CASE EXAMPLES OF DISINFECTION CT

CALCULATIONS WHEN USING CHLORINE

FOR DISINFECTION OF GROUNDWATER
SYSTEMS (EXCLUDING GWUDI)

Raul M. Tejada
Sanitary Engineer 3
State of Connecticut
Department of Public Health
Drinking Water Section

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Drinking Water Section
PWS DATA: WATER QUALITY DATA:

PEAK FLOW RATE = 80 GALLONS PER MINUTE (GPM) WATER TEMPERATURE = 10 DEGREES CELSIUS
STORAGE TANK DIMENSIONS: pH LEVEL = 6.0 - 9.0
DIAMETER = 10 FEET
LENGTH = 20 FEET
POPULATION SERVED: 34,000 PEOPLE

FIGURE 1
CHLORINE
ANALYZER
SCREENED
CHLORINE INJECTION PUMP AIR VENT WATER LEVEL
(TURBINE AIR
PUMP-OFF) SAMPLE GAP
PROBE
CHLORINE
DAY TANK CHLORINE WATER TO DRYWELL
INJECTION LEVEL SAMPLE
TUBE SIGHT
ATMOSPHERIC STORAGE TANK PIPELINE
GLASS SCREENED
CONTAINMENT MANHOLE OVERFLOW PIPE
FLOW
TURBINE VOLUME OF STORAGE TANK AT LOWEST RESTRICTOR
PUMP WATER LEVEL (FIXED RATE)
NORMAL OPERATING WATER LEVEL
(TURBINE
CHLORINE PUMP-ON)
RAW WATER INJECTION
SAMPLE TAP AIR RELIEF POINT
VALVE BLOW OFF TREATED WATER CHECK TO DISTRIBUTION
FLOW VALVE VALVE SYSTEM
SAMPLE TAP
SWITCH
STRUCTURAL
AIR SUPPORT (TYP.)
VENT CHECK FLOW ISOLATION VFD PUMP
VALVE METER VALVE (TYP) MAX. CAPACITY = 80 GPM
SOUNDING
TUBE

TYPICAL CHLORINATION SYSTEM INSTALLATION WITH STORAGE TANK & BOOSTER PUMP

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Drinking Water Section
 Disinfection CT Calculations

Example 1
Using a typical chlorination system as shown in Figure 1,
calculate the disinfectant contact time (T) for the storage
tank:
Using equation, T = V x BF
Q
where:
V = volume of the tank at lowest normal operating water
level
Q = maximum expected flow rate through the tank
[maximum capacity of the booster pump(s)]
BF = baffling factor of storage tank

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Drinking Water Section
Calculate the gross volume of the storage tank
Using equation, V = 0.785 (d2) x L x 7.48
Using: d = 10 feet, L = 20 feet
Substituting the values: V = 11,700 gallons (gross volume)
Estimating the volume of water in the tank at lowest
normal operating water level and assigning a baffling
factor of 0.3 (for tank with separate inlet pipe and outlet
pipe) V = 8,808 gallons (see next page for calculation of
tank volume)
T = 8,808 x 0.3
80
= 33 min.

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Drinking Water Section
 Calculation of volume for partially filled cylindrical (atmospheric) storage tank

solve for L:
2 2
L = 2 (R) - (r)

1'
water level (pump off)
L = 9.16'

2'
L solve for a :
water level (pump on) r = 2'
a R= a
5' a = 2 tan-1 L

2'

10'
2r
a = 132o
volume at lowest
normal operating solve for A of isosceles triangle:

5'
water level
A=Lxr
2
= 9.16 SQ. FT.
Cross Section - Cylindrical Tank

solve for shaded A of circle: solve for A of sector circle:

A=A -A +A a A = 3.1416 x R x
2
ao
= 87.5 - 28.78 + 9.16 R= 360
5' = 28.78 sq. ft.
A = 58.88 sq. ft.

Using a 20 feet long atmospheric storage tank,

solve for the usable volume (V): solve for A of circle :
D= 10' 2
V = 58.88 sq. ft. x 20 feet A = 3.1416 x D
= 1,177.6 cubic ft. 4
= 8,808 gallons = 87.5 sq. ft.

