding Conductor Resistor Let-Thru Current

 High Resistance Grounding
HighResistanceGrounding
CanadianElectricalCodeandNationalElectric
Canadian Electrical Code and National Electric
Codepermitcontinuousoperationwhen
neutral grounding device is used to control the
neutralgroundingdeviceisusedtocontrolthe
groundcurrenttoalowvaluewhere:
Avisualoraudiblealarm,orboth,clearly
A visual or audible alarm or both clearly
identifiedtoindicatethepresenceofa
ground fault is provided
groundfault,isprovided.
 High Resistance Grounding
HighResistanceGrounding
Limitgroundfaultcurrentto10Aorless
g
Providesservicecontinuityonfirstgroundfault
g
Preventsarcflashincidentsonfirstgroundfaults
Allowsfaultstobelocatedwithoutdeenergizing
feeders(groundfaultpulselocating)
Usedincontinuousprocessindustries,hospitalsand
datacentreswhereunscheduleddowntimeiscostly
FaultCurrentonHRGSystem
A

XC0 XC0 XC0

IR R

3IC0

IF = (I ) + (3I )
R
2
C0
2

IF
MIN
= 2 (3I C 0 ) At minimum
i i t I R = 3I C 0
f lt current,
fault
 DistributionSystemDesignCriteria

HighResistanceGrounded
Reliability
Reliabilit Powercontinuity,Notripsongroundfault
Po er contin it No trips on gro nd fa lt
Safe NoArcBlastorFlashHazardon
GroundFault
Cost effective
Costeffective 3 Wire Systems are cheaper than 4 wire
3WireSystemsarecheaperthan4wire
ScheduledMaintenanceFaultyequipmentcancontinuetorun,
scheduledshutdownsandlower
repaircosts
p

Prioritizedload OvercurrentCoordinationmaintained
Selectivesecondfaultprotection
available
 Low Resistance Grounding
LowResistanceGrounding
Usedonmediumvoltage(MV)premisesdistribution
g ( )p
systems
Systemchargingcurrenttoohighforhighresistance
grounding
d
Groundfaultcurrentlimitedto25 400Atypically
Tripongroundfault
Ti d f lt
Preventsarcflashincidentongroundfault
Resistance Grounding Methods
ResistanceGroundingMethods

Zig-Zag
Zi Z Grounding
G di
Transformer rated for
Line-to-Line Voltage
ZigZag
Zig ZagGroundingTransformer
Grounding Transformer
 HighResistanceGroundingand
IEEE
IEEEStd2422001(BuffBook
8.2.4
Highresistancegroundinghelpsensureagroundfaultcurrentofknown
magnitude,helpfulforrelayingpurposes.Thismakesitpossibleto
identifythefaultedfeederwithsensitivegroundfaultrelays.
IEEEStd1411993(RedBook)
7.2.2
Highresistancegroundingprovidesthesameadvantagesasungrounded
systems yet limits the steady state and severe transient overvoltages
systemsyetlimitsthesteadystateandseveretransientover voltages
associatedwithungroundedsystems.Thereisnoarcflashhazard[fora
groundfaulton480Vand600Vsystems],asthereiswithasolidly
groundedsystem,sincethefaultcurrentislimitedtoapproximately5A.
 Resistance Grounding and IEEE
ResistanceGroundingandIEEE
IEEEStd.1421991RecommendedPracticeforGroundingofIndustrialand
C
CommercialPowerSystem
i lP S t
1.4.3
Thereasonsforlimitingthecurrentbyresistancegroundingmaybeoneor
moreofthefollowing:g
1. toreduceburningandmeltingeffectsinfaultedelectricequipment,suchas
switchgear,transformers,cablesandrotatingmachines.
2. toreducemechanicalstressesincircuitsandapparatuscarryingfaultcurrents
3 toreduceelectric
3. to reduce electricshock
shockhazardstopersonnelcausedbystraygroundfault
hazards to personnel caused by stray ground fault
currentsinthegroundreturnpath
4. toreducearcblastorflashhazardtopersonnelwhomayhaveaccidentally
causedorwhohappentobeincloseproximitytothefaultcurrent
5 toreducethemomentaryline
5. to reduce the momentary linevoltage
voltagedipoccasionedbytheoccurrenceand
dip occasioned by the occurrence and
clearingofagroundfault
 Comparison

System Type
High
Productivity Impact Solidly Low Resistance Resistance
Ungrounded Grounded Grounded Grounded
System System System System

