STATICS

FORCE CENTROIDS OF MASSES, AREAS, LENGTHS, AND

A force is a vector quantity. It is defined when its (1) VOLUMES
magnitude, (2) point of application, and (3) direction are Formulas for centroids, moments of inertia, and first moment
known. of areas are presented in the MATHEMATICS section for
continuous functions. The following discrete formulas are for
RESULTANT (TWO DIMENSIONS) defined regular masses, areas, lengths, and volumes:
The resultant, F, of n forces with components Fx,i and Fy,i
has the magnitude of rc = mnrn / mn, where
1 2
mn = the mass of each particle making up the system,
F = >d ! Fx, i n + d ! Fy, i n H
2 2
n n
rn = the radius vector to each particle from a selected
i=1 i=1
reference point, and
The resultant direction with respect to the x-axis using rc = the radius vector to the center of the total mass from
fourquadrant angle functions is the selected reference point.
The moment of area (Ma) is defined as
i = arctan e ! Fy, i ! Fx, i o
n n

i=1 i=1 May = xnan

Max = ynan
The vector form of a force is
Maz = znan
F = Fx i + Fy j
The centroid of area is defined as
RESOLUTION OF A FORCE xac = May /A
Fx = F cos x; Fy = F cos y; Fz = F cos z yac = Max /A with respect to center of
cos x = Fx /F; cos y = Fy /F; cos z = Fz /F zac = Maz /A the coordinate system
where A = an
Separating a force into components when the geometry of
force is known and R = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 The centroid of a line is defined as
xlc = ( xnln)/L, where L = ln
Fx = (x/R)F; Fy = (y/R)F; Fz = (z/R)F ylc = ( ynln)/L
MOMENTS (COUPLES) zlc = ( znln)/L
A system of two forces that are equal in magnitude, opposite The centroid of volume is defined as
in direction, and parallel to each other is called a couple. A xvc = ( xnvn)/V, where V = vn
moment M is defined as the cross product of the radius vector yvc = ( ynvn)/V
r and the force F from a point to the line of action of the force.
zvc = ( znvn)/V
M = r F; Mx = yFz zFy,
My = zFx xFz, and MOMENT OF INERTIA
Mz = xFy yFx. The moment of inertia, or the second moment of area, is
defined as
SYSTEMS OF FORCES
Iy = x2 dA
F = Fn
Ix = y2 dA
M = (rn Fn)
The polar moment of inertia J of an area about a point is equal
Equilibrium Requirements to the sum of the moments of inertia of the area about any two
Fn = 0 perpendicular axes in the area and passing through the same
Mn = 0 point.
Iz = J = Iy + Ix = (x2 + y2) dA
= rp2A, where
rp = the radius of gyration (see the DYNAMICS section and
the next page of this section).

