On the other hand, when the external load is applied through some thickness

ofmaterial
causing it to compress, more bolt elongation is required and there is some increase
in the bolt tension. Measurements of actual bolt forces in connections of practical
sizes
have shown that the increase in the bolt force due to the flexibility of the
connection is
usually only about 5 to 10%. The Standard neglects this. Figure 2-29 depicts
possible
variations of the tension on a pretensioned bolt as it is loadedwith an external
load, P, as
pretensions, T0 , decrease and in the presence of a prying force, F.

This Standard requires high strength bolts subjected to tensile cyclic loading to
be
fully pretensioned and that the prying force not exceed 30% of the externally
applied
load. Two options are given to calculate the tensile stress range to compare to the
permissible
values. The first and most difficult takes into account the prying action, the
2-52

This Standard requires high strength bolts subjected to tensile cyclic loading to
be
fully pretensioned and that the prying force not exceed 30% of the externally
applied
load. Two options are given to calculate the tensile stress range to compare to the
permissible
values. The first and most difficult takes into account the prying action, the
2-52

13.13 Welds
13.13.1 General.
A resistance factor of# w 0.67 is used universally in this section, recognizing
that a
larger value of the reliability index is used for connection resistances.
When electrodes with ultimate strengths equal to or greater than that of the base
metal are used, they are termed "matching electrodes" and, for G40.21-M steels, are
classified in Table 4. When atmospheric resisting steel grades are used in the
uncoated
condition, additional requirements for corrosion resistance or colour are also
required
for matching electrodes.
13.13.2 Shear.
The shear resistance of a weld is evaluated on the basis of both the resistance of
the
weld itself and of the base metal adjacent to the weld: the latter rarely governs.
Thus,
CJPG, PJPG, plug, and slot welds loaded in shear have resistances equal to the
lesser of
weld throat or fusion face shear strength.
The resistance of the base metal for all welds is expressed in terms of the
ultimate
tensile strength of the base metal but uses the resistance factor for welds. For
fillet
welds in shear, the resistance of the weld metal is given as a function of the
angle between
the axis of the weld and the line of action of the force. Thus, this clause
provides
the formal basis for the ultimate strength analysis for welds.
Using the instantaneous shear centre concept, the resistance expression in
13.13.2.2(b) forms the basis of the eccentric load tables given in Part 3 of
theCISCHandbook
(Butler and Kulak 1971, Butler et al. 1972, Miazga and Kennedy 1989, Lesik and
Kennedy 1990, Kennedy et al. (1990). This ultimate strength analysis, recognizing
the
true behaviour of the weldments, results in much more consistent strength
predictions
than the traditional approach (i.e., taking the quantity1.00
0.50sin1.5# as 1.0).
In the expression for the shear strength of the weld, the factor 0.67 relates the
shear
strength of theweld to the electrode tensile strength, as given by the electrode
classification
number. Lesik and Kennedy (1990) give 0.75 for this factor, based on 126 tests re

This is how weld should be done