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Drinking Water Section
Calculate the CT value of the treated water leaving the
storage tank.
Using equation, CT = C x T
where:
C = target free residual chlorine concentration in mg/L
T = disinfectant contact time in min.
Maintaining a free residual chlorine of 0.20 mg/L [minimum
concentration per RCSA Section 19-13-B102(e)(7)(M)] in
the treated water leaving the storage tank.
Substituting the values,
CT= 0.20 x 33
= 6.6 mg-min/L

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Drinking Water Section
The calculated CT value of the treated water entering the
distribution system is in compliance with the minimum
required CT value of 2 mg-min/L per RCSA Section 19-13-
B102(e)(7)(M) and in accordance with the required CT
value of 6 mg-min/L to achieve 4-log treatment of viruses
per GWR provided that the pH level of the water is within
6.0-9.0 range and water temperature is 10 degrees
Celsius.

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Drinking Water Section
 Residual Chlorine Compliance Monitoring
The residual chlorine for compliance monitoring of the
treated water can be measured directly from the outlet pipe
of the storage tank since the calculated CT value at this
location meets the requirements of the RCSA Section 19-
13-B102(e)(7)(M) and the GWR for 4-log treatment of
viruses.

The minimum residual chlorine concentration in the treated

water must be maintained no less than 0.20 mg/L at all
times to ensure that the treatment system is providing the
required 4-log inactivation of viruses per GWR.
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Drinking Water Section
PWS DATA: WATER QUALITY DATA:

MAXIMUM WITHDRAWAL RATE OF WELL WATER TEMPERATURE = 10 DEGREES CELSIUS

= 300 GALLONS PER MINUTE (GPM) pH LEVEL = 6.0 - 9.0
DIAMETER OF DISTRIBUTION MAIN = 12-INCH (1 FOOT)
DISTANCE OF SERVICE LINE FOR THE FIRST CUSTOMER
FROM CHLORINE INJECTION POINT = 550 FEET
POPULATION SERVED: 34,000 PEOPLE

FIGURE 2

CHLORINE INJECTION PUMP

CHLORINE
DAY TANK CHLORINE
INJECTION
TUBE SERVICE LINE FOR
FIRST FIRST CUSTOMER
CUSTOMER
TURBINE
PUMP CONTAINMENT

MAX. CAPACITY
= 300 GPM
CHLORINE
RAW WATER INJECTION
SAMPLE TAP AIR RELIEF POINT
VALVE DIAMETER OF PIPE = 12- INCH ( 1 foot)
FLOW
SWITCH

AIR
VENT CHECK FLOW ISOLATION DISTRIBUTION MAIN
DISINFECTION CT
VALVE METER VALVE (TYP) MUST BE ACHIEVED
SOUNDING L = 550 feet BEFORE OR AT
THIS POINT
TUBE
T=?

TYPICAL CHLORINATION SYSTEM INSTALLATION WITHOUT STORAGE TANK

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Drinking Water Section
Example 2
Using a typical chlorination system installation as shown in
Figure 2, calculate the T:
Using equation, T = 0.785 (d2) x L x 7.48
Q
where:
d= diameter of pipe in feet = 1 foot
L= length of pipe in feet = 550 feet
Q = maximum expected flow rate in pipe in gpm = 300 gpm

Substituting the values:

T = 10.76 min.

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Drinking Water Section
Calculate the CT value at the intersection point between
the distribution main and the service line of the first
customer.
Using equation, CT = C x T
where:
C = target free residual chlorine concentration
T = 10.76 min.
Maintaining a free residual chlorine of 0.20 mg/L in the
treated water at the intersection point between the main
and the service line of the first customer.

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Drinking Water Section
Substituting the values,
CT= 0.20 x 10.76
= 2.15 mg-min/L
Notes:
1. The calculated CT value (2.15 mg-min/L) is in
compliance with the minimum required CT value of 2
mg-min/L per RCSA Section 19-13-B102(e)(7)(M)
[current regulation].
2. Since the above calculated CT value is less than 6 mg-
min/L, therefore, the chlorination system does not
provide 4-log treatment of viruses [new regulation under
GWR].