STATICS 49
Moment of Inertia Parallel Axis Theorem
The moment of inertia of an area about any axis is defined as
the moment of inertia of the area about a parallel centroidal
axis plus a term equal to the area multiplied by the square of
the perpendicular distance d from the centroidal axis to the
axis in question.
I lx = Ixc + dx2 A
I ly = Iyc + d 2y A, where
dx, dy = distance between the two axes in question,
Ixc , Iyc = the moment of inertia about the centroidal axis, and
I lx, I ly = the moment of inertia about the new axis.
Radius of Gyration
The radius of gyration rp, rx, ry is the distance from a
reference axis at which all of the area can be considered to be
concentrated to produce the moment of inertia.
rx = Ix A; ry = Iy A; rp = J A
Product of Inertia
The product of inertia (Ixy, etc.) is defined as:
Ixy = xydA, with respect to the xy-coordinate system,
Ixz = xzdA, with respect to the xz-coordinate system, and
Iyz = yzdA, with respect to the yz-coordinate system.
The parallel-axis theorem also applies:
I'xy = Ixc yc + dxdy A for the xy-coordinate system, etc.
where
dx = x-axis distance between the two axes in question, and
dy = y-axis distance between the two axes in question.
FRICTION
The largest frictional force is called the limiting friction.
Any further increase in applied forces will cause motion.
F sN, where
F = friction force,
s = coefficient of static friction, and
N = normal force between surfaces in contact.
SCREW THREAD (also see MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING section)
For a screw-jack, square thread,
M = Pr tan ( ), where
+ is for screw tightening,
is for screw loosening,
M = external moment applied to axis of screw,
P = load on jack applied along and on the line of the axis,
r = the mean thread radius,
= the pitch angle of the thread, and
= tan = the appropriate coefficient of friction.
50 STATICS
BELT FRICTION
F1 = F2 e, where
F1 = force being applied in the direction of impending
motion,
F2 = force applied to resist impending motion,
= coefficient of static friction, and
= the total angle of contact between the surfaces expressed
in radians.
STATICALLY DETERMINATE TRUSS
Plane Truss
A plane truss is a rigid framework satisfying the following
conditions:
1. The members of the truss lie in the same plane.
2. The members are connected at their ends by frictionless
pins.
3. All of the external loads lie in the plane of the truss and
are applied at the joints only.
4. The truss reactions and member forces can be determined
using the equations of equilibrium.
F = 0; M = 0
5. A truss is statically indeterminate if the reactions and
member forces cannot be solved with the equations of
equilibrium.
Plane Truss: Method of Joints
The method consists of solving for the forces in the members
by writing the two equilibrium equations for each joint of the
truss.
FV = 0 and FH = 0, where
FH = horizontal forces and member components and
FV = vertical forces and member components.
Plane Truss: Method of Sections
The method consists of drawing a free-body diagram of a
portion of the truss in such a way that the unknown truss
member force is exposed as an external force.
CONCURRENT FORCES
A concurrent-force system is one in which the lines of action
of the applied forces all meet at one point. A
two-force body in static equilibrium has two applied forces
that are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, and
collinear. A three-force body in static equilibrium has three
applied forces whose lines of action meet at a point. As a
consequence, if the direction and magnitude of two of the
three forces are known, the direction and magnitude of the
third can be determined.
 Figure Area & Centroid Area Moment of Inertia (Radius of Gyration)2 Product of Inertia
y Ix c = bh 3 /36 rx2c = h 2 18
A = bh/2
I yc = b 3h/36 ry2c = b 2 18 Ixc yc = Abh 36 = b 2 h 2 72
C h xc = 2b/3
rx2 = h 2 6 Ixy = Abh 4 = b 2 h 2 8
yc = h/3 Ix = bh3/12
ry2 = b 2 2
b x Iy = b3h/4
y Ix c = bh 3 /36 rx2c = h 2 18
A = bh/2
h I yc = b 3h/36 ry2c = b 2 18 I xc yc = Abh 36 = b 2 h 2 72
C xc = b/3
rx2 = h 2 6 I xy = Abh 12 = b 2 h 2 24
yc = h/3 Ix = bh3/12
x ry2 = b 2 6
b Iy = b3h/12
y I xc = bh 3 36 rx2c = h 2 18 I xc yc = [Ah(2a b )] 36
A = bh/2 2 2 2 2
C h [ (
Iyc = bh b ab + a )] 36 ry2c = b ab + a
( ) 18 = bh 2 (2a b ) 72
[ ]
xc = (a + b)/3 3 2
I x = bh 12 rx2 =h 6 I xy = [Ah(2a + b )] 12
a x yc = h/3
b 2 2 ry2 = b 2 + ab + a 2 6
( )
I y = bh b + ab + a
[ ( )] 12 = bh 2 (2a + b ) 24
[ ]
y I xc y c = 0
I xc = b h 3 12 rx2c = h 2 12
I xy = Abh 4 = b 2 h 2 4
C A = bh I yc = b 3 h 12 ry2c = b 2 12
h
xc = b/2 I x = bh 3 3 rx2 = h 2 3
yc = h/2 I y = b3h 3 ry2 = b 2 3
b x rp2 = b 2 + h 2 12
( )
J = bh b 2 + h 2 12
[ ( )]
y a
h 3 a 2 + 4ab + b 2
( ) h 2 a 2 + 4ab + b 2
( )
A = h(a + b ) 2 I xc = rx2c =
36(a + b ) 18(a + b )
C h h(2a + b ) 2
yc = h (3a + b)
3(a + b ) h 3 (3a + b ) rx2 =
Ix = 6(a + b )
b x 12

y
( )
I xc = a 3b sin 3 12 rx2c = (a sin )2 12
2 2 2
A = ab sin I yc = [ab sin (b + a cos )] 12 (
ry2c = b 2 + a 2 cos 2 12 )
C xc = (b + a cos )/2 3 3 2 ( )
I xc yc = a 3b sin 2 cos 12
a Ix = (a b sin ) 3 rx2 = (a sin ) 3
yc = (a sin )/2 2 ry2 = (b + a cos )2 3
b I y = ab sin (b + a cos )
[ ]3
x (ab cos ) 6
a 2b 2 sin cos 6
( )

STATICS
Housner, George W. & Donald E. Hudson, Applied Mechanics Dynamics, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, NJ, 1959. Table reprinted by permission of G.W. Housner & D.E. Hudson.