Overvoltages Severe None Limited Limited

Equipment
Overcurrent - Damage
Damage
a age
att point
i t off fault
f lt Unknown
U k S
Severe Minimal
Mi i l None
N
Maintenance Costs High Reasonable Reasonable Low
Continuous Operation Possible but not
with Ground Fault recommended Not possible Not possible Ideal
Relay Co-ordination
Co ordination
Downtime
(Appropriate Equipment
Tripped, Ease of fault
location) Difficult Difficult Good Excellent
Personnel Safetyy to Personnel Poor Good Reasonable Excellent
Insurance Perspective
InsurancePerspective
We tell our customers to first
determine whether they have a
resistance ground system or ground
fault detection.

Determine
D t i ththe ttype off ground
d system
t
you have, and then, consider
conversion from an ungrounded
system to a resistance grounded
system.

Using a high-resistance
high resistance ground
system could knock 10% off the price
of insurance.
 Alarming and Relaying
AlarmingandRelaying
Resistancegroundingisnotenough
Resistance grounding is not enough
Mustsensegroundfaults
Takeaction
k i
Eitheralarmonly,andlocatethefault
Ortriponfault
 GroundFaultSensing
R id l CT M th d
ResidualCTMethod
A

IA LOAD
B

IB

IC
C

IN

RELAY IG

G
BONDING CONDUCTOR

GROUND FAULT CURRENT

Typically 50 A to 1200 A pickup

Used on solidly grounded LV & MV systems
 SensingGroundFaultsUsing
g g
aZeroSequence(CoreBalance)CT

A
LOAD
IA
B

IB

IC
C

RELAY

IG

G
Approaches For Ground Detection
ApproachesForGroundDetection
VoltageSensingGFRelay
Voltage Sensing GF Relay
CurrentSensingGFRelay
Swbd MultiFeeder GF Alarm Relay
SwbdMultiFeederGFAlarmRelay
SwbdGFRelaywith2ndFaultProtection
GF R l f MCC
GFRelayforMCCs
CombinationwallmountedNGRandGFRelay
f R t fit
forRetrofits
 VoltageSensingGFRelay DSP
DSYS

NonselectivesystemlevelGFalarm
Resistancegroundedorungrounded
systems
VoltageSensingGFRelay DSP
DSYS

RESISTOR DIVIDER
SENSING NETWORK

DDR2

VOLTAGE SENSING
RELAY
DSP-DSYS
 ZeroSequenceCurrentSensing
andArcFlashsensingRelay Sentri
Selective
Selective respondstoleakagecurrenttoground,
responds to leakage current to ground,
identifiesfaultedfeeder
3 OpticalsensorInputstodetectarcflash
p p

R R R R
1A 1A 1A 1A
5A PICKUP PICKUP PICKUP PICKUP
NGR
 SENTRI
Groundfaultandarcflashbuiltinto1relay.
SolidlygroundedorResistancegroundedsystems.
0.1Ato1200Atripsettings.
Canconnectto3selfmonitoringarcflashsensors.
Lessthan1mstriptimeonarcflash.
Solidstaterelayswithmechanicalrelaybackup.
Pretriprelayforindicationpriortomainrelaytripping.
1Aand5ACTinputsaswellasZSCSinputsforsensitivegroundfault
protection.
MonitorcurrentwithmGARDSYMdisplayfromupto50relays.
ModbuscapabilitywithmGARDSYMdisplay.
ZSIZoneSelectiveInstantaneousProtection
GFRelayforMotorControlCenters
DGFCT
DGFCT
DGF CTFitsInMCCBucket
Fits In MCC Bucket
MultiFeederGroundAlarmRelay
DSPMKIII

Voltage Current
Sensing g
Sensing
Relay Relay
Mudules
First Fault Alarm Application
FirstFaultAlarmApplication
SecondFaultProtection DSP
MKIII
 DSP OHMNI F t
DSPOHMNIFeatures
Identifyingfaultyphaseandfaultyfeeder.FirstFaultAlarm
y g yp y
andSelectiveSecondFaulttriporFirstfaulttrip
Modbuscommunications
Enhancedrelaysecurity inrushdetectionpreventsnuisance
trippingonseveremagnetizinginrush
DINrailmounted
DIN rail mounted takesmuchlessspaceonswitchgear
takes much less space on switchgear
nowfitsin22widesections
Pulsingsystem
LocalDisplay
 DSPOHMNIRelay
DSP OHMNI Relay
FirstFaultAlarmandSecondFaultTrip
ORFirstFaultTrip
LOADS
OHMNI-PM NGR
G
PULSE SIGNAL BREAKER
TRIP SIGNAL