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Drinking Water Section
 Recommended Options to Achieve
4-log Treatment of Viruses

A. Increase the residual chlorine concentration in the

treated water leaving the station
B. Installation of storage tank for additional contact time
C. Replacement of the distribution main with a larger
diameter pipe
D. Relocation of the service pipe for the first customer

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Drinking Water Section
 Summary of Recommended Options for
4-log Treatment of Viruses
PWS Component A B C D
Parameters Increase Install storage Replace Relocate service
residual tank distribution main line for the 1st
chlorine w/ larger pipe customer
Residual chlorine conc. (C) 0.60 mg/L 0.20 mg/L 0.20 mg/L 0.20 mg/L
Disinfectant contact time (T) 10 min. 30 min. 30 min. 30 min.
CT value (before or at the
6.0 mg-min/L 6.0 mg-min/L 6.0 mg-min/L 6.0 mg-min/L
first customer)
D =11.45 ft (a) D = 20-inch
Req. size of tank/water main same (1 ft.) same (1 ft.)
L = 25 feet (1.66)
Req. length of water main same (550 ft.) same (550 ft.) same (550 ft.) 1,533 ft.
Length of sample line 88 feet (b) 96 feet (c) 209 feet (d) 270 feet (e)
(a) Larger diameter tank must be used based on the systems operational set points (pump on & pump off)
(b) Minimum length of the sample line [ inch (0.0625 ft.) diameter, fixed flow rate = 0.25 gpm] required for compliance monitoring of
residual chlorine, installed on the distribution main approximately 100 feet downstream from the chlorine injection point.
(c) Minimum length of the sample line [ inch (0.0625 ft.) diameter, fixed flow rate=0.25 gpm] required for compliance monitoring of
residual chlorine, installed on the discharge pipe of booster pump approx. 100 feet downstream from the outlet of the storage tank.
(d) Minimum length of the sample line [ inch (0.0625 ft.) diameter, fixed flow rate = 0.25 gpm] required for compliance monitoring of
residual chlorine, installed on the distribution main approximately 200 feet downstream from the chlorine injection point.
(e) Minimum length of the sample line [ inch (0.0625 ft.) diameter, fixed flow rate = 0.25 gpm] required for compliance monitoring of
residual chlorine, installed on the distribution main approximately 270 feet downstream from the chlorine injection point.
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Drinking Water Section
Recommended Option:
A. Increase the residual chlorine concentration in the
treated water.
Using equation, C = CT
T
where: CT = 6 mg-min/L
T = 10.76 min.
Substituting the values,
C = 0.60 mg/L (rounded up to nearest tenth)

If PWS chooses to maintain a minimum residual chlorine

concentration of 0.20 mg/L in the treated water, measured
at a location before or at the first customer, the following
other options may be considered:

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Drinking Water Section
 F IG U R E 3

SCREENED
A IR V EN T
C H L O R IN E IN JE C T IO N PU M P
H IG H W A TE R LE V E L

C H LO R IN E C H L O R IN E W A T ER
D A Y TA N K IN JE C TIO N LEVEL
FIR S T
TUBE S IG H T
A TM O S P H E R IC S TO R A G E TA N K C U S TO M E R
G LA SS SCREENED
C O N T A IN M E N T M A N H O LE O V E R FL O W P IP E

V O LU M E O F S TO R A G E T A N K A T LO W E S T
N O R M A L O P E R A TIN G W A TE R L EV E L
L O W W A TE R L EV E L
C H L O R IN E
IN JE C T IO N D IS TR IB U T IO N M A IN D IA M E T E R = 12-IN C H (1 FO O T)
R A W W A T ER
S A M PL E T A P A IR R E L IE F P O IN T
VALVE B LO W O FF CHECK
F LO W D IS IN FE C TIO N C T
V A LV E V A LV E
S W ITC H M U S T B E A C H IE V E D
W E LL B EF O R E O R A T
S TR U C T U R A L T H IS PO IN T
S U P P LY S U P P O R T (T Y P.)
CHECK F LO W IS O LA TIO N BOOSTER PUMP
V A L VE M E T ER V A L VE (TY P ) (M A X . C A P .=300 G P M )

550 FE E T

O P TIO N B - IN S TA L LA TIO N O F S T O R A G E TA N K F O R A D D ITIO N A L C O N TA C T TIM E

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Drinking Water Section
B. Installation of storage tank for additional contact time:
Determine the T(st) required for the storage tank.
T(st) = 30 min. T
T(st) = 30 - 10.76
= 19.24 min.
The storage tank should be sized to provide a minimum
T(st) of 19.24 min.