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Figure Area & Centroid Area Moment of Inertia (Radius of Gyration)2 Product of Inertia

STATICS
y rx2c = ry2c = a 2 4
A = a2 I xc = I y c = a 4 4
a I xc y c = 0
C xc = a I x = I y = 5 a 4 4 rx2 = ry2 = 5a 2 4
I xy = Aa 2
yc = a J = a 4 2 2
rp2 =a 2

y (
I xc = I y c = a 4 b 4 4 ) (
rx2c = ry2c = a 2 + b 2 4 )
A = (a2 b2) I xc y c = 0
4 4
a 5a b 2 2
C xc = a Ix = Iy = a 2b 2 rx2 = ry2 = (5a +b ) 4 I xy = Aa 2
b 4 4
yc = a = a 2 a 2 b 2
( )
J = a4 b4 2
( ) rp2 = a 2 + b 2 2
( )
x

a 4 9 2 64
( ) a 2 9 2 64
( )
= rx2c =
2 I xc 36 2
y A = a /2 72
2 2 I xc y c = 0
C xc = a I yc = a 4 8 ryc = a 4
I x = a 4 8 I xy = 2a 4 3
x yc = 4a/(3) rx2 = a 2 4
2a
I y = 5 a 4 8 ry2 = 5a 2 4

y
a A = a 2 a 2 ( sin cos )
C 4 rx2 =
2a sin Ix = a ( sin cos)/4 4 I xc y c = 0
x xc =
I xy = 0
3 Iy = a4( + sin cos)/4 2 a 2 ( + sin cos )
yc = 0 ry =
4

y sin 2
A = a2 Aa 2 2sin 3 cos a2 2sin 3 cos
a [ 2 ] Ix = 1 rx2 = 1 I xc y c = 0
4 3 3sin cos
[ ] 4 3 3sin cos
[ ]
x I xy = 0
2a sin 3 Aa 2 2sin 3 cos a2 2sin 3 cos
C xc = Iy = 1+ ry2 = 1+
3 sin cos 4 sin cos
[ ] 4 sin cos
[ ]
yc = 0
Housner, George W. & Donald E. Hudson, Applied Mechanics Dynamics, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, NJ, 1959. Table reprinted by permission of G.W. Housner & D.E. Hudson.
 Figure Area & Centroid Area Moment of Inertia (Radius of Gyration)2 Product of Inertia

y I xc = I x = 4ab 3 15 rx2c = rx2 = b 2 5

A = 4ab/3 I xc y c = 0
C b 3 2
xc = 3a/5 I yc = 16a b 175 ry2c = 12a 175
x Ixy = 0
a b yc = 0
I y = 4 a 3b 7 ry2 = 3a 2 7

y
A = 2ab/3 Ix = 2ab3/15 rx2 = b 2 5
C b
xc = 3a/5 3 Ixy = Aab/4 = a2b2
a x Iy = 2ba /7 ry2 = 3a 2 7
yc = 3b/8

y A = bh (n + 1)
h 2 (n + 1)
y = (h/b n)xn bh 3 rx2 =
n +1 Ix = 3(3n + 1)
h xc = b 3(3n + 1)
C n+2
hb 3 n +1 2
b x h n +1 Iy = ry2 = b
yc = n+3 n+3
2 2n + 1

y n
y = (h/b 1/n)x1/n A= bh n +1 2
n +1 n rx2 = h
Ix = bh 3 3(n + 1)
C n +1 3(n + 3)
h xc = b
2n + 1 n n +1 2
Iy = b3h ry2 = b
x n +1 3n + 1 3n + 1
b yc = h
2(n + 2)
Housner, George W. & Donald E. Hudson, Applied Mechanics Dynamics, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, NJ, 1959. Table reprinted by permission of G.W. Housner & D.E. Hudson.

STATICS
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