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Design and Construction of Shallow

Foundations: General
requirements(IS1904-1986)

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Mat (or Raft) Foundation

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EXCAVATION

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LAYOUT

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Construction Methods

Excavation; Backhoe followed by handwork

o Neat excavation-no formwork used
o Formed footing

Field compaction

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PCC below the raft

Reinforcement for raft

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Thickened foundation slab

Construction of strip footing in the engineered fill

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Shallow vs. Deep Foundations

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Depth and location of foundation

Depth and location of foundation depends on

1. Zone of significant volume changes in clayey

soils.
2. Adjacent structures and property lines.
3. Ground water
4. Underground defects (root holes, cavities by
burrowing animals etc.)
5. Zone of frost action
6. Maximum depth of scour
7. Filled up ground, ditch, pond, excavation etc.

Depth and location of foundation

The following considerations are necessary for
deciding the
location and depth of foundation
As per IS:1904-1986, minimum depth of
foundation shall be 0.50 m.
Foundation shall be placed below the zone of the
frost heave
Topsoil or organic material
Peat and Muck
Unconsolidated material such as waste dump

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Depth and location of foundation

Zone of significant volume changes in soil :

Clays having high plasticity shrink and swell considerably

upon drying and wetting respectively (expansive soil).

Volume change is greatest near ground. Decreases with

increasing depth. Volume changes usually insignificant
below a depth from 1.5-3.0 m and does not occur below
volume changes.

No tree should grow to a large size shall be planted

within 8 m of foundations of buildings in such type of
clayey soils (IS 1904)

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Depth and location of foundation

Adjacent structures and property lines.
Structures may be damaged by the construction of new
foundations, as a result of vibrations, undermining by
excavation or lowering of the water table.
.
After new
foundations have
been constructed, the
(new) loads they
place on the soil may
cause settlement of
previously existing
structures as a result
of new stress
pattern in the
surrounding soil.

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14. Spacing Between Existing and New Foundation

The deeper the new foundation and the
nearer to the existing it is located, the
greater the damage is likely to be.
The minimum horizontal spacing between
existing and new footings shall be equal to
the width of the wider one.
While the adoption of such provision shall
help minimizing damage to adjacent
foundation, an analysis of bearing capacity
and settlement shall be carried out to have
an appreciation of the effect on the adjacent
existing foundation.

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a > width of wider footing

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Depth and location of foundation

New Footing
26.60
Limit for bottom of
Existing Footing
deeper Footing

i.e. 26.60

i.e. 450

the line from the base of the new footing to the

bottom edge of the existing footing should be 45
or less with the horizontal plane

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If the soil is a sand (does not have cohesion)

one cannot excavate to a depth greater than
that of the existing foundation.

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26.60

2H:1V

2H:1V

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IS 456 : 2000

IS 800 : 2007

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Loads on foundation

Dead Load : Refers to the overall weight of the structure. Includes

weight of the materials permanently attached to the structure (such as
flooring) and fixed service equipment (such as air conditioning)

Live load : Refers to the weight of the applied bodied that are not
permanent parts of the structure. Applied to the structure during part of
its useful life (e.g. people, warehouse goods). Specified by code.

Wind loads : Acts on all exposed parts of the structure. Calculated using
building codes.

Earthquake Forces : Building code is consulted.

15. LOADS ON FOUNDATIONS

15.1.3 Foundations shall be proportioned

for the following combination of loads:
a) Dead load + live load, and
b) Dead load + live load + wind load or
seismic load.

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15.1.4 Dead load also includes the weight of

column/wall, footings,foundations, the
overlying fill but excludes the weight of the
displaced soil
15.1.6 Where wind or seismic load is less
than 25 percent of that due to dead and live
loads, it may be neglected in design and first
combination of load shall be compared with
the safe bearing load to satisfy allowable
bearing pressure.

15.1.7 Where wind or seismic load is more than

25 percent of that due to dead and live loads,
foundations may be so proportioned that the
pressure due to combination of load ( that is, dead
+ live+ wind load ) does not exceed the safe
bearing capacity(allowable bearing pressure) by
more than 25%.
When seismic forces are considered, the safe
bearing capacity(allowable bearing pressure) shall
be increased as specified in IS : 1893-(2016)-
Part1.
In non-cohesive soils, analysis for liquefaction
and settlement under earthquake shall also be
made.

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PART II FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPACT TYPE MACHINES

(HAMMER FOUNDATIONS)

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17. STABILITY AGAINST OVERTURNING

AND SLIDING FOR FOUNDATIONS)
Stability condition Factor of safety

IS1904 IRC78 IS 14458 AASHTO

Sliding (DL+LL+EP) 1.75 1.5 1.5 1.5
Sliding (DL+LL+EP+EQ/WL) 1.5 1.25 1 1.125
Overturning(DL+LL+EP) 2 2 2 2
Overturning(DL+LL+EP+EQ/WL) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Bearing Capacity (static) 2.5 3

Bearing Capacity (with seismic) 1.5

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Table 3 Permissible Differential Settlements and Tilt

(Angular Distortion) for Shallow Foundations in Soils
(Clause 7.2.3) (NBC 2016)

1)For intermediate ratios of L/H, the values can be

interpolated.

NOTES:

1. The values given in the table may be taken as a guide

and the permissible total settlement/differential
settlement and the tilt in each case should be decided as
per requirements of the designer.

2. L denotes the length of deflected part of wall/raft or c/c

distance between columns.

3. H denotes the height of wall from foundation footing.

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It should also be noted that the allowable angular

distortion, and the overall allowable building tilt,
reduce with increasing building height, both from a
functional and a visual viewpoint. It can also be
noted that, in Hong Kong, the limiting tilt for most
public buildings is 1/300 in order for lifts
(elevators) to function properly.

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IS 14458 (Part 2) : 1997, RETAINING WALL FOR HILL AREA -

GUIDELINES- PART 2 DESIGN OF RETAINING/BREAST WALLS

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