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Drinking Water Section
Calculate the approximate size of the storage tank:
Using equation, T = V x BF
Q
where:
V = volume of the tank at lowest normal operating water
level.
= .785(d2) x L x 7.48
Q = maximum expected flow rate through the tank
(booster pump maximum flow rate = 300 gpm)
BF = baffling factor of storage tank = 0.30

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Drinking Water Section
Installing a 25 feet long storage tank for contact time,
Substituting the values:
19.24 = 0.785 (d2) x 25 x 7.48 x 0.3
300
d = 11.45 feet

A larger diameter tank must be used based on the gross

volume of the tank taking into account the systems
operational set points ( pump on & pump off).

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Drinking Water Section
 FIGURE 4

CHLORINE INJECTION PUMP

CHLORINE
DAY TANK CHLORINE
INJECTION SERVICE LINE FOR
TUBE FIRST FIRST CUSTOMER
TURBINE CUSTOMER
PUMP CONTAINMENT

MAX. CAPACITY
= 300 GPM
CHLORINE DISINFECTION CT
RAW WATER INJECTION MUST BE ACHIEVED
SAMPLE TAP AIR RELIEF POINT BEFORE OR AT
VALVE THIS POINT
FLOW
SWITCH DISTRIBUTION MAIN (d) = ?
CHECK FLOW ISOLATION
VALVE METER VALVE (TYP)
SOUNDING L = 550'
TUBE

OPTION C - REPLACEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION MAIN WITH A LARGER DIAMETER PIPE

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Drinking Water Section
C. Replace the distribution main with a larger diameter
pipe.
Determine the required diameter (d) of a new main.
Using equation, T = 0.785 (d2) x L x 7.48
Q
where: T = 30 min., L = 550 feet, Q = 300 gpm
solve for d = 1.66 feet diameter or 20 inch diameter pipe
Replacing the 12 inch diameter distribution main with 20
inch diameter would provide sufficient contact time to
achieve 4-log treatment of viruses.

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Drinking Water Section
 FIGURE 5

CHLORINE INJECTION PUMP

CHLORINE
DAY TANK CHLORINE
INJECTION
TUBE SERVICE LINE FOR
FIRST FIRST CUSTOMER
TURBINE
CUSTOMER
PUMP
CONTAINMENT
MAX. CAPACITY
= 300 GPM
CHLORINE
INJECTION DISINFECTION CT
RAW WATER
MUST BE ACHIEVED
SAMPLE TAP AIR RELIEF POINT
VALVE BEFORE OR AT
FLOW THIS POINT
SWITCH DISTRIBUTION MAIN = 12- INCH (1 FOOT)
AIR
CHECK FLOW ISOLATION
VENT
VALVE METER VALVE (TYP)
L=?

SOUNDING
TUBE

OPTION D - RELOCATION OF SERVICE LINE FOR FIRST CUSTOMER

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Drinking Water Section
D. Relocation of the service pipe for the first customer.
Determine the required length (L) of the main.
Using equation, T = 0.785 (d2) x L x 7.48
Q
where: T = 30 min., d = 1 ft., Q = 300 gpm
Solve for : L = 1,533 feet
Relocating the service line for the first customer
approximately 1,533 feet downstream from the point of
chlorine solution injection would provide sufficient contact
time to achieve 4-log treatment of viruses.