ZSCS
N
MAIN BUS

1A 1A

HORN 1A

SENSOR INPUT
25VA CPT

TRIP CONTACT
DDR2
120V

A BC N G

RS 485 TO NETWORK
RS-485

20 COND
RIBBON POWER A BCN G
AC/DC

ALARM
CONTACTS
DSP DM
DSP-DM DSP- DSP-
DSP DSP- DSP-
DSP
DSP-DPS DSP-DSM DFM DFM
DFM DFM
Pulsing NGR OHMNI
PulsingNGR OHMNIPM
PM
PortableCurrentSensorforFault
Tracing
Ground Fault Pulse Locating
GroundFaultPulseLocating
 A li ti C id ti
ApplicationConsiderations
1.WheretoapplytheGroundingResistor
pp y g
Atthetransformeror
Atthemainbus
2Whentoapplyfirstfaultalarmonly
3.Whentoadd2ndfaulttripfunction
SelectiveInstantaneousfeedertripping
CoordinationwithdownstreamOvercurrentin2nd
f l
faulttrip
4.Whentouse1stfaulttrip
 DSPRelay
DoubleEndedUnitSubApplication
 Parallel Generators
ParallelGenerators
TYPICAL PARALLEL GENERATOR HIGH RESISTANCE GROUNDING SCHEME

Zero Sequence Current Sensors GENERATORS 600V

(one per feeder; one per generator) G G G G

600V

15-20A, 3P
To BMS
100 kAIC

DDR2-6

S-PM2
DSA

DS
To BMS

See Notes 1 and 2.

Optional DS-PM2 Pulsing Card

5A, 600V
2 - #16AWG, 24 Vdc Zig-Zag Grounding
for pulsing control Transformer

Notes:
1. NGR/Zig-Zag assembly w ith pulsing resistor, IPC Part Number: OHMNI-6PM-5-ZZ
2. NGR/Zig-Zag assembly w ithout pulsing resistor, IPC Part Number: NTR600-5-ZZ 5A, 347V Neutral
Grounding Resistor

Optional
Pulsing Resistor

AWG#8 as per
CEC 10-1108(3)
 HRGRetrofitofParallelLVGenerators
G G G G

SLEUTH
52 52 52 52
SLEUTH

V
V
A 52
A
TO 15A, 3P TO 15A, 3P
GROUND FAULT SCADA 100 kAIC SCADA 100 kAIC
RELAY GROUND FAULT
RELAY

52 52 52 52 52 52

ALARM
TO SCADA ALARM NGR 2A, 347V
2A, 600V
2A, 600V TO SCADA
PULSE TO 4A

PULSING V V PULSING
CONTACTOR CONTACTOR
A A

GROUND FAULT GROUND FAULT

RELAY RELAY

NGR 2A, 347V STOPLIGHT STOPLIGHT

PULSE TO 4A 2A, 347V WITH ZIG-ZAG, WITH ZIG-ZAG, 2A, 347V
ALARM VOLTMETER, VOLTMETER
VOLTMETER, ALARM
TO SCADA AMMETER AMMETER TO SCADA

52 M2 52 52 M1 52

52

52 52 52 52 52 52
 Combination NGR and GF Relay
CombinationNGRandGFRelay
SLEUTH
Forretrofit
applications
 Options
NGR
NGRMonitoring
Monitoring
GroundingConductorMonitoring
HighReliabilityResistorswithdualpaths
i h li bili i i hd l h
 NewConceptsinSystem
Grounding
HybridGroundinginDistribution: SolidGroundingchanges
toHighResistanceGroundinguponsensingagroundfault.
Example:FUSION

HybridGroundingofGenerators:UsuallygeneratorsareLow
ResistanceGrounded.ToprovideprotectionfortheStator
winding of the generator Hybrid Grounding is used Low
windingofthegeneratorHybridGroundingisused.Low
ResistanceGroundingchangestoHighresistancewhenan
internalGeneratorGroundFaultisdetected.
 NewConceptinGrounding
Hybrid Grounded Systems
HybridGroundedSystems
Ground fault changes the impedance in the ground
circuit.

Circuit breaker or Fuse

Thank You For Attending!
ThankYouForAttending!

Foracopyoftheslidesorfor
additionalquestions,email
ajitbapat@rogers.com