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Drinking Water Section
Residual Chlorine Compliance Monitoring

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Drinking Water Section
 FIGURE 6

MIN. RESIDUAL
CHLORINE CONC.
= 0.60 MG/L
CHLORINE INJECTION PUMP
CHLORINE
ANALYZER
CHLORINE
DAY TANK CHLORINE
INJECTION AIR
TUBE SAMPLE GAP SERVICE LINE FOR
FIRST FIRST CUSTOMER
PROBE CUSTOMER
TURBINE (TAP)
PUMP TO DRYWELL
CONTAINMENT
SAMPLE
MAX. CAPACITY L2 = ? PIPELINE
= 300 GPM T2 = ? (3/4")
CHLORINE
RAW WATER INJECTION FLOW
SAMPLE TAP AIR RELIEF POINT RESTRICTOR
VALVE
FLOW
SWITCH DISTRIBUTION MAIN = 12-INCH (1 FOOT)
AIR
VENT CHECK FLOW ISOLATION L1 = 100' DISINFECTION CT
VALVE METER VALVE (TYP) T1 = ? MUST BE ACHIEVED
SOUNDING
L = 550' BEFORE OR AT
TUBE T = 10 min. THIS POINT

OPTION A-INCREASE CHLORINE RESIDUAL CONCENTRATION TO 0.60 MG/L

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Drinking Water Section
For option A (increase the chlorine residual concentration
to 0.60 mg/L)
Demonstrate the equivalency of T1 & T2 relative to the
required T before or at the first customer.
T = T1 + T2 = 10 min.
Determine the value of T1 and T2.
Using equation, T1 = 0.785 (d12) x L1 x 7.48
Q1
T2 = 0.785 (d22) x L2 x 7.48
Q2

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Drinking Water Section
where: d1 = 1 ft., L1 = 100 feet (variable), Q1 = 300 gpm
Using: d2 = inch (0.0625 ft.), Q2 = 0.25 gpm (fixed rate)
Substituting the values:
T1 = 1.96 min.
T2 = 10 1.96 = 8.04 min.
L2 = 87.77 feet or 88 feet

The minimum length of the sample line for compliance

monitoring of residual chlorine must be 88 feet, installed on
the distribution main approximately 100 feet downstream
from the point of chlorine injection.

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Drinking Water Section
 FIGURE 7
MIN. RESIDUAL
CHLORINE CONC.
= 0.20 MG/L

CHLORINE
ANALYZER
SCREENED
AIR VENT
AIR
HIGH WATER LEVEL SAMPLE GAP
PROBE
WATER TO DRYWELL
LEVEL L2 = ? SAMPLE FIRST
SIGHT PIPELINE
ATMOSPHERIC STORAGE TANK T2 = ? CUSTOMER
GLASS SCREENED
MANHOLE OVERFLOW PIPE FLOW
VOLUME OF STORAGE TANK AT LOWEST RESTRICTOR
NORMAL OPERATING WATER LEVEL (FIXED RATE)
LOW WATER LEVEL
DISTRIBUTION MAIN = 12-INCH (1 FOOT)

TREATED
BLOW OFF CHECK
WATER DISINFECTION CT
VALVE VALVE
SAMPLE MUST BE ACHIEVED
TAP BEFORE OR AT
STRUCTURAL THIS POINT
SUPPORT (TYP.)
BOOSTER
PUMP
MAX CAP = 300 GPM

T(st) = 19.24 MIN. L1 = 100 FEET

L = 450 FEET
T1 = ?
T = 30 MIN.

OPTION B - INSTALLATION OF STORAGE TANK FOR ADDITIONAL CONTACT TIME

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Drinking Water Section
For option B (installation of storage tank for additional
contact time)
Demonstrate the equivalency of T(st), T1 & T2 relative to
the required T before or at the first customer.
Determine the value of T1, T2 and L2.
T = T(st) + T1 + T2 = 30 min., T(st) = 19.24 min.
Using equation,
T1 = 0.785 (d12) x L1 x 7.48, T2 = 0.785 (d22) x L2 x 7.48
Q1 Q2
where: d1 = 1 ft., L1 = 100 feet (variable), Q1 = 300 gpm
Using: d2 = inch (0.0625 ft.), Q2 = 0.25 gpm (fixed rate)
Solve for: T1 = 1.96 min., T2 = 8.8 min., L2 = 96 feet
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Drinking Water Section
 FIGURE 8

MIN. RESIDUAL
CHLORINE CONC.
CHLORINE INJECTION PUMP = 0.20 MG/L
CHLORINE
ANALYZER
CHLORINE
DAY TANK CHLORINE
INJECTION AIR SERVICE LINE FOR
TUBE SAMPLE GAP FIRST FIRST CUSTOMER
PROBE CUSTOMER
CONTAINMENT TO DRYWELL
TURBINE SAMPLE
PUMP L3 = ? PIPELINE
CHLORINE T3 = ?
RAW WATER INJECTION FLOW
SAMPLE TAP AIR RELIEF POINT RESTRICTOR
VALVE
FLOW
SWITCH DISTRIBUTION MAIN = 20-INCH (1.66 FEET)

CHECK
VALVE
FLOW
METER
ISOLATION
VALVE (TYP)
L1=200' L2 = 350'
SOUNDING T1=?
TUBE T = 30 MIN.

OPTION C - REPLACEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION MAIN WITH A LARGER DIAMETER PIPE

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Drinking Water Section
For option C (replace the distribution main with a larger
diameter pipe)
Demonstrate the equivalency of T1 & T3 relative to the
required T before or at the first customer.
T = T1 + T3 = 30 min.
Determine the value of T1, T3, and L2
Using equation, T1 = 0.785 (d12) x L1 x 7.48
Q1
where: d1 = 20-inch (1.66 ft.), L1 = 200 feet, Q1 = 300 gpm
Substituting the values:
T1 = 10.87 min., T3 = 30 10.87 = 19.13 min.

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Drinking Water Section
Using equation, T3 = 0.785 (d32) x L3 x 7.48
Q3
Assuming: d3 = inch (0.0625 ft.), Q3 = 0.25 gpm
Substituting the values:
L3 = 208.8 feet or 209 feet

The minimum length of the sample line for compliance

monitoring of residual chlorine must be 209 feet, installed
on the main approximately 200 feet downstream from the
point of chlorine injection.

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Drinking Water Section
 FIGURE 9

MIN. RESIDUAL
CHLORINE CONC.
= 0.20 MG/L
CHLORINE INJECTION PUMP
CHLORINE
ANALYZER
CHLORINE
DAY TANK CHLORINE
INJECTION AIR
TUBE SAMPLE GAP SERVICE LINE FOR
FIRST FIRST CUSTOMER
PROBE CUSTOMER
TO DRYWELL
CONTAINMENT SAMPLE
TURBINE
PUMP
L3 = ? PIPELINE
(3/4-INCH)
CHLORINE T3 = ? FLOW
RAW WATER INJECTION RESTRICTOR
SAMPLE TAP AIR RELIEF POINT (FIXED RATE)
VALVE
FLOW
SWITCH DISTRIBUTION MAIN = 12-INCH (1 FOOT).
AIR
VENT CHECK
VALVE
FLOW ISOLATION L1=270' L2 = 1,263'
METER VALVE (TYP)
T1 = ?
SOUNDING T = 30 MIN.
TUBE

OPTION D - RELOCATION OF SERVICE LINE FOR FIRST CUSTOMER

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Drinking Water Section
For option D (relocation of the service pipe for the first
customer)
Demonstrate the equivalency of T1 & T3 relative to the
required T before or at the first customer.
T = T1 + T3 = 30 min.
Determine the value of T1, T3, and L3
Using equation, T1 = 0.785 (d12) x L1 x 7.48
Q1
where: d1 = 12-inch (1 ft.), L1 = 270 feet, Q1 = 300 gpm
Substituting the values:
T1 = 5.28 min.
T3 = 30 5.28 = 24.72 min.

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Drinking Water Section
Using equation, T3 = 0.785 (d32) x L3 x 7.48
Q3
Using: d3 = inch (0.0625 ft.), Q3 = 0.25 gpm
Substituting the values:
L3 = 270 feet

The minimum length of the sample line for compliance

monitoring of residual chlorine must be 270 feet, installed
on the distribution main approximately 270 feet
downstream from the chlorine injection point.

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Drinking Water Section
 Thank you
If you have any technical questions on CT calculations,
please feel free to contact the DWS at 860-509-7333.

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Drinking Water Section